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Smith A, Page KA, Smith KE. Associations between affect dynamics and eating regulation in daily life: a preliminary ecological momentary assessment study. Cogn Emot 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38427387 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2323478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Disordered eating behaviors consistently associated with emotion regulation difficulties. However, most studies have focused on affect intensity without considering dynamic affective patterns. We examined these patterns in relation to daily overeating, loss of control eating (LOCE), dietary restraint, and food craving in young adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).Adults (N = 24) completed a 10-day EMA protocol during which they reported momentary affect and eating patterns. Generalized linear mixed-models examined each index in relation to eating variable.Higher PA instability (within-person) was associated with higher ratings of binge-eating symptoms (B = 0.15, SE = 0.06, p = 0.007). Lower NA differentiation (within-person) was associated with higher levels of food craving (B = -10.11, SE = 4.74, p = 0.033).Our results support previous findings suggesting that acute fluctuations in PA may increase risk of binge-eating symptoms. Further, inability to differentiate between momentary states of NA was associated with cravings. This study highlights the importance of examining multiple facets of NA and PA in relation to eating regulation.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02945475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Department of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mehak A, Bicaker E, Racine SE. The roles of negative affect and emotion differentiation in the experience of 'feeling fat' among undergraduate students: An ecological momentary assessment study. Body Image 2024; 48:101681. [PMID: 38310706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
'Feeling fat' is the somatic experience of being overweight not fully explained by objective body mass. According to the body displacement hypothesis, 'feeling fat' occurs when diffuse negative emotions are projected onto the body in lieu of adaptive emotion regulation. Emotion differentiation, the ability to experience and label discrete emotions, is an important skill for adaptively addressing emotion that may reduce 'feeling fat.' We hypothesized that individuals with better negative emotion differentiation would be less likely to report 'feeling fat' when experiencing high negative emotion. We collected ecological momentary assessment data from 198 undergraduate students (52.24% female). Multilevel modeling revealed that both within-person increases in negative emotions and the tendency to experience greater negative emotion were associated with greater 'feeling fat.' Of the specific types of negative emotion, guilt and sadness predicted 'feeling fat.' Contrary to hypotheses, individuals with better emotion differentiation were more likely to report 'feeling fat' after experiencing elevated negative affect. These findings contradict the primary clinical conceptualization of 'feeling fat,' suggesting that factors beyond displacement of negative emotions onto the body may be responsible for 'feeling fat'. Results in a sample with pronounced shape/weight concern may better support the traditional clinical understanding of 'feeling fat.'
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ege Bicaker
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Canada
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Bicaker E, Lane SP, Sadikaj G, Racine SE. The roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self-compassion in loss of control eating. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:966-976. [PMID: 35488770 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Negative affect intensity is robustly related to binge eating, but the relationship between negative emotion differentiation (i.e., the ability to differentiate negatively-valenced emotions) and binge eating is unclear. Further, little is known about factors that might reduce emotion intensity and/or enhance emotion differentiation, thereby reducing binge eating. Self-compassion is consistently linked to less binge eating, which may be due to decreased negative affect and/or an enhanced ability to differentiate emotions. The current study examined the roles of negative emotion intensity, negative emotion differentiation, and self-compassion in binge eating using ecological momentary assessment. METHOD Participants were 201 university students (52.2% female) who completed questionnaires assessing affect seven times a day, and engagement in loss of control (LOC) eating episodes at the end of each day, for 10 days. The average of sadness, fear, guilt, and hostility subscales represented negative emotion intensity; intraclass correlations across negative affect subscales defined negative emotion differentiation. Both daily (i.e., within-person) and trait (i.e., between-person) emotion variables were examined as predictors. RESULTS Between-person negative emotion intensity, but not negative emotion differentiation, significantly predicted LOC eating occurrence. Self-compassion had a significant effect on LOC eating frequency, and this relationship was partially mediated via negative emotion intensity, but not via negative emotion differentiation. DISCUSSION Lower levels of negative emotion intensity partially account for the relationship between greater self-compassion and less frequent LOC eating. These findings highlight the importance of cultivating self-compassion to down-regulate negative emotions and to reduce LOC eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings suggest that university students who approach their limitations compassionately experience fewer negative emotions in daily life and engage in less loss of control eating. Lower levels of negative affect partially explain this relationship between self-compassion and loss of control eating. These results highlight the importance of cultivating an understanding and a compassionate attitude toward oneself for reducing eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Bicaker
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sean P Lane
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gentiana Sadikaj
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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The who, what, where, when, why and how of measuring emotional response to food. A systematic review. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Fuente González CE, Chávez-Servín JL, de la Torre-Carbot K, Ronquillo González D, Aguilera Barreiro MDLÁ, Ojeda Navarro LR. Relationship between Emotional Eating, Consumption of Hyperpalatable Energy-Dense Foods, and Indicators of Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review. J Obes 2022; 2022:4243868. [PMID: 35634585 PMCID: PMC9132695 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4243868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People's health is closely linked to their diet. Diet can be defined as the set of foods that are consumed in a day, and it is susceptible to being altered by various factors, such as physiological, environmental, psychological, and social. These, in turn, can be affected by an inadequate diet and/or a dysregulation of emotions. Emotions are an immediate response by the organism informing it of the degree of favorability of a certain stimulus or situation. Moods are similar to emotions but more intense and prolonged. Some studies indicate that the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods may be related to emotional eating. Emotional eating is characterized by the excessive consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, rich in sugars and fats, in response to negative emotions. But several reports also indicate that emotional eating may be associated with the presence of positive emotions, so further analysis of the available information is necessary. Consuming higher amounts of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods can lead to the accumulation of energy in the body that results in an increase in body weight, as well as other associated diseases. Obesity is the world's leading diet-related health problem. The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of the available literature using the Cochrane methodology, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, to evaluate the relationship between emotional eating, the consumption of hyperpalatable energy-dense foods, and indicators of nutritional status. An exhaustive search in different databases yielded 9431 scientific articles, 45 of which met the inclusion criteria. This review underscores the fact that knowing and understanding the reasons why people consume hyperpalatable energy-dense foods and the possible connection with their emotional eating can provide key data for improving and personalizing patients' nutritional treatment. This in turn can encourage compliance with treatment plans to improve people's health and quality of life using an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elizabeth Fuente González
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Chávez-Servín
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Karina de la Torre-Carbot
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Dolores Ronquillo González
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - María de los Ángeles Aguilera Barreiro
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
| | - Laura Regina Ojeda Navarro
- Master's Program in Comprehensive Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Campus Juriquilla, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, QRO 76320, Mexico
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Wang Y, Liao C, Shangguan C, Shang W, Zhang W. Individual differences in emotion differentiation modulate electrocortical dynamics of cognitive reappraisal. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13690. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics Hangzhou China
| | - Caizhi Liao
- College of Education Science Chengdu University Chengdu China
| | - Chenyu Shangguan
- Department of Psychology Education College Shanghai Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Department of Psychology Chengde Medical College Chengde China
| | - Wenhai Zhang
- Mental Health Center Yancheng Institute of Technology Yancheng China
- The Big Data Centre for Educational Neuroscience and AI Hengyang Normal University Hengyang China
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Mikhail ME, Keel PK, Burt SA, Neale M, Boker S, Klump KL. Low emotion differentiation: An affective correlate of binge eating? Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:412-421. [PMID: 31845390 PMCID: PMC7078041 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low emotion differentiation (the tendency to experience vague affective states rather than discrete emotions) is associated with psychopathology marked by emotion regulation deficits and impulsive/maladaptive behavior. However, research examining associations between emotion differentiation and dysregulated eating is nascent and has yet to incorporate measures of clinically significant binge eating. Different measures of emotion differentiation have also been used, impeding cross-study comparisons. We therefore examined associations between several emotion differentiation measures and binge eating-related phenotypes across a spectrum of severity. METHODS Women (N = 482) from the Michigan State University Twin Registry completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) daily for 45 consecutive days. Three measures of negative/positive emotion differentiation (NED/PED) were created using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), average interitem correlation, and average daily variance between negative/positive emotion ratings on the PANAS. Associations between NED/PED measures and emotional eating (EE) and a history of binge eating episodes (BEs) were then examined, controlling for affect intensity and BMI. RESULTS Lower PED was associated with greater odds of BEs across the ICC and average interitem correlation measures, and more EE on the daily variance measure. Findings involving NED were less consistent; lower NED was associated with greater EE and greater odds of BEs using the daily variance measure only. CONCLUSION Low PED is associated with clinically significant binge eating, and some aspects of NED may also be relevant for binge eating-related phenotypes. Further research examining the constructs captured by different emotion differentiation measures and their relevance to binge eating is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Mikhail
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michael Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Genetics, and Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven Boker
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Pinto VRA, Teixeira CG, Lima TS, De Almeida Prata ERB, Vidigal MCTR, Martins E, Perrone ÍT, Carvalho AFD. Health beliefs towards kefir correlate with emotion and attitude: A study using an emoji scale in Brazil. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108833. [PMID: 32036918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emojis can be used to explore food-evoked emotions in order to provide information that can support the product development and marketing decisions. This study aimed to evaluate consumers' acceptance, purchase intent and emotional responses to milk beverages, with and without kefir added, before and after these consumers were informed about the products' composition (0%, 15%, 30% and 50% m/v) and health claims toward kefir (blind and informed tests, respectively). Emotional responses were assessed by emoji use within a RATA questionnaire in order quantify the perceived significance of the emojis chosen. In the informed test, the consumers' perception of the sensory attributes of the milk beverages, such as their perception of an acid taste in added kefir beverages was shown to have changed. Overall, participants attributed significantly higher acceptance and purchase intent scores to added kefir beverages after they had been informed on its health benefits. In addition, expressions of positive emotion increased when participants were exposed to stimuli related to health benefits of kefir (15%, 30% and 50% m/v), while negative expressions of emotion decreased. The provided information of kefir modified valence and arousal in subjects, and it can be said that to 30% of kefir can be added to yogurt without compromising its sensory acceptability. Thus, health benefits alone cannot improve product acceptance, since participants found a 50% addition of kefir to be unpleasant when tasted during a blind test. Mixed beverages may present a probiotic beverage alternative for consumers who dislike kefir milk, but want to include it in their diets. The implications of liking and purchase intent and how they are linked to emotions are discussed in this paper as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rodrigues Arruda Pinto
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos (DTA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Gonçalves Teixeira
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos (DTA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Santos Lima
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos (DTA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Evandro Martins
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos (DTA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Tuler Perrone
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernandes de Carvalho
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos (DTA), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, s/n, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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O’Toole MS, Renna ME, Elkjær E, Mikkelsen MB, Mennin DS. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Complexity of Emotion Experience and Behavioral Adaptation. EMOTION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073919876019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article systematically reviews studies investigating the effect of three operationalizations of complexity in emotion experience (i.e., differentiation, covariation, and variability) on situational behavioral adaptation (i.e., physiological, cognitive, and overt action responses), and quantifies the results with meta-analyses. Twenty-seven studies of emotion complexity were identified and divided into four categories: (a) trait and (b) state studies within clinical samples, and (c) trait and (d) state studies within nonclinical samples. Most studies investigated trait emotion differentiation, revealing negligible to small effects ( r range: .06 to .15). Only 4 studies in total assessed indicators of state emotion complexity. The theoretical assumptions behind the indicators of emotion complexity as well as the conceptualization of behavioral adaptiveness are critically discussed, and a number of future avenues for this type of research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S. O’Toole
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mai B. Mikkelsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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