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Liu Z, Cao Y, Guo X, Chen Z. The Potential Role of Timosaponin-AIII in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:5500. [PMID: 37513375 PMCID: PMC10386027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, has challenged current chemotherapy drugs. Considering that treatments are expensive, alongside the resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs, the development of alternative medicines is necessary. Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, a recognized and well-known medicinal plant for more than two thousand years, has demonstrated its effectiveness against cancer. Timosaponin-AIII (TSAIII), as a bioactive steroid saponin isolated from A. asphodeloides, has shown multiple pharmacological activities and has been developed as an anticancer agent. However, the molecular mechanisms of TSAIII in protecting against cancer development are still unclear. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the anticancer effects of TSAIII, including proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, autophagy mediation, migration and invasion suppression, anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant effects. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TSAII are also discussed. TSAIII exhibits efficacy against cancer development. However, hydrophobicity and low bioavailability may limit the application of TSAIII. Effective delivery systems, particularly those with tissue/cell-targeted properties, can also significantly improve the anticancer effects of TSAIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Guo H, Xue W, Zhao Q, Zhao H, Hu Z, Zhang X, Duan G. Correlation and significance of COX-2, Ki67, VEGF and other immune indexes with the growth of malignant pulmonary nodules. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:290. [DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-02039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study intends to explore the factors affecting the growth of pulmonary nodules in the natural process by immunohistochemical method.
Methods
40 cases of pulmonary nodules followed up for more than 3 years were divided into growth group (n = 20) and stable group (n = 20). The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Ki67, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD44V6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), double microsome 2 (MDM2) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in pulmonary nodules were detected by immunohistochemical method so as to explore the relationship between it and the growth of pulmonary nodules.
Results
Compared with stable pulmonary nodules, the positive rates of COX-2, Ki67 and VEGF in the growth group were 85%, 80% and 55%, respectively. There was significant difference between the stable group and the growth group (P < 0.05). The correlation between other indexes and the growth of pulmonary nodules was not statistically significant (Pcd44v6 = 0.104;PEGFR = 0.337; PMDM2 = 0.49; PTGF-β1 = 0.141). In the subgroup of patients with non-invasive lung cancer, there was a correlation between VEGF and the growth of pulmonary nodules (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The high expression of COX-2, Ki67 and VEGF proteins may be significantly related to the growth of pulmonary nodules, and VEGF may be an important factor affecting the growth of malignant pulmonary nodules. This study intends to provide a research direction for further searching for the essential causes of the growth of pulmonary nodules.
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Li X, Liu M, Liu H, Chen J. Tumor metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer progression (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:287. [PMID: 35814833 PMCID: PMC9260716 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Wang C, Wang T, Hu R, Dai J, Liu H, Li N, Schneider U, Yang Z, Wang J. Cyclooxygenase-2 Facilitates Newcastle Disease Virus Proliferation and Is as a Target for Canthin-6-One Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:987. [PMID: 32508794 PMCID: PMC7251056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), one of the mediators of inflammation in response to viral infection, plays an important role in host antiviral defense system. But its role in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proliferation process remains unclear. This study revealed that inhibition of COX-2 could benefit NDV proliferation and overexpression of COX-2 dose-dependently suppressed NDV proliferation. Overexpression of COX-2 also showed inhibitory effect on NDV-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and autophagy, also promoted the expression of antiviral genes. However, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the major product of COX-2, had indistinctive effects on NDV proliferation. At variant time point post viral infection, a tight regulation pattern of COX-2 by NDV was observed. Using inhibitors and siRNA against signaling molecules, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) were identified as critical factors for NDV induced COX-2 expression. Nonetheless, at late stage of NDV proliferation, substantial suppression of COX-2 protein synthesis could be detected, accompanied by a decrease in mRNA half-life. Furthermore, three C ring-truncated canthin-6-one analogs were used to activate COX-2 expression and showed inhibitory effect on NDV proliferation with the effective concentrations on μM level. Taken together, these results illustrated a novel NDV-regulated cellular mechanism and indicated that COX-2 is an important regulator of NDV proliferation which can serve as a potential target for anti-NDV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Uwe Schneider
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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5
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Boutaud O, Sosa IR, Amin T, Oram D, Adler D, Hwang HS, Crews BC, Milne G, Harris BK, Hoeksema M, Knollmann BC, Lammers PE, Marnett LJ, Massion PP, Oates JA. Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Prostaglandin E2 By Low-Dose Aspirin: Implications for Adenocarcinoma Metastasis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:855-865. [PMID: 27554763 PMCID: PMC5093073 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of developing adenocarcinoma metastasis, and when colon cancer is detected during aspirin treatment, there is a remarkable 83% reduction in risk of metastasis. As platelets participate in the metastatic process, the antiplatelet action of low-dose aspirin likely contributes to its antimetastatic effect. Cycloxooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also contributes to metastasis, and we addressed the hypothesis that low-dose aspirin also inhibits PGE2 biosynthesis. We show that low-dose aspirin inhibits systemic PGE2 biosynthesis by 45% in healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Aspirin is found to be more potent in colon adenocarcinoma cells than in the platelet, and in lung adenocarcinoma cells, its inhibition is equivalent to that in the platelet. Inhibition of COX by aspirin in colon cancer cells is in the context of the metastasis of colon cancer primarily to the liver, the organ exposed to the same high concentrations of aspirin as the platelet. We find that the interaction of activated platelets with lung adenocarcinoma cells upregulates COX-2 expression and PGE2 biosynthesis, and inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin inhibits PGE2 production by the platelet-tumor cell aggregates. In conclusion, low-dose aspirin has a significant effect on extraplatelet cyclooxygenase and potently inhibits COX-2 in lung and colon adenocarcinoma cells. This supports a hypothesis that the remarkable prevention of metastasis from adenocarcinomas, and particularly from colon adenocarcinomas, by low-dose aspirin results from its effect on platelet COX-1 combined with inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in metastasizing tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 855-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boutaud
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - I. Romina Sosa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taneem Amin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Denise Oram
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - David Adler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Hyun S. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bradford K. Harris
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Megan Hoeksema
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Bjorn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Philip E. Lammers
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Department of Cancer Biology, the Thoracic Program, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
| | - John A. Oates
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-6602
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Feng M, Zhong LX, Zhan ZY, Huang ZH, Xiong JP. Resveratrol Treatment Inhibits Proliferation of and Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1101-8. [PMID: 27040803 PMCID: PMC4822945 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol, a natural isolate from plant sources, has a long and important history in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study we investigated the effect of resveratrol on human colon cancer cell lines. Material/Methods We used the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8) for determination of colon cancer cell viability. Apoptosis induction was analyzed using the DeadEnd™ Colorimetric TUNEL System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The siRNA Transfection Reagent kit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) was used for the administration of COX-2 silencer RNA (siRNA) into the colon cancer cells. Primer Express® software for Real-Time PCR ver. 3.0 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was used to prepare the primers for RT-PCR. Results The results revealed that exposure of colon cancer cells to resveratrol inhibited cell viability. Resveratrol exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on cell viability at 30 μM concentration after 48 h of exposure. We observed that 30-μM doses of resveratrol for 72 h led to 18, 29, and 34% reduction in the viability of HCA-17, SW480, and HT29 cells, respectively. It also significantly induced apoptosis in both of the tested carcinoma cell lines. The population of apoptotic cells in HCA-17 and SW480 cell lines after 48 h of resveratrol treatment was 59.8±4 and 67.2±4%, respectively, compared to 2.3±1% in the control cells. The colon cancer cells exposed to resveratrol showed significantly lower cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin receptor expression. Treatment of colon cancer cells with the inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, indomethacin, and administration of silencer RNA for cyclooxygenase-2 also produced similar results. Conclusions These findings suggest that resveratrol treatment can be a promising strategy for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lu-Xing Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zheng-Yu Zhan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Ping Xiong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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Kim KM, Im A, Kim SH, Hyun JW, Chae S. Timosaponin AIII inhibits melanoma cell migration by suppressing COX-2 and in vivo tumor metastasis. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:181-8. [PMID: 26595378 PMCID: PMC4768391 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin disease, due in large part to its propensity to metastasize. We examined the effects of timosaponin AIII, a compound isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, on melanoma cancer cell migration and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using B16-F10 and WM-115 melanoma cells lines. Overexpression of COX-2, its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4) promoted cell migration in vitro. Exposure to timosaponin AIII resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of COX-2, PGE2, and PGE2 receptors. Transient transfection of COX-2 siRNA also inhibited cell migration. Exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate enhanced cell migration, whereas timosaponin AIII inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate-induced cell migration and reduced basal levels of EP2 and EP4. Moreover, timosaponin AIII inhibited activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), an upstream regulator of COX-2 in B16-F10 cells. Consistent with our in vitro findings, in vivo studies showed that timosaponin AIII treatment significantly reduced the total number of metastatic nodules in the mouse lung and improved histological alterations in B16-F10-injected C57BL/6 mice. In addition, C57BL/6 mice treated with timosaponin AIII showed reduced expression of COX-2 and NF-κB in the lung. Together, these results indicate that timosaponin AIII has the capacity to inhibit melanoma cell migration, an essential step in the process of metastasis, by inhibiting expression of COX-2, NF-κB, PGE2, and PGE2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Mo Kim
- KM Convergence Research DivisionKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - A‐Rang Im
- KM Convergence Research DivisionKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeonKorea
| | - Seung Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and BioscienceDaejeon UniversityDaejeonKorea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine and Institute for Nuclear Science and TechnologyJeju National UniversityJejuKorea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- KM Convergence Research DivisionKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeonKorea
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Ahsan A. Mechanisms of Resistance to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Therapeutic Approaches: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:137-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Lu S, Yang Y, Du Y, Cao LL, Li M, Shen C, Hou T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Deng D, Wang L, He Q, Zhu WG. The transcription factor c-Fos coordinates with histone lysine-specific demethylase 2A to activate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. Oncotarget 2015; 6:34704-17. [PMID: 26430963 PMCID: PMC4741484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in a variety of human epithelial cancers, including lung cancer, and is highly associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Understanding how COX-2 is regulated in response to carcinogens will offer insight into designing anti-cancer strategies and preventing cancer development. Here, we analyzed COX-2 expression in several human lung cancer cell lines and found that COX-2 expression was absent in the H719 and H460 cell lines by a DNA methylation-independent mechanism. The re-expression of COX-2 was observed after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment in both cell lines. Further investigation found that H3K36 dimethylation was significantly reduced near the COX-2 promoter because histone demethylase 2A (KDM2A) was recruited to the COX-2 promoter after TPA treatment. In addition, the transcription factor c-Fos was found to be required to recruit KDM2A to the COX-2 promoter for reactivation of COX-2 in response to TPA treatment in both the H719 and H460 cell lines. Together, our data reveal a novel mechanism by which the carcinogen TPA activates COX-2 expression by regulating H3K36 dimethylation near the COX-2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yipeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin-lin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changchun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dajun Deng
- Department of Etiology, Peking University School of Oncology and Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qihua He
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100751, China
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USP22 acts as an oncogene by regulating the stability of cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:703-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Zhang P, Luo HS, Li M, Tan SY. Artesunate inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells by downregulating COX-2. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:845-54. [PMID: 25945055 PMCID: PMC4406257 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s81041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin isolated from Artemisia annua L., has been traditionally used to treat malaria, and artesunate has demonstrated cytotoxic effects against a variety of cancer cells. However, there is little available information about the antitumor effects of artesunate on human gastric cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of artesunate on human gastric cancer cells and whether its antitumor effect is associated with reduction in COX-2 expression. The effects of artesunate on the growth and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells were investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometric analysis of annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, rhodamine 123 staining, and Western blot analysis. Results indicate that artesunate exhibits antiproliferative effects and apoptosis-inducing activities. Artesunate markedly inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with a reduction in COX-2 expression. Treatment with the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, or transient transfection of gastric cancer cells with COX-2 siRNA, also inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the treatment with artesunate promoted the expression of proapoptotic factor Bax and suppressed the expression of antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2. In addition, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated, and artesunate induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that the apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial pathways. These results demonstrate that artesunate has an effect on anti-gastric cancer cells. One of the antitumor mechanisms of artesunate may be that its inhibition of COX-2 led to reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis, connected with mitochondrial dysfunction. Artesunate might be a potential therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Sheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yun Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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13
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The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:125-58. [PMID: 24895166 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are myeloid cells that constitute 50-70 % of all white blood cells in the human circulation. Traditionally, neutrophils are viewed as the first line of defense against infections and as a major component of the inflammatory process. In addition, accumulating evidence suggest that neutrophils may also play a key role in multiple aspects of cancer biology. The possible involvement of neutrophils in cancer prevention and promotion was already suggested more than half a century ago, however, despite being the major component of the immune system, their contribution has often been overshadowed by other immune components such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Neutrophils seem to have conflicting functions in cancer and can be classified into anti-tumor (N1) and pro-tumor (N2) sub-populations. The aim of this review is to discuss the varying nature of neutrophil function in the cancer microenvironment with a specific emphasis on the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil mobilization, recruitment and activation.
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14
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Shen P, Wang A, He M, Wang Q, Zheng S. Increased circulating Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:639-50. [PMID: 23701406 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) can be induced or expanded in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. The frequency of MDSC denoted here as Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) was investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The clinical relevance of MDSC and patients' characteristics were examined. Also, MDSC-related immune regulatory pathways in these patients were discussed. METHODS The quantity of MDSC was tested in peripheral blood of patients with HCC (n = 63) and healthy donors (n = 56). The expressions of interferon (IFN)-γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 and arginase (ARG)-1 were analyzed. Co-culturing with anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated T lymphocytes was used to determine the suppressive effect of MDSC on the T lymphocytes. RESULTS Patients with treatment-naive HCC had an increased subpopulation of Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with characteristics of MDSC and associated to the stage (P = 0.0004). Patients with splenomegaly had a higher frequency of circulating MDSC. Also, COX-2, MMP-13 and VEGF were expressed differently associated with the alteration of MDSC. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence showing an increased population of Lin(-/low) CD33(+) HLA-DR(-) MDSC in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Our data also suggest that MMP-13 and COX-2 in PBMC may play a new important role companied with MDSC in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Fujii R, Imanishi Y, Shibata K, Sakai N, Sakamoto K, Shigetomi S, Habu N, Otsuka K, Sato Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa H, Tomita T, Kameyama K, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Restoration of E-cadherin expression by selective Cox-2 inhibition and the clinical relevance of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:40. [PMID: 24887090 PMCID: PMC4030015 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by the downregulation of E-cadherin has been thought to promote metastasis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is presumed to contribute to cancer progression through its multifaceted function, and recently its inverse relationship with E-cadherin was suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective Cox-2 inhibitors restore the expression of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and to examine the possible correlations of the expression levels of EMT-related molecules with clinicopathological factors in HNSCC. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to examine the effects of three selective Cox-2 inhibitors, i.e., celecoxib, NS-398, and SC-791 on the gene expressions of E-cadherin (CDH-1) and its transcriptional repressors (SIP1, Snail, Twist) in the human HNSCC cell lines HSC-2 and HSC-4. To evaluate the changes in E-cadherin expression on the cell surface, we used a flowcytometer and immunofluorescent staining in addition to Western blotting. We evaluated and statistically analyzed the clinicopathological factors and mRNA expressions of Cox-2, CDH-1 and its repressors in surgical specimens of 40 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). RESULTS The selective Cox-2 inhibitors upregulated the E-cadherin expression on the cell surface of the HNSCC cells through the downregulation of its transcriptional repressors. The extent of this effect depended on the baseline expression levels of both E-cadherin and Cox-2 in each cell line. A univariate analysis showed that higher Cox-2 mRNA expression (p = 0.037), lower CDH-1 mRNA expression (p = 0.020), and advanced T-classification (p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in TSCC. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that lower CDH-1 mRNA expression was the independent risk factor affecting lymph node metastasis (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the appropriately selective administration of certain Cox-2 inhibitors may have an anti-metastatic effect through suppression of the EMT by restoring E-cadherin expression. In addition, the downregulation of CDH-1 resulting from the EMT may be closely involved in lymph node metastasis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yorihisa Imanishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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16
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Tan F, Thiele CJ, Li Z. Collapsin response mediator proteins: Potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancers (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1333-1340. [PMID: 24765134 PMCID: PMC3997700 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) were originally identified as mediators of semaphorin 3A signaling and neuronal differentiation. The CRMP family consists of five homologous cytosolic proteins, CRMP1-5. Altered expression levels of CRMPs have been observed in several malignant tumors, including lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic and neuroendocrine lung cancer. The aim of the current study was to review the recent progress achieved in understanding the association between the different levels of CRMP expression in tumors and their involvement in pathological functions, such as tumor metastasis, disease progression, subtype differentiation and clinical outcome, to address the potential value of CRMPs as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Carol J Thiele
- Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhijie Li
- Research Center for Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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17
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Choi S, Lim TG, Hwang MK, Kim YA, Kim J, Kang NJ, Jang TS, Park JS, Yeom MH, Lee KW. Rutin inhibits B[a]PDE-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by targeting EGFR kinase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Takai E, Tsukimoto M, Kojima S. TGF-β1 downregulates COX-2 expression leading to decrease of PGE2 production in human lung cancer A549 cells, which is involved in fibrotic response to TGF-β1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76346. [PMID: 24098479 PMCID: PMC3788736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in various pathophysiological processes, including cancer progression and fibrotic disorders. Here, we show that treatment with TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) induced downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in human lung cancer A549 cells. Treatment of cells with specific inhibitors of COX-2 or PGE2 receptor resulted in growth inhibition, indicating that the COX-2/PGE2 pathway contributes to proliferation in an autocrine manner. TGF-β1 treatment induced growth inhibition, which was attenuated by exogenous PGE2. TGF-β1 is also a potent inducer of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenotype change in which epithelial cells differentiate into fibroblastoid cells. Supplementation with PGE2 or PGE2 receptor EP4 agonist PGE1-alcohol, as compared with EP1/3 agonist sulprostone, inhibited TGF-β1-induced expression of fibronectin and collagen I (extracellular matrix components). Exogenous PGE2 or PGE2 receptor agonists also suppressed actin remodeling induced by TGF-β1. These results suggest that PGE2 has an anti-fibrotic effect. We conclude that TGF-β1-induced downregulation of COX-2/PGE2 signaling is involved in facilitation of fibrotic EMT response in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Takai
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Yu SM, Gweon EJ, Chung KW, Kim KH, Cho HS, Kim SJ. Gallotannin regulates apoptosis and COX-2 expression via Akt and p38kinase pathway in human lung cancer cell line, A549. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2012.696553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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20
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Srivastava MK, Andersson Å, Zhu L, Harris-White M, Lee JM, Dubinett S, Sharma S. Myeloid suppressor cells and immune modulation in lung cancer. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:291-304. [PMID: 22401635 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tumors, including lung cancers, promote immune tolerance to escape host immune surveillance and facilitate tumor growth. Tumors utilize numerous pathways to inhibit immune responses, including the elaboration of immune-suppressive mediators such as PGE2, TGF-β, IL-10, VEGF, GM-CSF, IL-6, S100A8/A9 and SCF, which recruit and/or activate myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs, a subset of heterogeneous bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells, are found in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and positively correlate to malignancy. Solid tumors contain MDSCs that maintain an immune-suppressive network in the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on the interaction of tumors with MDSCs that lead to dysregulation of antigen presentation and T-cell activities in murine tumor models. Specific genetic signatures in lung cancer modulate the activities of MDSCs and impact tumor progression. Targeting MDSCs may have a long-term antitumor benefit and is at the forefront of anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu K Srivastava
- University of California Los Angeles & Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Patel S, Vetale S, Teli P, Mistry R, Chiplunkar S. IL-10 production in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients is regulated by ERK, P38 and COX-2. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:531-44. [PMID: 21507199 PMCID: PMC3822929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is hallmark of patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The molecular mechanism involved in COX-2– and PGE2-mediated production of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is not well-understood. Our study addresses the involvement of T cell downstream signalling intermediates, cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) and their transcription factors (T-bet and GATA-3) in COX-2–mediated regulation of lymphocyte functions in NSCLC patients. In comparison to healthy individual, a marked decrease in lymphocyte proliferation to anti-CD3 MAb was observed in NSCLC patients by thymidine incorporation assay. Using flow cytometry, decrease in intracellular calcium release with increase in reactive oxygen species was observed in lymphocytes of NSCLC patients. These patients showed increased IL-10 and PGE2 with reduced IFN-γ production by ELISA. Results demonstrated defect in regulation of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 as analysed by Western blotting (WB), immunoprecipitation and EMSA. Overexpression of p-p38, p-ERK and COX-2 were observed with diminished p-JNK by WB. IL-10/IFN-γ levels were found to be differentially regulated via p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in cooperation with COX-2. Inhibition of these pathways using selective inhibitors lead to increased lymphocyte proliferative response to anti-CD3 MAb and IFN-γ production with decrease in IL-10 production. Studies showed involvement of ERK, p38 and COX-2 pathways in high IL-10 production, driven by lung tumour derived PGE2. The selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib showed ability to alter the cytokine balance by affecting regulation of T-bet and GATA-3 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patel
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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22
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Triptolide inhibits COX-2 expression by regulating mRNA stability in TNF-α-treated A549 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Preoperative taxane-based chemotherapy and celecoxib for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: results of a phase 2 trial. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:1121-7. [PMID: 21532508 PMCID: PMC7457227 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31821529a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to determine the rate of pathological response after preoperative celecoxib and concurrent taxane-based chemotherapy in patients with cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. METHODS Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in this single-arm, phase II clinical trial. Patients were administered daily celecoxib in combination with two to three cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel with preoperative intent. Levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in resected tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinical outcome measures. Postoperatively, patients were administered daily celecoxib for 1 year or until documented tumor recurrence. RESULTS All patients received two to three cycles of chemotherapy plus celecoxib 800 mg/d. Toxicities were as expected. A major clinical response (complete response + partial response) was noted in 22 patients (56%); six patients (15%) had a complete clinical response. Thirty-seven patients underwent esophagectomy. Five patients had a major pathological response (12.8%). Four-year overall and disease-free survivals were 40.9% and 30.3%, respectively. Patients with tumors expressing COX-2 demonstrated a higher likelihood of a major clinical response response (62% versus 50%) and an improved overall survival, compared with patients with COX-2-negative tumors. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative celecoxib with concurrent chemotherapy demonstrated sufficient effect on pathologic response to warrant further study. Patients with tumors expressing COX-2 demonstrated trends toward improved response to preoperative therapy and improved overall survival compared with nonexpressors.
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Singh T, Katiyar SK. Green tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25224. [PMID: 22022384 PMCID: PMC3192733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin disease and a leading cause of death from skin disease due to its highly metastatic ability. To develop more effective chemopreventive agents for the prevention of melanoma, we have determined the effect of green tea catechins on the invasive potential of human melanoma cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using A375 (BRAF-mutated) and Hs294t (Non-BRAF-mutated) melanoma cell lines as an in vitro model. Employing cell invasion assays, we found that the inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on the cell migration were in the order of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)>(-)-epigallocatechin>(-)-epicatechin-3-gallate>(-)-gallocatechin>(-)-epicatechin. Treatment of A375 and Hs294t cells with EGCG resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell migration or invasion of these cells, which was associated with a reduction in the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGE2 receptors (EP2 and EP4). Treatment of cells with celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, also inhibited melanoma cell migration. EGCG inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-, an inducer of COX-2, and PGE2-induced cell migration of cells. EGCG decreased EP2 agonist (butaprost)- and EP4 agonist (Cay10580)-induced cell migration ability. Moreover, EGCG inhibited the activation of NF-κB/p65, an upstream regulator of COX-2, in A375 melanoma cells, and treatment of cells with caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of NF-κB, also inhibited cell migration. Inhibition of melanoma cell migration by EGCG was associated with transition of mesenchymal stage to epithelial stage, which resulted in an increase in the levels of epithelial biomarkers (E-cadherin, cytokeratin and desmoglein 2) and a reduction in the levels of mesenchymal biomarkers (vimentin, fibronectin and N-cadherin) in A375 melanoma cells. Together, these results indicate that EGCG, a major green tea catechin, has the ability to inhibit melanoma cell invasion/migration, an essential step of metastasis, by targeting the endogenous expression of COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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MESH Headings
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/chemistry
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Celecoxib
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
- Humans
- Melanoma/enzymology
- Melanoma/pathology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tea/chemistry
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Santosh K. Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Cai T, Li X, Ding J, Luo W, Li J, Huang C. A cross-talk between NFAT and NF-κB pathways is crucial for nickel-induced COX-2 expression in Beas-2B cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11:548-59. [PMID: 21486220 DOI: 10.2174/156800911795656001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a critical enzyme implicated in chronic inflammation-associated cancer development. Our studies have shown that the exposure of Beas-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, to lung carcinogenic nickel compounds results in increased COX-2 expression. However, the signaling pathways leading to nickel-induced COX-2 expression are not well understood. In the current study, we found that the exposure of Beas-2B cells to nickel compounds resulted in the activation of both nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The expression of COX-2 induced upon nickel exposure was inhibited by either a NFAT pharmacological inhibitor or the knockdown of NFAT3 by specific siRNA. We further found that the activation of NFAT and NF-κB was dependent on each other. Since our previous studies have shown that NF-κB activation is critical for nickel-induced COX-2 expression in Beas-2B cells exposed to nickel compounds under same experimental condition, we anticipate that there might be a cross-talk between the activation of NFAT and NF-κB for the COX-2 induction due to nickel exposure in Beas-2B cells. Furthermore, we showed that the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by introduction of mitochondrial catalase inhibited the activation of both NFAT and NF-κB, and the induction of COX-2 due to nickel exposure. Taken together, our results defining the evidence showing a key role of the cross-talk between NFAT and NF-κB pathways in regulating nickel-induced COX-2 expression, further provide insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking nickel exposure to its lung carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian Cai
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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26
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Vaid M, Singh T, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit melanoma cell invasiveness by reduction of PGE2 synthesis and reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21539. [PMID: 21738696 PMCID: PMC3124524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin disease due, in large part, to its propensity to metastasize. We have examined the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on melanoma cancer cell migration and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using highly metastasis-specific human melanoma cell lines, A375 and Hs294t. Using in vitro cell invasion assays, we observed that treatment of A375 and Hs294t cells with GSPs resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of invasion or cell migration of these cells, which was associated with a reduction in the levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production. Treatment of cells with celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, or transient transfection of melanoma cells with COX-2 small interfering RNA, also inhibited melanoma cell migration. Treatment of cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, an inducer of COX-2, enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, a protein of mitogen-activated protein kinase family, and subsequently cell migration whereas both GSPs and celecoxib significantly inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted cell migration as well as phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Treatment of cells with UO126, an inhibitor of MEK, also inhibited the migration of melanoma cells. Further, GSPs inhibited the activation of NF-κB/p65, an upstream regulator of COX-2, in melanoma cells, and treatment of cells with caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of NF-κB, also inhibited cell migration. Additionally, inhibition of melanoma cell migration by GSPs was associated with reversal of epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, which resulted in an increase in the levels of epithelial biomarkers (E-cadherin and cytokeratins) while loss of mesenchymal biomarkers (vimentin, fibronectin and N-cadherin) in melanoma cells. Together, these results indicate that GSPs have the ability to inhibit melanoma cell invasion/migration by targeting the endogenous expression of COX-2 and reversing the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tripti Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Santosh K. Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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27
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Lim TG, Kwon JY, Kim J, Song NR, Lee KM, Heo YS, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Cyanidin-3-glucoside suppresses B[a]PDE-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by directly inhibiting Fyn kinase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:167-74. [PMID: 21501596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE) is a well-known carcinogen that is associated with skin cancer. Abnormal expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important mediator in inflammation and tumor promotion. We investigated the inhibitory effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin present in fruits, on B[a]PDE-induced COX-2 expression in mouse epidermal JB6 P+ cells. Pretreatment with C3G resulted in the reduction of B[a]PDE-induced expression of COX-2 and COX-2 promoter activity. The activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) induced by B[a]PDE was also attenuated by C3G. C3G attenuated the B[a]PDE-induced phosphorylation of MEK, MKK4, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), but no effect on the phosphorylation of the upstream MAPK regulator Fyn. However, kinase assays demonstrated that C3G suppressed Fyn kinase activity and C3G directly binds Fyn kinase noncompetitively with ATP. By using PP2, a pharmacological inhibitor for SFKs, we showed that Fyn kinase regulates B[a]PDE-induced COX-2 expression by activating MAPKs, AP-1 and NF-κB. These results suggest that C3G suppresses B[a]PDE-induced COX-2 expression mainly by blocking the activation of the Fyn signaling pathway, which may contribute to its chemopreventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Singh T, Vaid M, Katiyar N, Sharma S, Katiyar SK. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits melanoma cancer cell migration by reducing the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E₂ and prostaglandin E₂ receptors. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:86-92. [PMID: 20974686 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death from skin disease due, in large part, to its propensity to metastasize. We have examined the effect of berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, on human melanoma cancer cell migration and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using melanoma cell lines, A375 and Hs294. Using an in vitro cell migration assay, we show that over expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, its metabolite prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and PGE₂ receptors promote the migration of cells. We found that treatment of A375 and Hs294 cells with berberine resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of migration of these cells, which was associated with a reduction in the levels of COX-2, PGE₂ and PGE₂ receptors (EP2 and EP4). Treatment of cells with celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, or transient transfection of cells with COX-2 small interfering RNA, also inhibited cell migration. Treatment of the cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an inducer of COX-2 or PGE₂, enhanced cell migration, whereas berberine inhibited TPA- or PGE₂-promoted cell migration. Berberine reduced the basal levels as well as PGE₂-stimulated expression levels of EP2 and EP4. Treatment of the cells with the EP4 agonist stimulated cell migration and berberine blocked EP4 agonist-induced cell migration activity. Moreover, berberine inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), an upstream regulator of COX-2, in A375 cells, and treatment of cells with caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of NF-κB, inhibited cell migration. Together, these results indicate for the first time that berberine inhibits melanoma cell migration, an essential step in invasion and metastasis, by inhibition of COX-2, PGE₂ and PGE₂ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Thakur P, Sanyal S. Induction of pulmonary carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by a single dose of 9, 10 Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and the chemopreventive role of Diclofenac. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sharma SD, Meeran SM, Katiyar SK. Proanthocyanidins Inhibit In vitro and In vivo Growth of Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting the Prostaglandin E2 and Prostaglandin E2 Receptors. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:569-80. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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TRAIL receptor targeting therapies for non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and perspectives. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Peled N, Keith RL, Hirsch FR. Lung Cancer Prevention. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Walser TC, Yanagawa J, Garon E, Lee JM, Dubinett SM. Tumor Microenvironment. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Slatore CG, Au DH, Littman AJ, Satia JA, White E. Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with lung cancer: results from a large cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1203-7. [PMID: 19293309 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Smoking cessation is crucial to decrease risk, but additional prevention modalities are needed. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) may be promising. METHODS The study was a prospective cohort of 77,125 men and women, ages 50 to 76 years, from Washington state recruited in 2000 to 2002 (the VITamin And Lifestyle study). Lung cancer cases were identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry during 5 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR) associated with 10-year average use of total NSAIDs (excluding low-dose aspirin) and specific categories of NSAIDs were calculated for total incident lung cancer and specific morphologies. RESULTS A total of 665 lung cancer cases were identified. After adjusting for smoking, age, gender, and acetaminophen use, there was a borderline-significant inverse trend with total NSAID use [>4.2 d/wk for >10 years versus none: HR, 0.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.64-1.04; P for trend = 0.05]. The association was strongest for adenocarcinoma (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.94; P for trend = 0.01) and seemed to be limited to men (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47-0.92; P for trend = 0.01) and to long-term (> or =10 years) former smokers (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.96; P for trend = 0.04). There were no appreciable differences by NSAID type. CONCLUSIONS Total NSAID use was associated with a small reduced risk of lung cancer, which was strongest for adenocarcinoma, men, and long-term former smokers. These findings are supported by known lung carcinogenesis mechanisms and suggest that NSAIDS may be useful for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Slatore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6522, USA.
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Duarte ML, de Moraes E, Pontes E, Schluckebier L, de Moraes JL, Hainaut P, Ferreira CG. Role of p53 in the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by cisplatin or paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:57-64. [PMID: 19217709 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung Cancer (NSCLC) is extremely resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin. High expression of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been shown to inhibit chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, but little is known about COX-2 regulation upon drug treatment. Recent data indicate the tumor suppressor protein p53 as an important regulator of COX-2. Therefore, TP53 status could change tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy through induction of the anti-apoptotic protein COX-2. The main objective of this work was to analyze the effect of chemotherapy on the expression of COX-2, according to TP53 status. We report herein that lung cancer cell lines expressing wild-type p53, when exposed to cisplatin treatment, induced COX-2 (mRNA and protein), with concurrent synthesis of prostaglandins (PGE(2)). In contrast, COX-2 expression was not changed after cisplatin treatment of cells containing an inactive form of p53. Further, after silencing of wild-type p53 expressed in A549 cells by RNA interference, cisplatin was no longer able to induce COX-2 expression. Therefore, we suggest that induction of COX-2 by cisplatin in NSCLC cell lines is dependent on p53. For paclitaxel treatment, an increase in COX-2 mRNA expression was observed in H460 and A549 (wild-type p53 cell lines). Moreover, paclitaxel treatment increased COX-2 expression in ACC-LC-319 cell lines (p53 null), showing a p53-independent effect. These data may have therapeutic implications in the selection of patients and strategy for future COX-2 inhibition trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Clinical Research Division, Research Coordenation, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Department of Clinical Research, INCA, Rua André Cavalcanti 37/2 degrees andar, CEP 22231-050, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
The immune response to cancer has been long recognized, including both innate and adaptive responses, showing that the immune system can recognize protein products of genetic and epigenetic changes in transformed cells. The accumulation of antigen-specific T cells within the tumor, the draining lymph node, and the circulation, either in newly diagnosed patients or resultant from experimental immunotherapy, proves that tumors produce antigens and that priming occurs. Unfortunately, just as obviously, tumors grow, implying that anti-tumor immune responses are either not sufficiently vigorous to eliminate the cancer or that anti-tumor immunity is suppressed. Both possibilities are supported by current data. In experimental animal models of cancer and also in patients, systemic immunity is usually not dramatically suppressed, because tumor-bearing animals and patients develop T-cell-dependent immune responses to microbes and to either model antigens or experimental cancer vaccines. However, inhibition of specific anti-tumor immunity is common, and several possible explanations of tolerance to tumor antigens or tumor-induced immunesuppression have been proposed. Inhibition of effective anti-tumor immunity results from the tumor or the host response to tumor growth, inhibiting the activation, differentiation, or function of anti-tumor immune cells. As a consequence, anti-tumor T cells cannot respond productively to developmental, targeting, or activation cues. While able to enhance the number and phenotype of anti-tumor T cells, the modest success of immunotherapy has shown the necessity to attempt to reverse tolerance in anti-tumor T cells, and the vanguard of experimental therapy now focuses on vaccination in combination with blockade of immunosuppressive mechanisms. This review discusses several potential mechanisms by which anti-tumor T cells may be inhibited in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Weiser-Evans MCM, Wang XQ, Amin J, Van Putten V, Choudhary R, Winn RA, Scheinman R, Simpson P, Geraci MW, Nemenoff RA. Depletion of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages protects against lung cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1733-8. [PMID: 19208832 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression and metastasis involves interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). We reported that mice deficient for cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)-KO) are protected against the development of lung tumors. The goal of this study was to examine the role of cPLA(2) in the TME. Mouse lung cancer cells (CMT167 and Lewis lung carcinoma cells) injected directly into lungs of syngeneic mice formed a primary tumor, and then metastasized to other lobes of the lung and to the mediastinal lymph nodes. Identical cells injected into cPLA(2)-KO mice showed a dramatic decrease in the numbers of secondary metastatic tumors. This was associated with decreased macrophage staining surrounding the tumor. Wild-type mice transplanted with cPLA(2)-KO bone marrow had a marked survival advantage after inoculation with tumor cells compared with mice receiving wild-type (WT) bone marrow. In vitro, coculturing CMT167 cells with bone marrow-derived macrophages from WT mice increased production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by cancer cells. This increase was blocked in cocultures using cPLA(2)-KO macrophages. Correspondingly, IL-6 staining was decreased in tumors grown in cPLA(2)-KO mice. These data suggest that stromal cPLA(2) plays a critical role in tumor progression by altering tumor-macrophage interactions and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension and Pulmonary Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Wu CC, Lin JC, Yang SC, Lin CW, Chen JJW, Shih JY, Hong TM, Yang PC. Modulation of the expression of the invasion-suppressor CRMP-1 by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition via reciprocal regulation of Sp1 and C/EBPalpha. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1365-75. [PMID: 18524846 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein-1 (CRMP-1) controls neural development and axonal growth but also acts as a cancer invasion suppressor. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of CRMP-1 expression. Using a serial deletion strategy, we identified a basal promoter region between nucleotides -100 and -180 in the 5' flanking region of CRMP-1 (nucleotides -1,920 to +50) that contains multiple putative Sp1 and C/EBPalpha sites. Site-directed mutagenesis and deletion analysis revealed that the two C/EBPalpha sites, from nucleotides -122 to -133 and from nucleotides -101 to -113, are the most important regulatory elements. Gel-shift and antibody supershift assays showed that Sp1 protein was also present at this C/EBPalpha site, which overlaps with a Sp1 site. Overexpression of Sp1 decreased CRMP-1 promoter activity and protein expression, whereas overexpression of C/EBPalpha produced the opposite effect. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that Sp1 and C/EBPalpha compete for binding at the overlapping C/EBPalpha and Sp1 sites and reciprocally regulate CRMP-1 expression. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) decreased CRMP-1 mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, induced a dose-dependent increase in CRMP-1 expression. COX-2 inhibition also decreased Sp1-DNA complex formation and inhibited cell invasion. We conclude that transcription of the invasion suppressor, CRMP-1, is reciprocally regulated at the promoter region by C/EBPalpha and Sp1. COX-2 inhibitors increase CRMP-1 expression by inhibiting Sp1-DNA complex formation and enhancing DNA binding of C/EBPalpha at the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Transgenic expression of the forkhead box M1 transcription factor induces formation of lung tumors. Oncogene 2008; 27:4137-49. [PMID: 18345025 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead box m1 (Foxm1 or Foxm1b) protein (previously called HFH-11B, Trident, Win or MPP2) is abundantly expressed in human non-small cell lung cancers where it transcriptionally induces expression of genes essential for proliferation of tumor cells. In this study, we used Rosa26-Foxm1 transgenic mice, in which the Rosa26 promoter drives ubiquitous expression of Foxm1 transgene, to identify new signaling pathways regulated by Foxm1. Lung tumors were induced in Rosa26-Foxm1 mice using the 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)/butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) lung tumor initiation/promotion protocol. Tumors from MCA/BHT-treated Rosa26-Foxm1 mice displayed a significant increase in the number, size and DNA replication compared to wild-type mice. Elevated tumor formation in Rosa26-Foxm1 transgenic lungs was associated with persistent pulmonary inflammation, macrophage infiltration and increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), Cdc25C phosphatase, cyclin E2, chemokine ligands CXCL5, CXCL1 and CCL3, cathepsins and matrix metalloprotease-12. Cell culture experiments with A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells demonstrated that depletion of Foxm1 by either short interfering RNA transfection or treatment with Foxm1-inhibiting ARF 26-44 peptide significantly reduced Cox-2 expression. In co-transfection experiments, Foxm1 protein-induced Cox-2 promoter activity and directly bound to the -2566/-2580 bp region of human Cox-2 promoter.
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Lee JM, Yanagawa J, Peebles KA, Sharma S, Mao JT, Dubinett SM. Inflammation in lung carcinogenesis: new targets for lung cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 66:208-17. [PMID: 18304833 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process involving the acquisition of genetic mutations that confer cancer development and the malignant phenotype, and is critically linked to apoptosis resistance, unregulated proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer is an unregulated process in a host environment with deregulated inflammatory response that impairs cell-mediated immunity and permits cancer progression. Given the immunosuppressive tumor environment, strategies to reverse these events by stimulating host immune responses are an important area of investigation. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and its downstream signaling pathways are potential targets for lung cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate COX-2 inhibitors as adjuvants to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer and to determine efficacy in prevention of bronchogenic carcinoma. The understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation and lung carcinogenesis provide insight for new drug development that target reversible, non-mutational events in the chemoprevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Lee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wu Y, Tai CL, Wei H, He F, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen HD. Protective Effects of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors on Narrow-band Ultraviolet B-irradiated Epidermal Ia+Langerhans Cells and Thy-1+Dendritic Epidermal T Cells in Mice. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:484-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Inflammation, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:107-10. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181630ece] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Liby K, Royce DB, Risingsong R, Williams CR, Wood MD, Chandraratna RA, Sporn MB. A new rexinoid, NRX194204, prevents carcinogenesis in both the lung and mammary gland. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:6237-43. [PMID: 17947492 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and growth-inhibitory properties of the novel rexinoid NRX194204 (4204) in vitro and then tested its ability to prevent and/or treat experimental lung and estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In cell culture studies, we measured the ability of 4204 to block the effects of lipopolysaccharide and induce apoptosis. For the lung cancer prevention studies, A/J mice were injected with the carcinogen vinyl carbamate and then fed 4204 (30-60 mg/kg diet) for 15 weeks, beginning 1 week after the administration of the carcinogen. For breast cancer prevention studies, mouse mammary tumor virus-neu mice were fed control diet or 4204 (20 mg/kg diet) for 50 weeks; for treatment, tumors at least 32 mm3 in size were allowed to form, and then mice were fed control diet or 4204 (60 mg/kg diet) for 4 weeks. RESULTS Low nanomolar concentrations of 4204 blocked the ability of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce the release of nitric oxide and interleukin 6 and the degradation of IKBalpha in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. In the A/J mouse model of lung cancer, 4204 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number and size of tumors on the surface of the lungs and reduced the total tumor volume per slide by 64% to 81% compared with the control group. In mouse mammary tumor virus-neu mice, 4204 not only delayed the development of ER-negative mammary tumors in the prevention studies but also caused marked tumor regression (92%) or growth arrest (8%) in all of the mammary tumors when used therapeutically. CONCLUSIONS The combined anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic actions of 4204 suggest that it is a promising new rexinoid that should be considered for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Liby
- Department of Pharmacology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Peebles KA, Lee JM, Mao JT, Hazra S, Reckamp KL, Krysan K, Dohadwala M, Heinrich EL, Walser TC, Cui X, Baratelli FE, Garon E, Sharma S, Dubinett SM. Inflammation and lung carcinogenesis: applying findings in prevention and treatment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 7:1405-21. [PMID: 17944566 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.10.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process requiring the acquisition of genetic mutations that confer the malignant phenotype as well as epigenetic alterations that may be manipulated in the course of therapy. Inflammatory signals in the lung cancer microenvironment can promote apoptosis resistance, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and secretion of proangiogenic and immunosuppressive factors. Here, we discuss several prototypical inflammatory mediators controlling the malignant phenotype in lung cancer. Investigation into the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of inflammation in lung cancer has revealed novel potential drug targets. Cytokines, growth factors and small-molecule inflammatory mediators released in the developing tumor microenvironment pave the way for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the shift from a polarized, epithelial phenotype to a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype that becomes dysregulated during tumor invasion. Inflammatory mediators within the tumor microenvironment are derived from neoplastic cells as well as stromal and inflammatory cells; thus, lung cancer develops in a host environment in which the deregulated inflammatory response promotes tumor progression. Inflammation-related metabolic and catabolic enzymes (prostaglandin E(2) synthase, prostaglandin I(2) synthase and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase), cell-surface receptors (E-type prostaglandin receptors) and transcription factors (ZEB1, SNAIL, PPARs, STATs and NF-kappaB) are differentially expressed in lung cancer cells compared with normal lung epithelial cells and, thus, may contribute to tumor initiation and progression. These newly discovered molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of lung cancer provide novel opportunities for targeted therapy and prevention in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Peebles
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine & Hospitalists, Department of Medicine, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, CA, USA.
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Acco A, Alves da Silva MHDR, Batista MR, Yamamoto NS, Bracht A. Action of Celecoxib on Hepatic Metabolic Changes Induced by the Walker-256 Tumour in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:294-300. [PMID: 17910611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to investigate the influence of celecoxib on some hepatic metabolic parameters affected by the Walker-256 tumour in rats. Celecoxib was administered daily (5-50 mg/kg body weight) beginning at the day in which the tumour cells were inocculated. At day 14, the liver was isolated and perfused in order to measure alanine transformation, glycolysis and arginine transformation. Maximal reduction of tumour growth (75%), accompanied by an almost normal weight gain, was attained with a celecoxib dose of 12.5 mg/kg. Diminution of glucose utilization (glycolysis) and inhibition of gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis from alanine caused by the tumor were totally reversed by celecoxib. Oxygen uptake by the liver was also normalized by the drug. Hepatic arginine transformation, which is normally enhanced in rats bearing the Walker-256 tumour, remained elevated in celecoxib-treated animals. It was concluded that preservation of gluconeogenesis and normalization of hepatic glucose utilization can explain, partly at least, the clinical improvement of cancer patients treated with the drug. The lack of action of celecoxib on arginine hydrolysis might indicate that reduction in polyamine synthesis is not a factor contributing to the diminished tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Ding J, Wu K, Zhang D, Luo W, Li J, Ouyang W, Song L, Huang C. Activation of both nuclear factor of activated T cells and inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase beta-subunit-/nuclear factor-kappa B is critical for cyclooxygenase-2 induction by benzo[a]pyrene in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1323-9. [PMID: 17640307 PMCID: PMC11159518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The carcinogenic effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), presenting mainly in cigarette smoke and air pollution, has been well demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still not well understood how B[a]P facilitates pulmonary carcinogenesis. To explore this, we investigated the effect of B[a]P on the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a critical enzyme implicated in inflammation and cancer development, as well as upstream signaling pathways leading to its expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B). We found that exposure of Beas-2B to B[a]P caused significant COX-2 induction at both the transcriptional and protein levels. B[a]P also switched on the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways. B[a]P-induced COX-2 expression was significantly blocked by inhibition of the NFAT pathway, and impairment of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by ectopic expression of an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase beta-subunit (IKKbeta) kinase inactive mutant (IKKbeta-KM) also dramatically inhibited COX-2 induction. The IKKbeta/NF-kappaB-dependent COX-2 induction was further confirmed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts with IKKbeta deficiency (IKKbeta(-/-)) and in those that expressed reconstituted IKKbeta. However, activation of the NFAT and NF-kappaB signaling pathways by B[a]P were independent of each other, as blocking one signaling pathway didn't interrupt the activation of the other one. Mutation of either NFAT or NF-kappaB binding sites significantly blocked COX-2 promoter induction by B[a]P. Taken together, these data indicate that exposure of Beas-2B to B[a]P can upregulate COX-2 expression by increasing its transcription, which requires activation of both the NFAT and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ding
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Liu M, Yang SC, Sharma S, Luo J, Cui X, Peebles KA, Huang M, Sato M, Ramirez RD, Shay JW, Minna JD, Dubinett SM. EGFR signaling is required for TGF-beta 1 mediated COX-2 induction in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:578-88. [PMID: 17600311 PMCID: PMC2048680 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from free arachidonic acid. Increasing evidence suggests that COX-2 plays a role in tumorigenesis. A variety of stimuli induce COX-2 and it is overexpressed in many tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We studied the regulation of COX-2 expression in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) because these two growth factors are present in both the pulmonary milieu of those at risk for lung cancer as well as in the tumor microenvironment. EGF significantly enhanced TGF-beta1-mediated induction of COX-2 and corresponding prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. TGF-beta1 and EGF induced COX-2 at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibition, neutralizing antibody against amphiregulin, or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibition blocked TGF-beta1-mediated COX-2 induction. COX-2 induction by TGF-beta1 depended upon Smad3 signaling and required the activity of EGFR or its downstream mediators. Autocrine amphiregulin signaling maintains EGFR in a constitutively active state in HBECs, allowing for COX-2 induction by TGF-beta1. Thus, EGFR ligands, which are abundant in the pulmonary microenvironment of those at risk for lung cancer, potentiate and are required for COX-2 induction by TGF-beta1 in HBEC. These findings emphasize the central role of EGFR signaling in COX-2 induction by TGF-beta1 and suggest that inhibition of EGFR signaling should be investigated further for lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease with enormous global medical and economic impact that remains refractory to conventional treatment modalities. Recent insights regarding mechanisms pertaining to epigenetic regulation of gene expression during malignant transformation, together with the identification of agents that modulate chromatin structure provide new opportunities for the treatment and prevention of this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Schrump
- Thoracic Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201, USA.
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Hazra S, Batra RK, Tai HH, Sharma S, Cui X, Dubinett SM. Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone decrease prostaglandin E2 in non-small-cell lung cancer cells by up-regulating 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71:1715-20. [PMID: 17412838 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.033357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer cells elaborate the immunosuppressive and antiapoptotic mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a product of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma ligands, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), inhibit lung cancer cell growth, we examined the effect of the TZDs pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on PGE(2) levels in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A427 and A549 cells. Both TZDs inhibited PGE(2) production in NSCLC cells via a COX-2 independent pathway. To define the mechanism underlying COX-2 independent suppression of PGE(2) production, we focused on other enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of PGE(2). The expression of none of the three prostaglandin synthases (microsomal PGES1, PGES2 and cystosolic PGES) was down-regulated by the TZDs. It is noteworthy that 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), an enzyme that produces biologically inactive 15-ketoprostaglandins from active PGE(2), was induced by TZDs. The TZD-mediated suppression of PGE(2) concentration was significantly inhibited by small interfering RNA to 15-PGDH. Studies using dominant-negative PPARgamma overexpression or 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide (GW9662; a PPARgamma antagonist) revealed that the suppressive effect of the TZDs on PGE(2) is PPARgamma-independent. Together, these findings indicate that it is possible to use a clinically available pharmacological intervention to suppress tumor-derived PGE(2) by enhancing catabolism rather than blocking synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Hazra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Lung Cancer Research Program and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA.
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Lee JM, Mao JT, Krysan K, Dubinett SM. Significance of cyclooxygenase-2 in prognosis, targeted therapy and chemoprevention of NSCLC. Future Oncol 2007; 3:149-53. [PMID: 17381414 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Tsubochi H, Nobuyuki S, Hiyama M et al.: Combined analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 expression with p53 and Ki-67 in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 82(4), 1198–1204 (2006).The report by Tsubochi and colleagues adds to the growing evidence indicating that tumor cyclo-oxygenase (Cox)-2 has a multifaceted role in conferring the malignant phenotype of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and provides insight into the use of markers to provide prognostic information. Cox-2 has been implicated in apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, decreased host immunity and enhanced invasion and metastasis, and, thus, has a critical involvement in carcinogenesis. This study, as well as others, has contributed to providing an insight into opportunities for targeted therapies in NSCLC. Cox-2 is one of the novel targets being studied for lung cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Lee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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