1
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Opi DH, Ndila CM, Uyoga S, Macharia AW, Fennell C, Ochola LB, Nyutu G, Siddondo BR, Ojal J, Shebe M, Awuondo KO, Mturi N, Peshu N, Tsofa B, Band G, Maitland K, Kwiatkowski DP, Rockett KA, Williams TN, Rowe JA. Non-O ABO blood group genotypes differ in their associations with Plasmodium falciparum rosetting and severe malaria. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010910. [PMID: 37708213 PMCID: PMC10522014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood group O is associated with protection against severe malaria and reduced size and stability of P. falciparum-host red blood cell (RBC) rosettes compared to non-O blood groups. Whether the non-O blood groups encoded by the specific ABO genotypes AO, BO, AA, BB and AB differ in their associations with severe malaria and rosetting is unknown. The A and B antigens are host RBC receptors for rosetting, hence we hypothesized that the higher levels of A and/or B antigen on RBCs from AA, BB and AB genotypes compared to AO/BO genotypes could lead to larger rosettes, increased microvascular obstruction and higher risk of malaria pathology. We used a case-control study of Kenyan children and in vitro adhesion assays to test the hypothesis that "double dose" non-O genotypes (AA, BB, AB) are associated with increased risk of severe malaria and larger rosettes than "single dose" heterozygotes (AO, BO). In the case-control study, compared to OO, the double dose genotypes consistently had higher odds ratios (OR) for severe malaria than single dose genotypes, with AB (OR 1.93) and AO (OR 1.27) showing most marked difference (p = 0.02, Wald test). In vitro experiments with blood group A-preferring P. falciparum parasites showed that significantly larger rosettes were formed with AA and AB host RBCs compared to OO, whereas AO and BO genotypes rosettes were indistinguishable from OO. Overall, the data show that ABO genotype influences P. falciparum rosetting and support the hypothesis that double dose non-O genotypes confer a greater risk of severe malaria than AO/BO heterozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Herbert Opi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyne M. Ndila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alex W. Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Clare Fennell
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy B. Ochola
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Nyutu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bethseba R. Siddondo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John Ojal
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mohammed Shebe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy O. Awuondo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Norbert Peshu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas N. Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Alexandra Rowe
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Purohit P, Mohanty PK, Panigrahi J, Das K, Patel S. Effect of α + Thalassemia on the Severity of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Different Sickle Cell Genotypes in Indian Adults: A Hospital-Based Study. Hemoglobin 2023; 47:11-18. [PMID: 37122241 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2023.2168201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of literature on the association of α+-thalassemia, sickle-cell hemoglobin disorders, and malaria in India. This study aimed to understand the effect of α+-thalassemia on the severity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults with respect to sickle-cell genotypes. The study subjects were categorized into 'severe-malaria' and 'uncomplicated-malaria' and age-gender matched 'control' groups. Sickle-cell and α+-thalassemia were investigated in all the recruited subjects. The effect of α+-thalassemia on the severity of malaria was analyzed in HbAA and sickle-cell genotypes (HbAS and HbSS) separately. The prevalence of α+-thalassemia in various groups ranged from 41.5% to 81.8%. The prevalence of α+-thalassemia was lower (OR = 1.64; p = 0.0013) in severe malaria (41.5%) as compared to healthy controls (53.8%) with HbAA genotype. In contrast, in HbAS genotype, the prevalence of α+-thalassemia was higher (OR = 4.11; p = 0.0002) in severe malaria (81.8%) compared to controls (52.2%). In severe malaria with HbAA genotype, there was a significantly higher hemoglobin level and low MCV and MCH level in patients with α+-thalassemia compared to the normal α-globin genotype. Further, the incidence of cerebral malaria, hepatopathy, and mortality was lower in patients (HbAA) with α+-thalassemia as compared to normal α-globin genotype (HbAA). In severe malaria with either HbAS or HbSS genotype, only a few parameters showed statistical differences with respect to α+-thalassemia. Low prevalence of α+-thalassemia in severe malaria with HbAA genotype compared to healthy controls with HbAA genotype indicates the protective effect of α+-thalassemia against severe malaria. However, the high prevalence of α+-thalassemia in patients with HbAS genotype depicts its interference in the protective effect of sickle-cell against severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Purohit
- Sickle Cell Clinic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Sambalpur, India
- Department of Medicine, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Sambalpur, India
| | | | - Jogeswar Panigrahi
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, M.K.C.G. Medical College, Berhampur, India
| | - Kishalaya Das
- Sickle Cell Clinic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Sambalpur, India
| | - Siris Patel
- Sickle Cell Clinic and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Sambalpur, India
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3
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Nortey LN, Anning AS, Nakotey GK, Ussif AM, Opoku YK, Osei SA, Aboagye B, Ghartey-Kwansah G. Genetics of cerebral malaria: pathogenesis, biomarkers and emerging therapeutic interventions. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:91. [PMID: 35715862 PMCID: PMC9204375 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a preeminent cause of severe disease and premature deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 90% of cases occur. The key features of CM are a deep, unarousable coma that persists for longer than 1 h in patients with peripheral Plasmodium falciparum and no other explanation for encephalopathy. Significant research efforts on CM in the last few decades have focused on unravelling the molecular underpinnings of the disease pathogenesis and the identification of potential targets for therapeutic or pharmacologic intervention. These efforts have been greatly aided by the generation and study of mouse models of CM, which have provided great insights into key events of CM pathogenesis, revealed an interesting interplay of host versus parasite factors that determine the progression of malaria to severe disease and exposed possible targets for therapeutic intervention in severe disease.
Main Body
This paper reviews our current understanding of the pathogenic and immunologic factors involved in CM. We present the current view of the roles of certain gene products e.g., the var gene, ABCA-1, ICAM-1, TNF-alpha, CD-36, PfEMP-1 and G6PD, in CM pathogenesis. We also present alterations in the blood–brain barrier as a consequence of disease proliferation as well as complicated host and parasite interactions, including the T-cell immune reaction, reduced deformation of erythrocytes and cytoadherence. We further looked at recent advances in cerebral malaria treatment interventions by emphasizing on biomarkers, new diagnostic tools and emerging therapeutic options.
Conclusion
Finally, we discuss how the current understanding of some of these pathogenic and immunologic factors could inform the development of novel therapeutic interventions to fight CM.
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4
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The erythrocyte membrane properties of beta thalassaemia heterozygotes and their consequences for Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8934. [PMID: 35624125 PMCID: PMC9142571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum have exerted formidable selective pressures on the human genome. Of the human genetic variants associated with malaria protection, beta thalassaemia (a haemoglobinopathy) was the earliest to be associated with malaria prevalence. However, the malaria protective properties of beta thalassaemic erythrocytes remain unclear. Here we studied the mechanics and surface protein expression of beta thalassaemia heterozygous erythrocytes, measured their susceptibility to P. falciparum invasion, and calculated the energy required for merozoites to invade them. We found invasion-relevant differences in beta thalassaemic cells versus matched controls, specifically: elevated membrane tension, reduced bending modulus, and higher levels of expression of the major invasion receptor basigin. However, these differences acted in opposition to each other with respect to their likely impact on invasion, and overall we did not observe beta thalassaemic cells to have lower P. falciparum invasion efficiency for any of the strains tested.
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5
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Ndila CM, Nyirongo V, Macharia AW, Jeffreys AE, Rowlands K, Hubbart C, Busby GBJ, Band G, Harding RM, Rockett KA, Williams TN. Haplotype heterogeneity and low linkage disequilibrium reduce reliable prediction of genotypes for the ‑α 3.7I form of α-thalassaemia using genome-wide microarray data. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:287. [PMID: 34632085 PMCID: PMC8474104 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16320.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The -α
3.7I-thalassaemia deletion is very common throughout Africa because it protects against malaria. When undertaking studies to investigate human genetic adaptations to malaria or other diseases, it is important to account for any confounding effects of α-thalassaemia to rule out spurious associations. Methods: In this study, we have used direct α-thalassaemia genotyping to understand why GWAS data from a large malaria association study in Kilifi Kenya did not identify the α-thalassaemia signal. We then explored the potential use of a number of new approaches to using GWAS data for imputing α-thalassaemia as an alternative to direct genotyping by PCR. Results: We found very low linkage-disequilibrium of the directly typed data with the GWAS SNP markers around α-thalassaemia and across the haemoglobin-alpha (
HBA) gene region, which along with a complex haplotype structure, could explain the lack of an association signal from the GWAS SNP data. Some indirect typing methods gave results that were in broad agreement with those derived from direct genotyping and could identify an association signal, but none were sufficiently accurate to allow correct interpretation compared with direct typing, leading to confusing or erroneous results. Conclusions: We conclude that going forwards, direct typing methods such as PCR will still be required to account for α-thalassaemia in GWAS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne M Ndila
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, PO BOX 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Vysaul Nyirongo
- United Nation Statistics Division, United Nations, New York, New York, 10017, USA
| | - Alexander W Macharia
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, PO BOX 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Anna E Jeffreys
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kate Rowlands
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George B J Busby
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK.,Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK.,Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rosalind M Harding
- Departments of Zoology and Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX3 7BN, UK.,Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, PO BOX 230-80108, Kenya.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, W2 1NY, UK
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6
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Watson JA, Ndila CM, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Nyutu G, Mohammed S, Ngetsa C, Mturi N, Peshu N, Tsofa B, Rockett K, Leopold S, Kingston H, George EC, Maitland K, Day NPJ, Dondorp AM, Bejon P, Williams TN, Holmes CC, White NJ. Improving statistical power in severe malaria genetic association studies by augmenting phenotypic precision. eLife 2021; 10:e69698. [PMID: 34225842 PMCID: PMC8315799 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe falciparum malaria has substantially affected human evolution. Genetic association studies of patients with clinically defined severe malaria and matched population controls have helped characterise human genetic susceptibility to severe malaria, but phenotypic imprecision compromises discovered associations. In areas of high malaria transmission, the diagnosis of severe malaria in young children and, in particular, the distinction from bacterial sepsis are imprecise. We developed a probabilistic diagnostic model of severe malaria using platelet and white count data. Under this model, we re-analysed clinical and genetic data from 2220 Kenyan children with clinically defined severe malaria and 3940 population controls, adjusting for phenotype mis-labelling. Our model, validated by the distribution of sickle trait, estimated that approximately one-third of cases did not have severe malaria. We propose a data-tilting approach for case-control studies with phenotype mis-labelling and show that this reduces false discovery rates and improves statistical power in genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Watson
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Carolyne M Ndila
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Alexander Macharia
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Gideon Nyutu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Shebe Mohammed
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Caroline Ngetsa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Norbert Peshu
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Kirk Rockett
- The Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stije Leopold
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Hugh Kingston
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C George
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas PJ Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip Bejon
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-CoastKilifiKenya
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris C Holmes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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7
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Petersen JEV, Saelens JW, Freedman E, Turner L, Lavstsen T, Fairhurst RM, Diakité M, Taylor SM. Sickle-trait hemoglobin reduces adhesion to both CD36 and EPCR by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009659. [PMID: 34115805 PMCID: PMC8221791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle-trait hemoglobin protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Severe malaria is governed in part by the expression of the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) that are encoded by var genes, specifically those variants that bind Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR). In this study, we investigate the effect of sickle-trait on parasite var gene expression and function in vitro and in field-collected parasites. We mapped var gene reads generated from RNA sequencing in parasite cultures in normal and sickle-cell trait blood throughout the asexual lifecycle. We investigated sickle-trait effect on PfEMP1 interactions with host receptors CD36 and EPCR using static adhesion assays and flow cytometry. Var expression in vivo was compared by assembling var domains sequenced from total RNA in parasites infecting Malian children with HbAA and HbAS. Sickle-trait did not alter the abundance or type of var gene transcripts in vitro, nor the abundance of overall transcripts or of var functional domains in vivo. In adhesion assays using recombinant host receptors, sickle-trait reduced adhesion by 73-86% to CD36 and 83% to EPCR. Similarly, sickle-trait reduced the surface expression of EPCR-binding PfEMP1. In conclusion, Sickle-cell trait does not directly affect var gene transcription but does reduce the surface expression and function of PfEMP1. This provides a direct mechanism for protection against severe malaria conferred by sickle-trait hemoglobin. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02645604.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens E. V. Petersen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph W. Saelens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Freedman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rick M. Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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8
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Ndila CM, Nyirongo V, Macharia AW, Jeffreys AE, Rowlands K, Hubbart C, Busby GBJ, Band G, Harding RM, Rockett KA, Williams TN. Haplotype heterogeneity and low linkage disequilibrium reduce reliable prediction of genotypes for the ‑α3.7I form of α-thalassaemia using genome-wide microarray data. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:287. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16320.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The -α3.7I-thalassaemia deletion is very common throughout Africa because it protects against malaria. When undertaking studies to investigate human genetic adaptations to malaria or other diseases, it is important to account for any confounding effects of α-thalassaemia to rule out spurious associations. Methods: In this study we have used direct α-thalassaemia genotyping to understand why GWAS data from a large malaria association study in Kilifi Kenya did not identify the α-thalassaemia signal. We then explored the potential use of a number of new approaches to using GWAS data for imputing α-thalassaemia as an alternative to direct genotyping by PCR. Results: We found very low linkage-disequilibrium of the directly typed data with the GWAS SNP markers around α-thalassaemia and across the haemoglobin-alpha (HBA) gene region, which along with a complex haplotype structure, could explain the lack of an association signal from the GWAS SNP data. Some indirect typing methods gave results that were in broad agreement with those derived from direct genotyping and could identify an association signal, but none were sufficiently accurate to allow correct interpretation compared with direct typing, leading to confusing or erroneous results. Conclusions: We conclude that going forwards, direct typing methods such as PCR will still be required to account for α-thalassaemia in GWAS studies.
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9
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Kariuki SN, Williams TN. Human genetics and malaria resistance. Hum Genet 2020; 139:801-811. [PMID: 32130487 PMCID: PMC7271956 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has been the pre-eminent cause of early mortality in many parts of the world throughout much of the last five thousand years and, as a result, it is the strongest force for selective pressure on the human genome yet described. Around one third of the variability in the risk of severe and complicated malaria is now explained by additive host genetic effects. Many individual variants have been identified that are associated with malaria protection, but the most important all relate to the structure or function of red blood cells. They include the classical polymorphisms that cause sickle cell trait, α-thalassaemia, G6PD deficiency, and the major red cell blood group variants. More recently however, with improving technology and experimental design, others have been identified that include the Dantu blood group variant, polymorphisms in the red cell membrane protein ATP2B4, and several variants related to the immune response. Characterising how these genes confer their effects could eventually inform novel therapeutic approaches to combat malaria. Nevertheless, all together, only a small proportion of the heritable component of malaria resistance can be explained by the variants described so far, underscoring its complex genetic architecture and the need for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N Kariuki
- Department of Epidemiology, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya. .,Department of Medicine, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK.
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10
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Saelens JW, Taylor SM. Born to sweet delight: Using natural models of malaria protection to understand and neutralize P. falciparum pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007770. [PMID: 31220180 PMCID: PMC6586352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Saelens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve M. Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Lamptey H, Ofori MF, Adu B, Kusi KA, Dickson EK, Quakyi I, Alifrangis M. Association between alpha-thalassaemia trait, Plasmodium falciparum asexual parasites and gametocyte carriage in a malaria endemic area in Southern Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:134. [PMID: 30867026 PMCID: PMC6417235 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The alpha-thalassaemia trait has been associated with protection against severe malaria but its role in Plasmodium falciparum asexual parasite and gametocyte carriage remains unclear. This study examined association between prevalence of α-thalassaemia and P. falciparum asexual stage parasitaemia and gametocytaemia in children, pregnant women and adults, which was part of a bigger study that investigated some key factors that influence gametocyte carriage. Results Overall prevalence of heterozygous α-thalassaemia trait among all the groups was 39.0%, while 8.2% were homozygous alpha thalassaemia. Asexual parasite prevalence was significantly higher in children (P = 0.008) compared to adults and pregnant women. Of the asexual P. falciparum positive individuals, gametocyte prevalence was 38.5% (15/39) in children, 29.7% (11/37) in pregnant women and 17.4% (4/23) in adults. Heterozygous α-thalassaemic children were less likely to harbour asexual parasites, compared with normal and those deficient (OR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.28–0.97; P = 0.037) under the dominant model. These heterozygous children were also associated with reduced risk of parasitaemia compared to heterozygous adults and pregnant women. Children with heterozygous α-thalassaemia trait had reduced risk of asexual parasite carriage. There was however, no association between α-thalassaemia trait and risk of gametocyte carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lamptey
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Michael Fokuo Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kakra Dickson
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Isabella Quakyi
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease, National University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Associations between erythrocyte polymorphisms and risks of uncomplicated and severe malaria in Ugandan children: A case control study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203229. [PMID: 30222732 PMCID: PMC6141089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for association between sickle cell and alpha thalassemia trait and severe malaria is compelling. However, for these polymorphisms associations with uncomplicated malaria, and for G6PD deficiency associations with uncomplicated and severe malaria, findings have been inconsistent. We studied samples from a three-arm case-control study with the objective of determining associations between common host erythrocyte polymorphisms and both uncomplicated and severe malaria, including different severe malaria phenotypes. Method We assessed hemoglobin abnormalities, α-thalassemia, and G6PD deficiency by molecular methods in 325 children with severe malaria age-matched to 325 children with uncomplicated malaria and 325 healthy community controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to measure associations between specified genotypes and malaria outcomes. Results No tested polymorphisms offered significant protection against uncomplicated malaria. α-thalassemia homozygotes (_α/_α) had increased risk of uncomplicated malaria (OR 2.40; 95%CI 1.15, 5.03, p = 0.020). HbAS and α-thalassemia heterozygous (_α/αα) genotypes protected against severe malaria compared to uncomplicated malaria (HbAS OR 0.46; 0.23, 0.95, p = 0.036; _α/αα OR 0.51; 0.24, 0.77; p = 0.001) or community (HbAS OR 0.23; 0.11, 0.50; p<0.001; _α/αα; OR 0.49; 0.32, 0.76; p = 0.002) controls. The α-thalassemia homozygous (_α/_α) genotype protected against severe malaria when compared to uncomplicated malaria controls (OR 0.34; 95%CI 0.156, 0.73, p = 0.005), but not community controls (OR 1.03; 0.46, 2.27, p = 0.935). Stratifying by the severe malaria phenotype, compared to community controls, the protective effect of HbAS was limited to children with severe anemia (OR 0.17; 95%CI 0.04, 0.65; p = 0.009) and that of _α/αα to those with altered consciousness (OR 0.24; 0.09, 0.59; p = 0.002). A negative epistatic effect was seen between HbAS and _α/αα; protection compared to uncomplicated malaria controls was not seen in individuals with both polymorphisms (OR 0.45; 0.11, 1.84; p = 0.269). G6PD deficiency was not protective against severe malaria. Conclusion Associations were complex, with HbAS principally protective against severe anemia, _α/αα against altered consciousness, and negative epistasis between the two polymorphisms.
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13
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Opi DH, Swann O, Macharia A, Uyoga S, Band G, Ndila CM, Harrison EM, Thera MA, Kone AK, Diallo DA, Doumbo OK, Lyke KE, Plowe CV, Moulds JM, Shebbe M, Mturi N, Peshu N, Maitland K, Raza A, Kwiatkowski DP, Rockett KA, Williams TN, Rowe JA. Two complement receptor one alleles have opposing associations with cerebral malaria and interact with α +thalassaemia. eLife 2018; 7:e31579. [PMID: 29690995 PMCID: PMC5953541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has been a major driving force in the evolution of the human genome. In sub-Saharan African populations, two neighbouring polymorphisms in the Complement Receptor One (CR1) gene, named Sl2 and McCb, occur at high frequencies, consistent with selection by malaria. Previous studies have been inconclusive. Using a large case-control study of severe malaria in Kenyan children and statistical models adjusted for confounders, we estimate the relationship between Sl2 and McCb and malaria phenotypes, and find they have opposing associations. The Sl2 polymorphism is associated with markedly reduced odds of cerebral malaria and death, while the McCb polymorphism is associated with increased odds of cerebral malaria. We also identify an apparent interaction between Sl2 and α+thalassaemia, with the protective association of Sl2 greatest in children with normal α-globin. The complex relationship between these three mutations may explain previous conflicting findings, highlighting the importance of considering genetic interactions in disease-association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Herbert Opi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Olivia Swann
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexander Macharia
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Sophie Uyoga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Carolyne M Ndila
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Ewen M Harrison
- Centre for Medical InfomaticsUsher Insitute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Mahamadou A Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and DentistryUniversity of BamakoBamakoMali
| | - Abdoulaye K Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and DentistryUniversity of BamakoBamakoMali
| | - Dapa A Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and DentistryUniversity of BamakoBamakoMali
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and DentistryUniversity of BamakoBamakoMali
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Christopher V Plowe
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Mohammed Shebbe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Neema Mturi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Norbert Peshu
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
- Department of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Raza
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research ProgrammeKilifiKenya
- Department of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - J Alexandra Rowe
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Host factors that modify Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to endothelial receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13872. [PMID: 29066816 PMCID: PMC5655674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
P. falciparum virulence is related to adhesion and sequestration of infected erythrocytes (IE) in deep vascular beds, but the endothelial receptors involved in severe malaria remain unclear. In the largest ever study of clinical isolates, we surveyed adhesion of freshly collected IE from children under 5 years of age in Mali to identify novel vascular receptors, and examined the effects of host age, hemoglobin type, blood group and severe malaria on levels of IE adhesion to a panel of endothelial receptors. Several novel molecules, including integrin α3β1, VE-cadherin, ICAM-2, junctional adhesion molecule-B (JAM-B), laminin, and cellular fibronectin, supported binding of IE from children. Severe malaria was not significantly associated with levels of IE adhesion to any of the 19 receptors. Hemoglobin AC, which reduces severe malaria risk, reduced IE binding to the receptors CD36 and integrin α5β1, while hemoglobin AS did not modify IE adhesion to any receptors. Blood groups A, AB and B significantly reduced IE binding to ICAM-1. Severe malaria risk varies with age, but age significantly impacted the level of IE binding to only a few receptors: IE binding to JAM-B decreased with age, while binding to CD36 and integrin α5β1 significantly increased with age.
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15
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Goheen MM, Campino S, Cerami C. The role of the red blood cell in host defence against falciparum malaria: an expanding repertoire of evolutionary alterations. Br J Haematol 2017; 179:543-556. [PMID: 28832963 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite has co-evolved with its human host as each organism struggles for resources and survival. The scars of this war are carried in the human genome in the form of polymorphisms that confer innate resistance to malaria. Clinical, epidemiological and genome-wide association studies have identified multiple polymorphisms in red blood cell (RBC) proteins that attenuate malaria pathogenesis. These include well-known polymorphisms in haemoglobin, intracellular enzymes, RBC channels, RBC surface markers, and proteins impacting the RBC cytoskeleton and RBC morphology. A better understanding of how changes in RBC physiology impact malaria pathogenesis may uncover new strategies to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Goheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carla Cerami
- MRC International Nutrition Group at Keneba, MRC Unit The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
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16
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Diakité SAS, Ndour PA, Brousse V, Gay F, Roussel C, Biligui S, Dussiot M, Prendki V, Lopera-Mesa TM, Traoré K, Konaté D, Doumbia S, Cros J, Dokmak S, Fairhurst RM, Diakité M, Buffet PA. Stage-dependent fate of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells in the spleen and sickle-cell trait-related protection against malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:482. [PMID: 27655345 PMCID: PMC5031340 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle-cell trait (HbAS) reduces falciparum malaria risk and suppresses parasitaemia. Although several candidate mechanisms have been proposed, their epidemiological, clinical and experimental correlates have not been adequately explained. To explore the basis for generally lower parasitaemias and delayed malaria episodes in children with HbAS, it is hypothesized here that their spleen-dependent removal of ring-infected red blood cells (RBCs) is more efficient than in children with normal haemoglobin A (HbAA). Methods The mechanical splenic retention of Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs from subjects with HbAS or HbAA was investigated using two physiologically relevant methods: microsphiltration and ex vivo spleen perfusion. P. falciparum-infected RBCs obtained from in vitro cultures and from patients were used in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. The effect of sickling in ring-infected HbAS RBCs was also investigated. Results When a laboratory-adapted parasite strain was analysed, ring-infected HbAA RBCs were retained in microsphilters at similar or greater levels than ring-infected HbAS RBCs, under normoxic (retention rate 62.5 vs 43.8 %, P < 0.01) and hypoxic (54.0 vs 38.0 %, P = 0.11) conditions. When parasitized RBCs from Malian children were analysed, retention of ring-infected HbAA and HbAS RBCs was similar when tested either directly ex vivo (32.1 vs 28.7 %, P = 0.52) or after one re-invasion in vitro (55.9 vs 43.7 %, P = 0.30). In hypoxia, sickling of uninfected and ring-infected HbAS RBCs (8.6 vs 5.7 %, P = 0.51), and retention of ring-infected HbAA and HbAS RBCs in microsphilters (72.5 vs 68.8 %, P = 0.38) and spleens (41.2 vs 30.4 %, P = 0.11), also did not differ. Retention of HbAS and HbAA RBCs infected with mature P. falciparum stages was greater than 95 %. Conclusions Sickle-cell trait is not associated with higher retention or sickling of ring-infected RBCs in experimental systems reflecting the mechanical sensing of RBCs by the human spleen. As observed with HbAA RBCs, HbAS RBCs infected with mature parasites are completely retained. Because the cytoadherence of HbAS RBCs infected with mature parasites is impaired, the very efficient splenic retention of such non-adherent infected RBCs is expected to result in a slower rise of P. falciparum parasitaemia in sickle-cell trait carriers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1522-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidina A S Diakité
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France.,Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France
| | - Papa Alioune Ndour
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Brousse
- Centre de Référence de la Drépanocytose, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Gay
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Camille Roussel
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvestre Biligui
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Michaël Dussiot
- Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163/CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Prendki
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana M Lopera-Mesa
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Karim Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Saibou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Department of Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Safi Dokmak
- Department of Chirurgie Digestive et Viscérale, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, BP, 1805, Mali
| | - Pierre A Buffet
- INSERM U1134, Paris 5, Paris 7, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (GR-Ex), 75115, Paris, France.
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Lopera-Mesa TM, Doumbia S, Konaté D, Anderson JM, Doumbouya M, Keita AS, Diakité SAS, Traoré K, Krause MA, Diouf A, Moretz SE, Tullo GS, Miura K, Gu W, Fay MP, Taylor SM, Long CA, Diakité M, Fairhurst RM. Effect of red blood cell variants on childhood malaria in Mali: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 2015; 2:e140-9. [PMID: 26687956 PMCID: PMC4418020 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(15)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell variants protect African children from severe falciparum malaria. However, their individual and interactive effects on mild disease and parasite density, and their modification by age-dependent immunity, are poorly understood. In this study, we address these knowledge gaps in a prospective cohort study of malaria risk and Plasmodium falciparum densities in Malian children. METHODS The Kenieroba Innate Defense Study for Malaria (KIDS-Malaria) was a 4-year prospective cohort study of children aged 6 months to 17 years undertaken in Mali between 2008 and 2011. Red blood cell variants were haemoglobin S (HbS), haemoglobin C (HbC), α thalassaemia, ABO blood groups, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency encoded by the X-linked A- allele. The primary outcome was malaria incidence, measured as the number of uncomplicated or severe malaria episodes over time. The secondary outcome was parasite density at the time of a malaria episode. We modelled incidence rate ratios with quasi-Poisson regression and we analysed parasite densities using generalised estimating equations. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00669084. FINDINGS Between May 1, 2008, and Dec 29, 2011, we enrolled 1586 children into the study. We successfully typed all five red blood cell variants for 1543 of these children, who therefore constituted the evaluable population and in whom we diagnosed 4091 malaria episodes over 2656 child-years of follow-up. In these 1543 children, red blood cell variants were common, and occurred at the following frequencies: sickle cell trait (HbAS) 220 (14%), HbC heterozygosity (HbAC) 103 (7%), α thalassaemia 438 (28%), type O blood group 621 (40%), and G6PD deficiency 72 (9%) in 767 boys and 158 (20%) in 776 girls. The overall incidence of malaria was 1.54 episodes per child-year of follow-up, ranging from 2.78 episodes per child-year at age 3 years to 0.40 episodes per child-year at age 17 years. The malaria incidence was lower in HbAS children than in HbAA children with normal haemoglobin (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.66 [95% CI 0.59-0.75], p<0.0001) and lower in G6PD A-/A- homozygous girls than in G6PD A+/A+ girls (0.51 [0.29-0.90], p=0.020), but was higher in HbAC children than in HbAA children (1.15 [1.01-1.32], p=0.039). Parasite density was lower in HbAS children (median 10,550 parasites per μL [IQR 1350-26,250]) than in HbAA children (15,150 parasites per μL [4250-31,050]; p=0.0004). The HbAS-associated reductions in malaria risk and parasite density were greatest in early childhood. INTERPRETATION The individual and interactive effects of HbAS, HbAC, and G6PD A-/A- genotypes on malaria risk and parasite density define clinical and cellular correlates of protection. Further identification of the molecular mechanisms of these protective effects might uncover new targets for intervention. FUNDING Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Lopera-Mesa
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Saibou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Konaté
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jennifer M Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mory Doumbouya
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul S Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Karim Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michael A Krause
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Kelly Scientific Resources, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Samuel E Moretz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Kelly Scientific Resources, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gregory S Tullo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Kelly Scientific Resources, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Kelly Scientific Resources, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mahamadou Diakité
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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18
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Williams TN. Red blood cell variants and malaria: a long story not yet over. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2015; 2:e130-1. [PMID: 26687952 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(15)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neil Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
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Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM. α(+)Thalassemia Antagonizes the Malaria-protective Effects of Sickle-Cell Trait. EBioMedicine 2014; 1:8-9. [PMID: 26137505 PMCID: PMC4457403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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