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Noor SK, Alutol MT, FadAllah FSA, Ahmed AA, Osman SA, Badi S, Fathelrahman AI, Ahmed M, Ahmed MH. Risk factors associated with fasting during Ramadan among individuals with diabetes according to IDF-DAR risk score in Atbara city, Sudan: Cross-sectional hospital-based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102743. [PMID: 36940635 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims. The aim of this study was to assess risk associated with Ramadan fasting among Sudanese individuals with diabetes (high, moderate, and low risk) according to International Diabetes Federation in collaboration with Diabetes and Ramadan International alliance (IDF-DAR) Practical Guidelines 2021 risk score. METHODS This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study recruited 300 individuals with diabetes (79% have type 2 diabetes) from diabetes centers in Atbara city, the River Nile state, Sudan. RESULTS The risk score was distributed as low risk (13.7%), Moderate risk (24%), and High risk (62.3%). T-test showed a significant difference in mean risk score by gender, duration and type of diabetes (p values = 0.004, 0.000, & 0.000, respectively). One-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in the risk score by age groups (p = 0.000). Logistic regression revealed that the odds of being in the 41-60 years age group had lower probability to be categorized in the moderate risk group of fasting rather than low risk by 4.3 times than being in the age more than 60 years. (p = 0.008), the odds of being in the age group 41-60 years lower probability to be categorized in the high risk of fasting rather than low risk by 8 times than being in the age more than 60 years. (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION The majority of patients in this study have a high risk for Ramadan fasting. IDF-DAR risk score is of great significance in assessing individuals with diabetes for Ramadan fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufian K Noor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atabara, Sudan
| | - Mo'min T Alutol
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atabara, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atabara, Sudan
| | - Sohep A Osman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atabara, Sudan
| | - Safaa Badi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Musaab Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK.
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Musa IR, Omar SM, Adam I. Mid-upper arm circumference as a substitute for body mass index in the assessment of nutritional status among adults in eastern Sudan. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2056. [PMID: 36357916 PMCID: PMC9650816 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI) remains the most used indicator of nutritional status despite the presence of a potentially credible alternative. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is an anthropometric measure that requires simple equipment and minimal training. The aim of this study was to compare MUAC with BMI and propose a MUAC cut-off point corresponding to a BMI of < 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) and ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 (obesity) among Sudanese adults. Methods A cross-sectional study using multistage cluster sampling was conducted in New-Halfa, eastern Sudan. Participants’ age and sex were recorded and their MUAC, weight and height were measured using the standard procedures. The MUAC (cm) cut-offs corresponding to < 18.5 kg/m2 and ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 were calculated and determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis Results Five hundreds and fifty-two adults were enrolled in the study. The median (interquartile range, IQR) of the participants age was 31.0 (24.0 – 40.0) years and 331 (60.0%) of them were females. The medians (IQR) of BMI and MUAC were 22.4 (19.1 – 26.3) kg/m2 and 25.0 (23.0 – 28.0) cm, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between MUAC and BMI (r = 0.673, p < 0.001). Of the 552 enrolled participants, 104 (18.8%), 282 (51.1%), 89 (16.1%) and 77 (13.9%) were normal weight, underweight, overweight and obese, respectively. Best statistically derived MUAC cut-off corresponding to a BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 (underweight) was ≤ 25.5 cm in both males and females (Youden’s Index, YI = 0.51; sensitivity = 96.0%; specificity = 54.0%), with a good predictive value (AUROCC = 0.82). Best statistically derived MUAC cut-off corresponding to a BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 (obesity) was ≥ 29.5 cm in both males and females (YI = 0.62, sensitivity = 70.3%, specificity = 92.0%), with a good predictive value (AUROCC = 0.86, 95.0% CI = 0.76 – 0.95). Conclusion The results suggest that the cut-offs based on MUAC can be used for community-based screening of underweight and obesity
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Osuna-Padilla IA, Rodríguez-Moguel NC, Aguilar-Vargas A, Rodríguez-Aguirre E, Briceño O, Ávila-Ríos S. Normal weight obesity is associated with hypercholesterolemia and low muscle mass in persons living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment. Nutrition 2021; 94:111515. [PMID: 34844155 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a condition of normal body weight, but with high body fat percentage. Clinical and immunologic implications of NWO in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine NWO prevalence and its associations with metabolic and immunologic measurements in a cohort of PLHIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS We enrolled 73 adult PLHIV on ART. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. NWO was defined as body mass index 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and body fat ≥25%. We determined triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, blood glucose, blood pressure, bone mineral density, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6) and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation. RESULTS The prevalence of NWO was 49% (36 of 73). Participants with NWO showed lower CD4+ T-cell percentage (25 versus 27%, P = 0.03), lower CD4/CD8 ratio (0.62 versus 0.82, P = 0.02), lower muscle mass (6.84 versus 7.11 kg/m2, P = 0.01) and higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (26% versus 6%, P = 0.03) than individuals with normal body composition. No differences in inflammation/activation markers were observed between groups (P > 0.05 in all cases). CONCLUSION NWO was frequent in a cohort of Mexican PLHIV on ART and was associated with lower muscle mass, hypercholesterolemia, lower CD4+ T-cell percentage, and lower CD4/CD8 ratio. The incorporation of body fat measurements in the regular physical examination of PLHIV could contribute to early identification of the NWO condition and lead to better management of possible long-term morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Osuna-Padilla
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nadia C Rodríguez-Moguel
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edna Rodríguez-Aguirre
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olivia Briceño
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Saleh AM, Almobarak AO, Badi S, Siddiq SB, Tahir H, Suliman M, Ahmed MH. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice Among Primary Care Physicians in Sudan Regarding Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:80. [PMID: 34447522 PMCID: PMC8356950 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_164_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prediabetes is an important stage before diabetes that can be treated with intensive lifestyle changes. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice of primary care physician in Sudan about prediabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among primary care physicians working at two family and primary health care centers in Khartoum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and expressed as percentages. Results: Out of 200 primary care physicians, 189 completed the questionnaire. 60.8% of the participants had satisfactory knowledge about prediabetes and positive attitude towards prediabetes and their practice was relatively good. Knowledge score was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.000), duration of experience (P value = 0.000), the number of working hours per day (P value = 0.001), and the number patients seen per day (P value = 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that attending courses relevant to prediabetes revealed statistically significant result in knowledge, and attending such courses were likely to be associated with gaining sufficient knowledge than those who didn’t by 2 times (P value 0.033, OR 2, CI. 1.063-4.079). Conclusions: Primary care physicians in Sudan have satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice about prediabetes. As they are in the front line in dealing with community, primary care physicians’ efforts can help in slowing down the epidemic of diabetes in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Mohamed Saleh
- Public and Tropical Health Program, Dean of Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Omer Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Safaa Badi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Samar B Siddiq
- Department of Research and Training, Alsharg Ahlia University, Kassala, Sudan
| | - Hanan Tahir
- Public and Tropical Health Program, Dean of Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Suliman
- Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, AL Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eagelstone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Almobarak AO, Badi S, Siddiq SB, Noor SM, Elmadhoun WM, Suliman M, Ahmed MH. The prevalence and risk factors for systemic hypertension among Sudanese patients with diabetes mellitus: A survey in diabetes healthcare facility. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1607-1611. [PMID: 32866934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes and hypertension are common chronic diseases that affect about one fifth of Sudanese adults. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension among Sudanese individuals with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This a survey in diabetes healthcare facility-based study that recruited 266 individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Data was collected using a standardized pretested questionnaire, and was analyzed by performing descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS program. RESULT The study showed that average age of participants was 58.7 (±10.5 SD) years, males were 59% and most of the participants (72.6%) from urban areas. Diabetes for 1-5 years was observed in 10.9% and for more than 11 years in 71.4%. The majority (91.7%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus while only (8.3%) had type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of hypertension was 47.7% among the study group, this was significantly associated with age (p value 0.016), and retinopathy (p value 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, body mass index (BMI), serum creatinine and retinopathy had statistically significant associations with the presence of hypertension (p values 0.002,0,016, 0.008,0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION Prevalence of hypertension in Sudanese patients with diabetes presenting to diabetes clinic was 47.7%, and it increased with age and presence of retinopathy. Risk factors of hypertension were age, body mass index (BMI), serum creatinine and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Omer Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, P.O. Box12810, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Safaa Badi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Samar B Siddiq
- Department of Research and Training, Alsharg Ahlia College, Kassala, Sudan.
| | - Sufian M Noor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Sudan.
| | - Wadie M Elmadhoun
- Faculty of Medicine, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Mohamed Suliman
- Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eagelstone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK.
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Omar SM, Taha Z, Hassan AA, Al-Wutayd O, Adam I. Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and central obesity among adults in the Eastern Sudan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232624. [PMID: 32353069 PMCID: PMC7192465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A global epidemic of obesity has been documented, particularly among African countries. While central obesity and overweight have been reported for many countries, very limited information exists about the prevalence of these health problems in Sudan, and these data are nonexistent for Eastern Sudan. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and central obesity, as well as the factors associated with both, among adults in Gadarif, Eastern Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gadarif, Eastern Sudan, during the period of January through May 2018. Sociodemographic and health characteristics data were collected through a questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured using the standard methods. Both descriptive and inferential statics were applied to analyze the data. Results A total of 594 adults participated in the study; 70.4% of them were female. The mean (standard deviation) age was 44.98 (16.64) years. Of the 594 enrolled participants, 33.7%, 7.4%, 26.8%, and 32.2% were normal weight, underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was (67.8%). Approximately, one-third of the participants (29.29%) were obese and had central obesity. In the multinomial regression, being married was the main risk factor associated with overweight, and older age, female sex, being married and hypertension were significantly associated with obesity. In the binary regression, the main risk factors associated with central obesity were female sex and being married. Conclusion The prevalence rates of both obesity and central obesity among the study participants were high. Older age and hypertension were only associated with obesity. Obesity and central obesity were significantly associated with female sex and being married. This study provided valuable baseline information to develop appropriate strategies for the prevention and control of obesity in Eastern Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M. Omar
- Faculty of Medicine, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan
| | - Zainab Taha
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Osama Al-Wutayd
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Abdelaziz TA, Abdulraheem MA, Badi SA, Badawi MI, Saeed AO, Elobied MA, Ahmed MH. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Sudanese pharmacist with regard to management of diabetes during Ramadan: A cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:122-126. [PMID: 30641683 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasting during Ramadan for some individuals with diabetes may lead to complications. Pharmacists may assist in dose adjustment and compliance with medication during Ramadan. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Sudanese community pharmacists in the management of diabetes during Ramadan. METHOD A cross-sectional study from April to June 2017, included 330 pharmacies in Khartoum state. The sampling technique was done by two methods using stratified and systematic methods for seven localities of Khartoum State. The community pharmacists were assessed in their knowledge about Medication regimen adjustment (MRA), diabetes risk stratification and the condition in which the fasting diabetic patient have to stop their fast. RESULTS The total response rate was 311(94.2%), and the females were 203(65.3%). Pharmacists mean age was 27.6 (SD = 5.9), ranged between 21-62 years. Importantly, more than 75% of the Pharmacists have sufficient knowledge of both identifying high-risk individuals and whether they need to break their fasting. The practice questions answered correctly by more than 80% of pharmacists in relation to monitor blood glucose level, undergo meal planning to avoid hypoglycemia and dehydration during prolong fasting hours and to undergo meal choices to avoid postprandial hyperglycemia. Importantly, 56.9% community pharmacists advised individuals with diabetes about physical activity. The barriers that hindering the proper counseling was attributed to the Lack of knowledge (71.4%). MRA was reported as highly important by (56.6%) and extremely important by (39.2%). The confidence of knowledge about MRA was reported by 52.1%. CONCLUSION This study showed that pharmacists had sufficient knowledge, positive attitude and good practice about diabetes management during Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarig Adil Abdelaziz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Safaa Abdulraheem Badi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Muhammed Ibrahim Badawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Omer Saeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Muhammed Ali Elobied
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK.
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Sanaullah A, Ahmed MH. What the future holds for the primary surgical repair as treatment of a massive pressure ulcer? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:21. [PMID: 30788368 PMCID: PMC6351375 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Sanaullah
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Mohamed H. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Zhang P, Jin H, Guo ZN, Sun HJ, Zhang FL, Sun X, Yang Y. The Accumulation of Key Stroke Risk Factors and Its Association With the Characteristics of Subjects: A Population Based Cross Sectional Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:949. [PMID: 30483211 PMCID: PMC6240764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence has shown that the greater the accumulation of risk factors for stroke, the greater the risk of stroke. Early intervention in the accumulation of risk factors for stroke can effectively reduce the incidence of stroke. The study aimed to investigate the distribution of the number of certain risk factors for stroke (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight and obesity, and diabetes) and to explore the cause of the accumulation of certain stroke risk factors. Methods: A total of 4,052 participants aged 40 years or older were selected by the multistage stratified cluster sampling method in Dehui City in Jilin province, China. Descriptive data analyses were conducted. Multiple regression analyses were used to explore the adjusted association between the accumulation of key stroke risk factors and subjects' lifestyle and demographic characteristics. Results: Overall, 84.1% of the participants in this study had one or more of the four certain risk factors for stroke. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of having ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 key stroke risk factors were 1.627 (1.258, 2.103), 1.446 (1.209, 1.728), and 1.394 (1.164, 1.670), respectively, for males compared to females. Similarly, the ORs and 95% CIs of having ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 key stroke risk factors were 1.227 (1.009, 1.492), 1.256 (1.096, 1.442), and 1.450 (1.262, 1.667), respectively, for partially salty diets compared to normal diets. Compared to people who did not exercise regularly, the ORs and 95% CIs of having ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 key stroke risk factors were 0.693 (0.544, 0.883), 0.800 (0.679, 0.944), and 0.775 (0.659, 0.913), respectively, for people who regularly exercised. Compared to people who without a family history of cerebrovascular diseases, the ORs and 95% CIs were 1.418 (1.162, 1.732), 1.327 (1.154, 1.525), and 1.209 (1.050, 1.393), for people who with it. Conclusions: Male, partially salty diets, and family history of cerebrovascular diseases were risk factors for the accumulation of certain stroke risk factors while regular physical exercise was a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui-Jie Sun
- Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fu-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Awadalla H, Noor SK, Elmadhoun WM, Bushara SO, Almobarak AO, Sulaiman AA, Ahmed MH. Comparison of serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetes with and without adequate diabetes control in Sudanese population in north of Sudan. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:961-964. [PMID: 29954711 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in Sudan and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia is a major complication of diabetes and an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its co-relation with the glycemic control in individuals with diabetes in River Nile State, Sudan. METHODS Individuals with diabetes attended, Naserudin Karamalla Diabetic (NKDM) Centre, in Atbara teaching hospital during study period, who volunteered to participate were included. Only those on treatment for DM for at least one year were included. Venous samples were collected for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, blood glucose and Glycosylated hemoglobin. Participants were interviewed using standardized pretested questionnaire to record medical history and sociodemographic characteristics. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured. RESULTS A total of 188 individuals were included. The mean age was 49.5 + 13.9 and (128) 68.1% were females. Most patients were having DM for at least 3-5 years 69 (36.7%). Poor diabetes control (HbA1c >7) was recorded in 87.2%, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL were identified in 36.6%, 27.7% and 26.6% respectively. In addition, HDL was low in 61.2% of patients. CONCLUSION Low HDL is a prominent feature in two thirds of individuals with diabetes, while high cholesterol and high triglyceride were seen in over one quarter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitham Awadalla
- Department of community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sufian K Noor
- Department of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
| | | | - Sarra O Bushara
- Department of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amel Abdalrhim Sulaiman
- Research & Information Unit, Public Health Administration - MOH, Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV metabolic clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK.
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Awadalla H, Elmak NE, El-Sayed EF, Almobarak AO, Elmadhoun WM, Osman M, Noor SK, Ahmed MH. Hypertension in Sudanese individuals and associated risk factors: the critical intersection between salt and sugar intake. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:432-438. [PMID: 30214858 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertension is common problem across the globe. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and impact of salt and sugar intake in Sudanese population. Methods A descriptive cross sectional study, included 323 of participants in Khartoum state. The data collection was performed to gather demographic information, physical activity and dietary habits. In addition to measurement of blood pressure (BP), weight and height measurement for calculation of body mass index (BMI). Results Among the 323 respondents (males were 171), 29 (9%) are known hypertensive, 60 (18.6%) are diagnosed to be hypertensive. Therefore, the prevalence of hypertension is 27.6%. Hypertension was significantly associated with male sex, increasing age, obesity, low physical activity, salt and sugar intake. Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age, obesity and high sugar intake are absolute predictors for hypertension in Sudanese population. Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension was 27.6%. Hypertension in Sudanese individuals was associated with high sugar and salt intake, obesity and increase in age. Therefore, decreasing sugar and salt intake should be advocated by health authorities and the public in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitham Awadalla
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nehad Elsheikh Elmak
- Public and Tropical Health Program, Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eman F El-Sayed
- Public and Tropical Health Program, Graduate College, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wadie M Elmadhoun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
| | - Mugtaba Osman
- Armed Forces Centre for Psychiatric Care, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufian K Noor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile Valley University, Sudan
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Prevalence of Selected Eye Diseases Using Data Harvested from Ophthalmic Checkup Examination of a Cohort of Two Thousand Middle Eastern and North African Subjects. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:8049475. [PMID: 29686888 PMCID: PMC5857300 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8049475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To highlight the prevalence of selected ophthalmic diseases accidentally discovered at first-time screening of a large sample of patients from the Middle East and North Africa visiting a large referral university hospital checkup unit based in Cairo. Material and Methods A cross-sectional study of two thousand and thirteen subjects coming for routine ophthalmic medical checkups from different Middle East countries (mainly Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen). Patients were evaluated for prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, cataract, and amblyopia. Patients' demographic data and medical history were collected. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Investigations were done when needed to confirm suspected conditions. Results The study included 1149 males and 864 females. 652 Sudanese patients, 568 Yemeni patients, 713 Egyptian patients, and 63 patients from different Gulf and North African countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya, and Jordan. Sudanese patients showed a higher percentage of glaucoma (13.3%) and ocular hypertension (8.3%). Yemeni patients showed the highest prevalence of amblyopia (6.7%), diabetic retinopathy (8.6%), and cataract (4.2%). The group of relatively higher economic classification seemed to show fewer prevalences of these ophthalmic conditions. Yemeni patients tended to have a high percentage of persistent myelinated nerve fibers. Conclusion Different ophthalmic conditions were discovered for the first time at the general checkup clinic. Certain conditions were more common than others in certain countries. The lack of regular checkups and the unavailability of medical services due to low to moderate socioeconomic status as well as political turbulence may account for the delay in initial diagnosis of many treatable conditions.
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Ahmed MH, Awadalla H, Elmadhoun WM, Osman M, Noor SK, Almobarak AO. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Coronary Syndrome Among Sudanese Individuals With Diabetes: A Population-Based Study. Cardiol Res 2017; 8:184-189. [PMID: 29118879 PMCID: PMC5667704 DOI: 10.14740/cr616w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is common with diabetes. The aim of this study was to establish prevalence and risk factors for ACS among Sudanese individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum State and Atabra (North of Sudan). The data collection was performed through pretested questionnaire, in addition to measurement of lipid profile and HbA1c. Results Among the 496 respondents, 234 (48.4%) were males and only 15 of them had ACS, while 255 (51.6%) were females and 12 had ACS. Therefore, the prevalence of ACS was 5.44% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.45-7.44%). The unadjusted risk factors for ACS were age (P = 0.0008864), duration of DM (P = 0.01105) and presence of hypertension (P = 0.0006021). The presence of albuminuria, gender, and body mass index (BMI) was not associated with ACS. In addition, parameters like HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and low-density cholesterol (LDL) were also not associated with ACS. Logistic regression analysis showed that duration of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) for below 5 years' history of DM = 0.175 (95% CI for OR: 0.180 - 0.835), P = 0.04051) and hypertension (OR = 2.462 (95% CI for OR: 1.007 - 6.500), P = 0.039) were absolute risk factors for ACS. Conclusion The prevalence of ACS is estimated to be 5.44%. ACS in Sudanese individuals with DM was associated with hypertension, increase in age and increase in duration of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Heitham Awadalla
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Wadie M Elmadhoun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile Valley University, Sudan
| | - Mugtaba Osman
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Republic of Ireland
| | - Sufian K Noor
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nile Valley University, Sudan
| | - Ahmed O Almobarak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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