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Haug NA, Wadekar R, Barry R, Sottile J. Risk for Ecstasy Use Disorder and Other Substance Use Among International Users of Recreational Ecstasy/Molly/MDMA. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024; 56:412-421. [PMID: 37384948 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2227960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecstasy/Molly/MDMA is a widely used substance often taken in combination with other drugs in different contexts. The current study assessed ecstasy use patterns, concurrent substance use and the context of ecstasy use among an international sample of adults (N = 1,732). Participants were 87% white, 81% male, 42% college educated, 72% employed, with a mean age of 25.7 (SD = 8.3). Using the modified UNCOPE, risk for ecstasy use disorder was 22% overall, and significantly higher among younger individuals and those with greater frequency and quantity of use. Participants reporting risky ecstasy use endorsed significantly higher use of alcohol, nicotine/tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, benzodiazepines, and ketamine compared to those at lower risk. Great Britain (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI [1.24, 2.81]) and Nordic countries (aOR = 1.97; 95% CI [1.11, 3.47]) were approximately 2 times more likely to exhibit risk for ecstasy use disorder than the United States, Canada, Germany, and Australia/New Zealand. Taking ecstasy at home emerged as a common setting followed by electronic dance music events and music festivals. The UNCOPE may be a useful clinical tool for detecting problematic ecstasy use. Harm reduction interventions for ecstasy should target young people, substance co-administration, and context of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Haug
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richa Wadekar
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Barry
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - James Sottile
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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2
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Molla H, Lee R, Lyubomirsky S, de Wit H. Drug-induced social connection: both MDMA and methamphetamine increase feelings of connectedness during controlled dyadic conversations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15846. [PMID: 37740024 PMCID: PMC10516994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MDMA is a stimulant-like drug with distinctive empathogenic effects. Its pro-social effects, such as feelings of connectedness, may contribute to both its popularity as a recreational drug and its apparent value as an adjunct to psychotherapy. However, little is known about the behavioral processes by which MDMA affects social interactions. This investigation examined the effects of MDMA (100 mg versus placebo; N = 18) on feelings of connectedness with an unfamiliar partner during a semi-structured casual conversation. A separate study examined the effects of a prototypic stimulant methamphetamine (MA; 20 mg versus placebo; N = 19) to determine the pharmacological specificity of effects. Oxytocin levels were obtained in both studies. Compared to placebo, both MDMA and MA increased feelings of connection with the conversation partners. Both MDMA and MA increased oxytocin levels, but oxytocin levels were correlated with feeling closer to the partner only after MDMA. These findings demonstrate an important new dimension of the pro-social effects of MDMA, its ability to increase feelings of connectedness during casual conversations between two individuals. Surprisingly, MA had a similar effect. The findings extend our knowledge of the social effects of these drugs, and illustrate a sensitive method for assessing pro-social effects during in-person dyadic encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Molla
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Royce Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Ophélie B, Alia G, Brigitte M, Paola S, Stéphanie K, Ruben G, Anne-Sophie D. Ectasy-Induced Fixed Drug Eruption. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:280-281. [PMID: 35452150 PMCID: PMC9543104 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbier Ophélie
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint André, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Galadari Alia
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint André, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Milpied Brigitte
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint André, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Sanchez Paola
- Department of Pharmacoviligancy, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Kassab Stéphanie
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint André, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Goncalves Ruben
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, France
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4
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Chan G, Sun T, Lim C, Yuen WS, Stjepanović D, Rutherford B, Hall W, Johnson B, Leung J. An age-period-cohort analysis of trends in psychedelic and ecstasy use in the Australian population. Addict Behav 2022; 127:107216. [PMID: 34979428 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the age, cohort, and period effect on past-year use trends in psychedelic drugs and ecstasy. METHOD Data were from a repeated cross-sectional nationally representative household survey in Australia conducted every three years between 2001 and 2019. An age-period-cohort model was used to test the effect of age, birth cohort, and period on past year psychedelic and ecstasy use. Participants were between 18 and 80 years old at the time of the survey. The total sample size was 149,296 (Mean age = 45.8; 56% female). Past-year use of psychedelics and ecstasy were the key outcome variables. There were six birth cohorts that were derived in each survey: 1936-50, 1951-60, 1961-70, 1971-80, 1981-90, and 1991-2001. There were seven periods that coincided with survey years: 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. Age was treated as continuous. RESULTS Past-year use of both psychedelics and ecstasy decreased with age, b = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.14, -0.61] and b = -0.84, 95% CI [-1.08, -0.60]. For ecstasy, while there was significant variation across periods (p < .001), there was no obvious trend. There was a significant birth cohort effect (p < .001), with prevalence increasing from the 1936-50 cohort, peaking in the 1971-80 cohort and then decreasing in the 1991-2001 cohort. For psychedelics, there was significant variation across periods (p < .001) with an upward trend. There was a significant birth cohort effect (p < .001), with prevalence increasing from the 1936-50 cohort to similarly high prevalence for the three most recent cohorts (1971-80, 1981-90, 1991-2001). CONCLUSION There were strong cohort and period effects in trends in the use of psychedelic and ecstasy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carmen Lim
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wing See Yuen
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ben Johnson
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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García-Montes JM, Pérez-Álvarez M, Sánchez-Moya MÁ, Torres JAC, Carreno DF, Garcelán SP, Sánchez-Sánchez LDC. Ecstasy (MDMA): A rebellion coherent with the system. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2022; 38:89-102. [PMID: 35309091 PMCID: PMC8899057 DOI: 10.1177/1455072520954329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study attempts to demonstrate the relevance of the socio-cultural model of drugs in explaining the impressive development of ecstasy in the last 45 years. Method First the study describes the use of ecstasy by groups which have left their imprint on the substance: university students, gays, yuppies and the "New Age" movement. Then the link between ecstasy and techno music led to the socially integrated "club" phenomenon, and the "rave", which began as a rupturing, nonconformist phenomenon. Findings According to this argument, in spite of its clearly counterculture beginnings, the "rave" movement and its most characteristic drug, ecstasy, have gradually become integrated into mainstream culture, somehow reinforcing the functioning of capitalist postmodernity. Our study explains ecstasy's history in reference to the cultural contradictions of capitalism and the functions that it currently fulfils for young people. Based on this analysis, the implications of the cultural perspective are discussed as a paradigm of research in drug use, stressing notions of subculture, myths and rituals. It also proposes a harmonious articulation of academic and common knowledge as the most appropriate method for their study. Conclusion A cultural approach to drug use could assist in unblocking a field so in need of conceptual and empirical revision.
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6
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Bendau A, Viohl L, Petzold MB, Helbig J, Reiche S, Marek R, Romanello A, Moon DU, Gross RE, Masah DJ, Gutwinski S, Mick I, Montag C, Evens R, Majić T, Betzler F. No party, no drugs? Use of stimulants, dissociative drugs, and GHB/GBL during the early COVID-19 pandemic1. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 102:103582. [PMID: 35093679 PMCID: PMC8730379 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bendau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Viohl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Helbig
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Reiche
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Marek
- Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany; Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin-Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Amy Romanello
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Germany
| | - Daa Un Moon
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Elisa Gross
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Jalilzadeh Masah
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Gutwinski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Mick
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Montag
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricarda Evens
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomislav Majić
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Edland-Gryt M. Cocaine Rituals in Club Culture: Intensifying and Controlling Alcohol Intoxication. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042620986514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clubbing is an important part of the nighttime economy, and cocaine use is, for some young people, an essential part of this clubbing culture. However, the interaction rituals around the use of powder cocaine in this context remain understudied. This study is based on qualitative interviews with young adult recreational cocaine users ( n = 28) and explores how they use cocaine in club settings, in relation to rituals and drinking culture. The analysis identified three main explanations for using cocaine: (a) unity with friends because of shared transgression, (b) the high as a “collective effervescence,” and (c) the possibility to control, extend, and intensify drinking to intoxication. These three explanations illustrate how cocaine rituals were deeply integrated in drinking-to-intoxication rituals, and how the illegality of cocaine use reinforced feelings of unity with friends. In the nighttime economy, cocaine use and its related rituals are used to intensify and control alcohol-fuelled partying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Edland-Gryt
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway
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8
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Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) is increasing being used by youth in Europe and in France, but characteristics of its use are unknown. Objectives: The aim was to characterize MDMA use in a sample of French medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional study of Paris VII medical students (N = 592) with an online self-reporting questionnaire. Results: 592 students completed the online questionnaire. 21.5% (n = 127) had experimented with MDMA. Use of MDMA was associated with male sex (p < 0.001), older age (p < 0.001), left the parent's home (p < 0.01), and belonging to a fraternity (p < 0.05). Most experimenters (90.7%) used MDMA in a club or during a music festival. Among users, 42.5% used it more than once a year and less than once a month. During the use, users drank alcohol (90.6%), smoked tobacco (70.9%), smoked cannabis (42.0%) or used cocaine (20.5%). In the days after the use, some smoked tobacco (40.9%), smoked cannabis (29.1%), drank alcohol (22.0%), used cocaine (1.6%) and also took benzodiazepines (5.5%). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, criteria, the prevalence of MDMA use disorder was 8.5% in our sample and 40.9% among MDMA users. As compared with students who never experienced MDMA, fewer users thought that occasional intake could be dangerous (66.9% vs 83.9%, p < 0.001) and that MDMA could be addictive (74.0% vs 90.3%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Other studies focusing on drug consumption among students are necessary to define specific public health strategies of prevention and harmful reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balthazar Bazin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Duroy
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University- Paris VII, Paris, France
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9
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Armenian P, Rodda LN. Two Decades of Ecstasy: Shifting Demographic Trends in Decedents using MDMA. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 46:bkaa193. [PMID: 33305792 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deaths with a toxicology finding of the party drug, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), over the 20-year period from 2000-2019 in San Francisco are presented to identify shifting demographic trends. Of the 148 cases, 129 (87.2%) were male with mean and median ages of 30 and 28, respectively. The most common manner of death (MOD) in males was homicide (65 of 129) and accident (49 of 129). The most common MOD in females was accident (15 of 19). Regarding racial demographics, Black homicide deaths accounted for 59 of 67 (88.1%) of total homicides. The most prevalent cause of death for homicides was gunshot wounds (63 of 67, 94.0%). Homicide prevalence was high in the first decade of the study (53 of 88, 60.2%), sharply dropping off after 2011. White accidental deaths made up most of the accidental deaths (45 of 64, 70.3%). Since 2015, accidental deaths with MDMA began to rise (40 of 60, 66.7%), most with other coingestants. MDMA concentrations (median, mean ± SD) between homicide (290, 450 ± 490 ng/mL) and accidental (250, 680 ± 1120 ng/mL) deaths were similar. MDMA concentrations were elevated in central blood compared to peripheral blood from unmatched cases. MDMA was detected in a variety of decedents during the two decades, with primarily young Black male gunshot wound homicide victims in the first decade and primarily young White male accidental polydrug victims in the second decade. This study demonstrates that MDMA is no longer confined to a party setting, but can also be found in different socio-economic strata, including its association with violent homicidal deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patil Armenian
- Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco - Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Fresno, California, United States
| | - Luke N Rodda
- Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, California, United States
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10
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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11
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Heradstveit O, Skogen JC, Edland-Gryt M, Hesse M, Vallentin-Holbech L, Lønning KJ, Sivertsen B. Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Among Norwegian University and College Students. Associations With Age, Gender, and Geography. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:543507. [PMID: 33362594 PMCID: PMC7758438 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Several studies have pointed to relatively high levels of illicit drug use among students in higher education compared to the general population. The aim of the present study was to provide an updated examination of self-reported illicit drug use among Norwegian University and college students. Methods: Data stem from the SHoT study (Students' Health and Well-being Study), a nationwide cross-sectional survey for higher education in Norway including Norwegian full-time students aged 18-35. Self-reported illicit drug use across a range of specified drugs comprised the outcome variables. Information on gender, age, and study location (geographical area) was also collected and used as stratification variables. The SHoT-survey from 2018 (N = 50,054) was used for the analyses of associations between demographical variables and illicit drug use, while trends in illicit drug use were estimated by comparing the 2018-results with data from the SHoT-surveys conducted in 2010 and 2014. Results: The proportion of students reporting having ever tried illicit drugs increased from 2014 to 2018, for both males (30.8 vs. 36.7%) and females (17.5 vs. 24.0%, both p < 0.001), while only minimal changes occurred between 2010 and 2014. The most commonly used illicit drugs during the past 12 months in 2018 were cannabis (15.2%), followed by MDMA (4.0%), cocaine (3.0%), and LSD/psilocybin (2.1%). Illicit drug use showed both linear increase with age, and inverted U-shaped relationships that peaked in the age span from 23 to 28 years of age. Males reported higher illicit drug use compared with females for all drugs. Proportions of illicit drug use varied across geographical areas within the country, with the highest use being reported in the Oslo area (the largest city and capital of Norway). Conclusions: The present study reports an increase from 2010 to 2018 among Norwegian University and college students in the proportion of those reporting to have tried illicit drugs. Despite varying proportions of use across type of drug, age, gender, and geographical location, the overall high levels of illicit drug use past 12 months confirm the need to address illicit drug use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Heradstveit
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Alcohol & Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jens Christoffer Skogen
- Center for Alcohol & Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marit Edland-Gryt
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hesse
- Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte Vallentin-Holbech
- Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kari-Jussie Lønning
- Norwegian Medical Association, Oslo, Norway.,The Student Welfare Association of Oslo and Akershus (SiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Evaluation of phenylethylamine type entactogens and their metabolites relevant to ecotoxicology - a QSAR study. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:563-584. [PMID: 31639096 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the selected entactogens and their o-quinone metabolites on the environment was explored in QSAR studies by the use of predicted molecular descriptors, ADMET properties and environmental toxicity parameters, i.e., acute toxicity in Tetrahymena pyriformis (TOX_ATTP) expressed as Th_pyr_pIGC50/mmol L-1, acute toxicity in Pimephales promelas, the fathead minnow (TOX_FHM) expressed as Minnow LC50/mg L-1, the acute toxicity in Daphnia magna (TOX_DM) expressed as Daphnia LC50/mg L-1 and bioconcentration factor (BCF). The formation of corresponding o-quinones via benzo-dioxo-lone ring, O-demethylenation was predicted as the main metabolic pathway for all entactogens except for 1-(2,2-difluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine (DiFMDA). The least favourable ADMET profile was revealed for N-(1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propan-2-yl)-O-methylhydroxylamine (MDMEO). QSAR studies revealed significant linear correlations between MlogP of entactogens and MlogP of o-quinone metabolites (R = 0.99), and Th_pyr_pIGC50/mmol L-1 (R = 0.94), also their MlogPs with Minnow_LC50/mg L-1 (R = 0.80 and R = 0.78), BCF (R = 0.86 and R = 0.82) and percentage of o-quinones' yields (R = 0.73 and R = 0.80). Entactogens were predicted as non-biodegradable molecules, whereas the majority of their o-quinones were biodegradable.
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13
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Souza Júnior JL, Silveira Filho J, Boff BS, Nonemacher K, Rezin KZ, Schroeder SD, Ferrão MF, Danielli LJ. Seizures of Clandestinely Produced Tablets in Santa Catarina, Brazil: The Increase in NPS from 2011 to 2017. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:906-912. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Souza Júnior
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Regional de Blumenau – FURB R. São Paulo, 2171 89030 001 Blumenau Brazil
| | - Jair Silveira Filho
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina – IGP/SC R. Pastor William Richard Schisler Filho, 590 88034 100 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Bruna S. Boff
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina – IGP/SC R. Pastor William Richard Schisler Filho, 590 88034 100 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Karina Nonemacher
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina – IGP/SC R. Pastor William Richard Schisler Filho, 590 88034 100 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Kéttulin Z. Rezin
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina – IGP/SC R. Pastor William Richard Schisler Filho, 590 88034 100 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Samilla D. Schroeder
- Instituto Geral de Perícias de Santa Catarina – IGP/SC R. Pastor William Richard Schisler Filho, 590 88034 100 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Marco F. Ferrão
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre 91501 970 Brazil
| | - Letícia J. Danielli
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Regional de Blumenau – FURB R. São Paulo, 2171 89030 001 Blumenau Brazil
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14
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Demenech LM, Dumith SC, Ferreira LS, Corrêa ML, Soares PSM, Silva PAD, Neiva-Silva L. How far can you go? Association between illicit drug use and academic migration. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the prevalence of illicit drugs use in the lifetime, last year and last month, as well as the factors associated to the last year's use and its association with academic migration, among undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected through self-administered questionnaire. It was conducted a clustered systematic sampling. For multivariate analyses, it was used Poisson regression. Results: 1,423 students participated. The prevalence of illicit drug use in the lifetime, last year and last month were 42.4%, 25.5% and 17.7%, respectively. Regarding illicit substances, marijuana use was the most prevalent. The variables independently associated with illicit drugs use in the last year were academic migration, being male, younger, single, high parent's educational level, living with peers, tobacco use in the last year, and having friend and relative that have used illicit drugs. Religious practice had a protective effect. Conclusion: Individuals who migrated from their cities to study at the university are more exposed to the main risk factors pointed out by this research and hence to the use of illicit drugs. Based on these results, we suggest that universities develop evaluation, prevention, treatment or referral strategies considering specific needs of this population
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucas Neiva-Silva
- Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil; Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
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15
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Gjersing L, Bretteville-Jensen AL, Furuhaugen H, Gjerde H. Illegal substance use among 1,309 music festival attendees: An investigation using oral fluid sample drug tests, breathalysers and questionnaires. Scand J Public Health 2019; 47:400-407. [PMID: 30632949 DOI: 10.1177/1403494818821481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Illegal substance use at music festivals is less documented than it is in nightlife and electronic dance music settings. This study investigated such use through questionnaires, breathalysers and oral fluid drug testing. We also examined the associations between testing positive for illegal substances and demographics, self-reported substance use and measured blood alcohol concentration levels. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 1,309 festival attendees from six Norwegian music festivals taking place between July and August 2016. Logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of a positive oral fluid drug test. Covariates were male, age, education, employment, smoking status, early age for alcohol intoxication, alcohol intoxication ⩾2 times a week, past-month and past-year illegal substance use, blood alcohol concentration levels and festivals. RESULTS Overall, 12% reported illegal substance use in the past 30 days and 11% tested positive for illegal substances. Cannabis (6%), cocaine (3%) and MDMA/ecstasy (2%) were most commonly detected. One-third had a blood alcohol concentration ⩾0.10%. Of those with a positive test result ( n=146), 95% had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration above 0.10%. Those studying or working part-time were less likely to test positive compared to those who were not employed. Furthermore, those reporting daily smoking and past-year cannabis or MDMA/ecstasy use were more likely to test positive, compared to those not reporting such use. CONCLUSIONS Illegal substance use was less prevalent than in previous nightlife and electronic dance music studies. Almost all those testing positive for illegal substances had detectable alcohol levels and 41% had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.10%, possibly indicating combined use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Gjersing
- 1 Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | | | - Hallvard Gjerde
- 2 Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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Rigg KK, Sharp A. Deaths related to MDMA (ecstasy/molly): Prevalence, root causes, and harm reduction interventions. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1436607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khary K. Rigg
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Sharp
- College of Behavioral & Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Copes H, Tchoula W, Kim J, Ragland J. Symbolic perceptions of methamphetamine: Differentiating between ice and shake. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 51:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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