1
|
Tubbs AS, Fernandez FX, Grandner MA, Perlis ML, Klerman EB. The Mind After Midnight: Nocturnal Wakefulness, Behavioral Dysregulation, and Psychopathology. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 1:830338. [PMID: 35538929 PMCID: PMC9083440 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.830338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient sleep with minimal interruption during the circadian/biological night supports daytime cognition and emotional regulation. Conversely, disrupted sleep involving significant nocturnal wakefulness leads to cognitive and behavioral dysregulation. Most studies to-date have examined how fragmented or insufficient sleep affects next-day functioning, but recent work highlights changes in cognition and behavior that occur when someone is awake during the night. This review summarizes the evidence for day-night alterations in maladaptive behaviors, including suicide, violent crime, and substance use, and examines how mood, reward processing, and executive function differ during nocturnal wakefulness. Based on this evidence, we propose the Mind after Midnight hypothesis in which attentional biases, negative affect, altered reward processing, and prefrontal disinhibition interact to promote behavioral dysregulation and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Tubbs
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Evelyn F Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael A. Grandner
- Sleep and Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael L. Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth B. Klerman
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tamura EK, Oliveira-Silva KS, Ferreira-Moraes FA, Marinho EAV, Guerrero-Vargas NN. Circadian rhythms and substance use disorders: A bidirectional relationship. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 201:173105. [PMID: 33444601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The circadian system organizes circadian rhythms (biological cycles that occur around 24 h) that couple environmental cues (zeitgebers) with internal functions of the organism. The misalignment between circadian rhythms and external cues is known as chronodisruption and contributes to the development of mental, metabolic and other disorders, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and addictive disorders. Drug addiction represents a global public health concern and affects the health and well-being of individuals, families and communities. In this manuscript, we reviewed evidence indicating a bidirectional relationship between the circadian system and the development of addictive disorders. We provide information on the interaction between the circadian system and drug addiction for each drug or drug class (alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, psychostimulants and opioids). We also describe evidence showing that drug use follows a circadian pattern, which changes with the progression of addiction. Furthermore, clock gene expression is also altered during the development of drug addiction in many brain areas related to drug reward, drug seeking and relapse. The regulation of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurocircuitry by clock genes is postulated to be the main circadian mechanism underlying the escalation of drug addiction. The bidirectional interaction between the circadian system and drug addiction seems to be mediated by the effects caused by each drug or class of drugs of abuse. These studies provide new insights on the development of successful strategies aimed at restoring/stabilizing circadian rhythms to reduce the risk for addiction development and relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo K Tamura
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil.
| | - Kallyane S Oliveira-Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Ferreira-Moraes
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A V Marinho
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Av Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barbaglia MG, Parés-Badell O, Villalbí JR, Bartroli M, Gasulla L, Espelt A. Temporal relationship between a sudden disruption of a local illicit drug market in a deprived neighborhood of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area and the number of discarded syringes collected from public space. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108400. [PMID: 33250382 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to describe the temporal relationship between an illicit drug market abrupt disruption and the number of discarded syringes collected from public space in Barcelona. METHODS The monthly number of discarded syringes collected and interrupted time-series analyses were used to analyze changes and trends from January 2014 to December 2017, before and after an illicit drug market disruption comparing three different areas of the city: intervened (A) and not intervened (B) high trafficking areas and, as a reference, a low trafficking area (C). RESULTS After the disruption, a decrease in the average number of syringes collected in area A was observed, although the trend was not significant (p value 0.09). In area B, there was a significant increase with an upward trend in the average number of collected syringes (p value <0.001). A flat trend was observed throughout the period in area C (p value 0.62) The systematic counting of discarded syringes collected from public places is confirmed as a useful indicator to monitor drug dealing and use in urban areas. It may help public health services strengthen safe needle disposal practices and harm reduction interventions in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Barbaglia
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, Barcelona, 08023, Spain; Experimental and Health Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
| | - Oleguer Parés-Badell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, Barcelona, 08023, Spain; Experimental and Health Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
| | - Joan R Villalbí
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, Barcelona, 08023, Spain; Experimental and Health Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Sant Pau Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, St Quintí, 77-79, Barcelona, 08041, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Spain.
| | - Montse Bartroli
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl Lesseps 1, Barcelona, 08023, Spain; Experimental and Health Sciences Department, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona, 08003, Spain; Sant Pau Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, St Quintí, 77-79, Barcelona, 08041, Spain.
| | - Laia Gasulla
- Subdirecció General de Drogodepedències, Agència de Salut Pública, Roc Boronat 81-93, Barcelona, 08005, Spain.
| | - Albert Espelt
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Spain; Facultat de Ciències de la Salut de Manresa, Universitat de Vic Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVicUCC), Av. Universitària 46, 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Speed KA, Gehring ND, Launier K, O'Brien D, Campbell S, Hyshka E. To what extent do supervised drug consumption services incorporate non-injection routes of administration? A systematic scoping review documenting existing facilities. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:72. [PMID: 33028363 PMCID: PMC7539556 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the existing research on supervised consumption services (SCS) is focused on injection drug use. Less is known about the applicability of SCS for people who consume drugs orally, intranasally, or through inhalation. This is problematic because people who use drugs through modes other than injection are also at risk of overdose death and other harm, and experience barriers accessing health and social services. We aimed to describe existing SCS models that accommodate these alternate routes of drug consumption, and synthesize available information on characteristics of program participants. METHODS We conducted a systematic scoping review of 9 peer-reviewed and 13 grey literature databases on SCS that incorporate non-injection routes of consumption. We screened 22,882 titles, and excluded 22,843 (99.8%) articles. We ultimately included 39 (0.2%) full-text articles; 28 (72%) of these articles explicitly identified SCS that permit alternate routes of consumption and 21 (54%) discussed characteristics of participants who consume drugs through non-injection routes. Data on study characteristics, terms and definitions, and site and program participant characteristics were extracted and double-coded. Extracted data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. RESULTS Included articles describe 48 SCS that permit non-injection routes of consumption, most of which were located in Germany. The majority of these SCS were legally sanctioned and had models of care that were largely comparable to supervised injection services. Notable differences included physical infrastructure such as ventilated rooms or outdoor areas to accommodate inhalation, and shorter time limits on non-injection drug consumption episodes. Program participants engaging in non-injection forms of consumption were typically men over the age of 30 and structurally vulnerable (e.g., experiencing homelessness or unstable housing). CONCLUSIONS Extant academic and grey literature indicates that site characteristics and demographics of program participants of SCS that permit non-injection routes of consumption largely reflect those of supervised injection services. Further research on the range of existing SCS that incorporate non-injection routes of consumption is needed to ensure high quality service provision, and improved health outcomes for people who consume drugs via oral, intranasal, and inhalation routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Speed
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole D Gehring
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Launier
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sandy Campbell
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Inner City Health and Wellness Program, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|