1
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Yao G, Min H, Yu X, Liu F, Cui L, Cao Y. A nanoparticle vaccine displaying the ookinete PSOP25 antigen elicits transmission-blocking antibody response against Plasmodium berghei. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:403. [PMID: 37932796 PMCID: PMC10626823 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe and effective vaccines are crucial for the control and eventual elimination of malaria. Novel approaches to optimize and improve vaccine efficacy are urgently required. Nanoparticle-based delivery platforms are considered potent and powerful tools for vaccine development. METHODS In this study, we developed a transmission-blocking vaccine against malaria by conjugating the ookinete surface antigen PSOP25 to the Acinetobacter phage coat protein AP205, forming virus-like particles (VLPs) using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher adaptor system. The combination of AP205-2*SpyTag with PSOP25-SpyCatcher resulted in the formation of AP205-PSOP25 complexes (VLP-PSOP25). The antibody titers and avidity of serum from each immunization group were assessed by ELISA. Western blot and IFA were performed to confirm the specific reactivity of the elicit antisera to the native PSOP25 in Plasmodium berghei ookinetes. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to evaluate the transmission-blocking activity of VLP-PSOP25 vaccine. RESULTS Immunization of mice with VLP-PSOP25 could induced higher levels of high-affinity antibodies than the recombinant PSOP25 (rPSOP25) alone or mixtures of untagged AP205 and rPSOP25 but was comparable to rPSOP25 formulated with alum. Additionally, the VLP-PSOP25 vaccine enhanced Th1-type immune response with remarkably increased levels of IgG2a subclass. The antiserum generated by VLP-PSOP25 specifically recognizes the native PSOP25 antigen in P. berghei ookinetes. Importantly, antisera generated by inoculation with the VLP-PSOP25 could inhibit ookinete development in vitro and reduce the prevalence of infected mosquitoes or oocyst intensity in direct mosquito feeding assays. CONCLUSIONS Antisera elicited by immunization with the VLP-PSOP25 vaccine confer moderate transmission-reducing activity and transmission-blocking activity. Our results support the utilization of the AP205-SpyTag/SpyCatcher platform for next-generation TBVs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Yao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinxin Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Wang J, Xie T, Ullah I, Mi Y, Li X, Gong Y, He P, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Lu Z, Zhu B. A VLP-Based Vaccine Displaying HBHA and MTP Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Protective Immune Responses in M. tuberculosis H37Ra Infected Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:941. [PMID: 37243045 PMCID: PMC10224509 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) and M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are important antigens on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To display these antigens effectively, the fusion protein HBHA-MTP with a molecular weight of 20 kD (L20) was inserted into the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) fragment of influenza virus and was expressed along with matrix protein M1 in Sf9 insect cells to generate influenza virus-like particles (LV20 in short). The results showed that the insertion of L20 into the envelope of the influenza virus did not affect the self-assembly and morphology of LV20 VLPs. The expression of L20 was successfully verified by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, it did not interfere with the immunogenicity reactivity of LV20 VLPs. We demonstrated that LV20 combined with the adjuvant composed of DDA and Poly I: C (DP) elicited significantly higher antigen-specific antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses than PBS and BCG vaccination in mice. It suggests that the insect cell expression system is an excellent protein production system, and LV20 VLPs could be a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Tao Xie
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Youjun Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Pathogenic Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Respiratory Department of Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Pu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Zengjun Lu
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation, Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.W.); (T.X.); (Y.M.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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3
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Lu J, Gullett JM, Kanneganti TD. Filoviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines. Pathogens 2022; 11:1400. [PMID: 36558734 PMCID: PMC9785368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are a group of single-stranded negative sense RNA viruses. The most well-known filoviruses that affect humans are ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. During infection, they can cause life-threatening symptoms such as inflammation, tissue damage, and hemorrhagic fever, with case fatality rates as high as 90%. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogenic insults such as filoviruses. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, AIM2-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors, detect pathogens and activate downstream signaling to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons, alert the surrounding cells to the threat, and clear infected and damaged cells through innate immune cell death. However, filoviruses can modulate the host inflammatory response and innate immune cell death, causing an aberrant immune reaction. Here, we discuss how the innate immune system senses invading filoviruses and how these deadly pathogens interfere with the immune response. Furthermore, we highlight the experimental difficulties of studying filoviruses as well as the current state of filovirus-targeting therapeutics.
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4
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Balmert SC, Ghozloujeh ZG, Carey CD, Williams LH, Zhang J, Shahi P, Amer M, Sumpter TL, Erdos G, Korkmaz E, Falo LD. A microarray patch SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces sustained antibody responses and polyfunctional cellular immunity. iScience 2022; 25:105045. [PMID: 36062075 PMCID: PMC9425707 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable global immunization campaigns against COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases require effective, broadly deployable vaccines. Here, we report a dissolvable microarray patch (MAP) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that targets the immunoresponsive skin microenvironment, enabling efficacious needle-free immunization. Multicomponent MAPs delivering both SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit antigen and the TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C) induce robust antibody and cellular immune responses systemically and in the respiratory mucosa. MAP vaccine-induced antibodies bind S1 and the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, efficiently neutralize the virus, and persist at high levels for more than a year. The MAP platform reduces systemic toxicity of the delivered adjuvant and maintains vaccine stability without refrigeration. When applied to human skin, MAP vaccines activate skin-derived migratory antigen-presenting cells, supporting the feasibility of human translation. Ultimately, this shelf-stable MAP vaccine improves immunogenicity and safety compared to traditional intramuscular vaccines and offers an attractive alternative for global immunization efforts against a range of infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Li’an H. Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Preeti Shahi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Maher Amer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tina L. Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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5
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Greeson JL, Gabriel KI, Mulcahy JB, King Hendrickson B, Lonborg SD, Holloway JC. An Evaluation of Ethograms Measuring Distinct Features of Enrichment Use by Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162029. [PMID: 36009618 PMCID: PMC9404423 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental enrichment for chimpanzees is important in order to minimize boredom and stress in captivity and to provide opportunities to engage in species-typical behaviors. However, few studies have investigated potential associations between enrichment objects, manipulation behaviors, and social contexts, nor have they examined if individual chimpanzees vary in their enrichment object preferences. In the current study, three ethograms were used to code the use of enrichment objects, engagement in manipulation behaviors, and social contexts of enrichment use of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data mining from a video archive consisting of 2054 videos collected over a decade allowed the ethograms to be applied to 732 min and 58 s of videos. Some enrichment objects were more often associated with specific manipulation behaviors and social contexts, indicating that enrichment objects might serve distinct social and behavioral purposes. The chimpanzees differed in their enrichment object preferences, suggesting that caregivers of captive chimpanzees should consider individual needs when providing enrichment in order to improve chimpanzees’ experiences in captivity. Finally, the majority of enrichment object use and manipulation behaviors were able to be categorized, indicating that our ethograms were largely effective in coding enrichment use. Abstract Environmental enrichment provides mental stimulation and minimizes abnormal behaviors in captive animals. In captive chimpanzees, individual animals may vary in the ways in which they benefit from enrichment or use enrichment devices, so investigating nuances in enrichment use may improve the welfare of captive chimpanzees. In the current study, three ethograms measuring distinct features of enrichment use (i.e., enrichment object, manipulation behavior, and social context) were evaluated by coding videos of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest in Cle Elum, WA. A total of 732 min and 58 s of video footage was coded from a larger video archive (i.e., 2054 videos) of enrichment use that spanned a decade. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that different categories of enrichment objects were more often associated with specific manipulation behaviors and social contexts, suggesting that enrichment objects might fulfill different behavioral and social needs in captivity. Specifically, toy objects were associated with active tactile behaviors in affiliative contexts while oral behaviors were used with foraging objects in solitary contexts. Additionally, individual chimpanzees showed unique preferences for enrichment objects, indicating that caregivers of captive chimpanzees should consider individual needs instead of a “one size fits all” approach to enrichment provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Greeson
- Primate Behavior Master’s Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-720-481-9356
| | - Kara I. Gabriel
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
- Faculty of Primate Behavior & Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - J. B. Mulcahy
- Faculty of Primate Behavior & Ecology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
- Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, Cle Elum, WA 98922, USA
| | | | - Susan D. Lonborg
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Jay C. Holloway
- Psychology Program, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
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6
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Chew K, Lee B, van Haren SD, Nanishi E, O’Meara T, Splaine JB, DeLeon M, Soni D, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Ozonoff A, Smith JA, Levy O, Dowling DJ. Adjuvant Discovery via a High Throughput Screen using Human Primary Mononuclear Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.06.17.496630. [PMID: 35860217 PMCID: PMC9298130 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.17.496630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Vaccines are a key biomedical intervention to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, but their efficacy can be limited by insufficient immunogenicity and nonuniform reactogenic profiles. Adjuvants are molecules that potentiate vaccine responses by inducing innate immune activation. However, there are a limited number of adjuvants in approved vaccines, and current approaches for preclinical adjuvant discovery and development are inefficient. To enhance adjuvant identification, we developed a protocol based on in vitro screening of human primary leukocytes. Summary We describe a methodology utilizing high-throughput and high-content screening for novel adjuvant candidates that was used to screen a library of ~2,500 small molecules via a 384-well quantitative combined cytokine and flow cytometry immunoassay in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 4 healthy adult study participants. Hits were identified based on their induction of soluble cytokine (TNF, IFNg and IL-10) secretion and PBMC maturation (CD 80/86, Ox40, and HLA-DR) in at least two of the four donors screened. From an initial set of 197 compounds identified using these biomarkers-an 8.6% hit rate-we downselected to five scaffolds that demonstrated robust efficacy and potency in vitro and evaluated the top hit, vinblastine sulfate, for adjuvanticity in vivo. Vinblastine sulfate significantly enhanced murine humoral responses to recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, including a four-fold enhancement of IgG titer production when compared to treatment with the spike antigen alone. Overall, we outline a methodology for discovering immunomodulators with adjuvant potential via high-throughput screening of PBMCs in vitro that yielded a lead compound with in vivo adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chew
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Branden Lee
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy O’Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria DeLeon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- ICCB-Longwood Screening Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Kreutmair S, Pfeifer D, Waterhouse M, Takács F, Graessel L, Döhner K, Duyster J, Illert AL, Frey AV, Schmitt M, Lübbert M. First-in-human study of WT1 recombinant protein vaccination in elderly patients with AML in remission: a single-center experience. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2913-2928. [PMID: 35476127 PMCID: PMC9588470 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) protein is highly immunogenic and overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), consequently ranked as a promising target for novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here we report our experience of a phase I/II clinical trial (NCT01051063) of a vaccination strategy based on WT1 recombinant protein (WT1-A10) together with vaccine adjuvant AS01B in five elderly AML patients (median age 69 years, range 63–75) receiving a total of 62 vaccinations (median 18, range 3–20) after standard chemotherapy. Clinical benefit was observed in three patients: one patient achieved measurable residual disease clearance during WT1 vaccination therapy, another patient maintained long-term molecular remission over 59 months after the first vaccination cycle. Interestingly, in one case, we observed a complete clonal switch at AML relapse with loss of WT1 expression, proposing suppression of the original AML clone by WT1-based vaccination therapy. Detected humoral and cellular CD4+ T cell immune responses point to efficient immune stimulation post-vaccination, complementing hints for induced conventional T cell infiltration into the bone marrow and a shift from senescent/exhausted to a more activated T cell profile. Overall, the vaccinations with WT1 recombinant protein had an acceptable safety profile and were thus well tolerated. To conclude, our data provide evidence of potential clinical efficacy of WT1 protein-based vaccination therapy in AML patients, warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Freiburg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Waterhouse
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Takács
- Center for Pathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Graessel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Freiburg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Illert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Freiburg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Verena Frey
- Center for Pathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology, Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Freiburg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Sherwood ER, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Owen AM, Hernandez A, Patil NK, Williams DL, Bohannon JK. Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:785-792. [PMID: 35115374 PMCID: PMC8982914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that innate myeloid and lymphoid cells have the ability to retain memory of prior pathogen exposure and become primed to elicit a robust, broad-spectrum response to subsequent infection. This phenomenon has been termed innate immune memory or trained immunity. Innate immune memory is induced via activation of pattern recognition receptors and the actions of cytokines on hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in bone marrow and innate leukocytes in the periphery. The trained phenotype is induced and sustained via epigenetic modifications that reprogram transcriptional patterns and metabolism. These modifications augment antimicrobial functions, such as leukocyte expansion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing, to facilitate an augmented host response to infection. Alternatively, innate immune memory may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | | | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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9
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Choudhury SM, Ma X, Dang W, Li Y, Zheng H. Recent Development of Ruminant Vaccine Against Viral Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:697194. [PMID: 34805327 PMCID: PMC8595237 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.697194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens of viral origin produce a large variety of infectious diseases in livestock. It is essential to establish the best practices in animal care and an efficient way to stop and prevent infectious diseases that impact animal husbandry. So far, the greatest way to combat the disease is to adopt a vaccine policy. In the fight against infectious diseases, vaccines are very popular. Vaccination's fundamental concept is to utilize particular antigens, either endogenous or exogenous to induce immunity against the antigens or cells. In light of how past emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics were handled, examining the vaccination methods and technological platforms utilized for the animals may provide some useful insights. New vaccine manufacturing methods have evolved because of developments in technology and medicine and our broad knowledge of immunology, molecular biology, microbiology, and biochemistry, among other basic science disciplines. Genetic engineering, proteomics, and other advanced technologies have aided in implementing novel vaccine theories, resulting in the discovery of new ruminant vaccines and the improvement of existing ones. Subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, and vectored vaccines are increasingly gaining scientific and public attention as the next generation of vaccines and are being seen as viable replacements to conventional vaccines. The current review looks at the effects and implications of recent ruminant vaccine advances in terms of evolving microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Mohiuddin Choudhury
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - XuSheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - YuanYuan Li
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - HaiXue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Sartorius R, Trovato M, Manco R, D'Apice L, De Berardinis P. Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 34711839 PMCID: PMC8553822 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After their engagement by microbial ligands, TLRs trigger downstream signaling pathways that culminate into transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in immune defense. Here we provide an updated overview on members of the TLR family and we focus on their role in antiviral response. Understanding of innate sensing and signaling of viruses triggered by these receptors would provide useful knowledge to prompt the development of vaccines able to elicit effective and long-lasting immune responses. We describe the mechanisms developed by viral pathogens to escape from immune surveillance mediated by TLRs and finally discuss how TLR/virus interplay might be exploited to guide the design of innovative vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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11
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Shibuya M, Tamiya S, Kawai A, Hirai T, Cragg MS, Yoshioka Y. Synergistic effect of non-neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ for cross-protection against influenza. iScience 2021; 24:103131. [PMID: 34622175 PMCID: PMC8482522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines do not typically confer cross-protection against antigenically mismatched strains. To develop vaccines conferring broader cross-protection, recent evidence indicates the crucial role of both cross-reactive antibodies and viral-specific CD4+ T cells; however, the precise mechanism of cross-protection is unclear. Furthermore, adjuvants that can efficiently induce cross-protective CD4+ T cells have not been identified. Here we show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides combined with aluminum salts work as adjuvants for influenza vaccine and confer strong cross-protection in mice. Both cross-reactive antibodies and viral-specific CD4+ T cells contributed to cross-protection synergistically, with each individually ineffective. Furthermore, we found that downregulated expression of Fcγ receptor IIb on alveolar macrophages due to IFN-γ secreted by viral-specific CD4+ T cells improves the activity of cross-reactive antibodies. Our findings inform the development of optimal adjuvants for vaccines and how influenza vaccines confer broader cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meito Shibuya
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tamiya
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Poly I:C Combination Adjuvant Promoted Ovalbumin-Specific Cell Mediated Immunity in Mice Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090908. [PMID: 34571785 PMCID: PMC8471534 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many research groups have investigated and developed new adjuvant candidates to promote vaccine efficacy, but only few of them were licensed. A combination of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can be a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate by stimulating innate immune cells and inducing antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). In this study, a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Poly I:C combination, in low doses with ovalbumin (OVA) protein, elicited strong OVA-specific antibody production and more effective memory T cell responses compared with OVA only, OVA+MPL, OVA+Poly I:C groups at the site of immunization, as well as innate immune cell recruitment and activation. This study suggests MPL+Poly I:C as a potential CMI-inducing vaccine adjuvant candidate. Abstract Induction of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as well as humoral immunity, is critical for successful vaccination against various type of pathogens. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been developed as adjuvants to promote vaccine efficacy and induce appropriate immune responses. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL); a TLR4 agonist, and Poly I:C; a TLR3 agonist, are known as a strong immuno-stimulator which induce Th1 response. Many studies proved and compared the efficacy of each adjuvant, but no study has investigated the combination of them. Using ovalbumin protein antigen, MPL+Poly I:C combination induced more effective antigen-specific CMI response than single adjuvants. Production of inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of innate immune cells and antigen-specific CD4/CD8 memory T cell at the immunized site had been significantly enhanced by MPL+Poly I:C combination. Moreover, MPL+Poly I:C combination enhanced ovalbumin-specific serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c production and proliferative function of CD4 and CD8 T cells after in vitro ovalbumin peptide stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that the combination of MPL and Poly I:C has a potency as a CMI-inducing vaccine adjuvant with synergistically increased effects.
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Sircy LM, Harrison-Chau M, Novis CL, Baessler A, Nguyen J, Hale JS. Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4 + T Cells That Lack Th Lineage Commitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1388-1400. [PMID: 34380649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infection generates lineage-committed Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) memory cells that recall their lineage-specific functions following secondary challenge with virus. However, the lineage commitment of effector and memory Th cells in vivo following protein vaccination is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed effector and memory CD4+ T cell differentiation in mice (Mus musculus) following adjuvanted glycoprotein immunization compared with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Glycoprotein immunization induced CXCR5- non-Tfh effector and memory CD4+ T cells that surprisingly had not undergone polarization toward any particular Th cell lineage but had undergone memory differentiation. However, upon challenge with virus, these Th lineage-nonpolarized memory CD4+ T cells were able to generate Th1 secondary effector cells, demonstrating their lineage plasticity. In addition, Tfh and memory Tfh cells were generated in response to protein immunization, and these cells differed from infection-induced Tfh cells by their lack of the transcription factor Tbet. Rechallenge experiments demonstrated that viral infection, but not protein immunization, during either the primary or secondary immune response, restricts the recall of Bcl6 expression and the generation of germinal center Tfh cells. Together, these data demonstrate that protein immunization generates a combination of nonpolarized memory cells that are highly plastic and memory Tfh cells that can undergo further Th1-like modulation during a secondary response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jacklyn Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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14
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Smith CC, Olsen KS, Gentry KM, Sambade M, Beck W, Garness J, Entwistle S, Willis C, Vensko S, Woods A, Fini M, Carpenter B, Routh E, Kodysh J, O'Donnell T, Haber C, Heiss K, Stadler V, Garrison E, Sandor AM, Ting JPY, Weiss J, Krajewski K, Grant OC, Woods RJ, Heise M, Vincent BG, Rubinsteyn A. Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. Genome Med 2021; 13:101. [PMID: 34127050 PMCID: PMC8201469 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the pandemic, we designed a SARS-CoV-2 peptide vaccine containing epitope regions optimized for concurrent B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell stimulation. The rationale for this design was to drive both humoral and cellular immunity with high specificity while avoiding undesired effects such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). METHODS We explored the set of computationally predicted SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I and HLA-II ligands, examining protein source, concurrent human/murine coverage, and population coverage. Beyond MHC affinity, T cell vaccine candidates were further refined by predicted immunogenicity, sequence conservation, source protein abundance, and coverage of high frequency HLA alleles. B cell epitope regions were chosen from linear epitope mapping studies of convalescent patient serum, followed by filtering for surface accessibility, sequence conservation, spatial localization near functional domains of the spike glycoprotein, and avoidance of glycosylation sites. RESULTS From 58 initial candidates, three B cell epitope regions were identified. From 3730 (MHC-I) and 5045 (MHC-II) candidate ligands, 292 CD8+ and 284 CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified. By combining these B cell and T cell analyses, as well as a manufacturability heuristic, we proposed a set of 22 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine peptides for use in subsequent murine studies. We curated a dataset of ~ 1000 observed T cell epitopes from convalescent COVID-19 patients across eight studies, showing 8/15 recurrent epitope regions to overlap with at least one of our candidate peptides. Of the 22 candidate vaccine peptides, 16 (n = 10 T cell epitope optimized; n = 6 B cell epitope optimized) were manually selected to decrease their degree of sequence overlap and then synthesized. The immunogenicity of the synthesized vaccine peptides was validated using ELISpot and ELISA following murine vaccination. Strong T cell responses were observed in 7/10 T cell epitope optimized peptides following vaccination. Humoral responses were deficient, likely due to the unrestricted conformational space inhabited by linear vaccine peptides. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we find our selection process and vaccine formulation to be appropriate for identifying T cell epitopes and eliciting T cell responses against those epitopes. Further studies are needed to optimize prediction and induction of B cell responses, as well as study the protective capacity of predicted T and B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kelly S Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Maria Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jason Garness
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Sarah Entwistle
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Caryn Willis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Steven Vensko
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Allison Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Misha Fini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Carpenter
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Eric Routh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Julia Kodysh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy O'Donnell
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Garrison
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared Weiss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alex Rubinsteyn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Budroni S, Buricchi F, Cavallone A, Bourguignon P, Caubet M, Dewar V, D'Oro U, Finco O, Garçon N, El Idrissi M, Janssens M, Leroux-Roels G, Marchant A, Schwarz T, Van Damme P, Volpini G, van der Most R, Didierlaurent AM, Burny W. Antibody avidity, persistence, and response to antigen recall: comparison of vaccine adjuvants. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:78. [PMID: 34021167 PMCID: PMC8140094 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in innate immune ‘imprinting’ between vaccine adjuvants may mediate dissimilar effects on the quantity/quality of persisting adaptive responses. We compared antibody avidity maturation, antibody/memory B cell/CD4+ T cell response durability, and recall responses to non-adjuvanted fractional-dose antigen administered 1-year post-immunization (Day [D]360), between hepatitis B vaccines containing Adjuvant System (AS)01B, AS01E, AS03, AS04, or Alum (NCT00805389). Both the antibody and B cell levels ranked similarly (AS01B/E/AS03 > AS04 > Alum) at peak response, at D360, and following their increases post-antigen recall (D390). Proportions of high-avidity antibodies increased post-dose 2 across all groups and persisted at D360, but avidity maturation appeared to be more strongly promoted by AS vs. Alum. Post-antigen recall, frequencies of subjects with high-avidity antibodies increased only markedly in the AS groups. Among the AS, total antibody responses were lowest for AS04. However, proportions of high-avidity antibodies were similar between groups, suggesting that MPL in AS04 contributes to avidity maturation. Specific combinations of immunoenhancers in the AS, regardless of their individual nature, increase antibody persistence and avidity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tino Schwarz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Vaccination Center, Klinikum Wuerzburg Mitte, Standort Juliusspital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Wang TT, Xia YY, Gao JQ, Xu DH, Han M. Recent Progress in the Design and Medical Application of In Situ Self-Assembled Polypeptide Materials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:753. [PMID: 34069645 PMCID: PMC8160760 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by molecular self-assembly, which is ubiquitous in natural environments and biological systems, self-assembled peptides have become a research hotspot in the biomedical field due to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, properties that are afforded by the amide linkages forming the peptide backbone. This review summarizes the biological advantages, principles, and design strategies of self-assembled polypeptide systems. We then focus on the latest advances in in situ self-assembly of polypeptides in medical applications, such as oncotherapy, materials science, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery, and then briefly discuss their potential challenges in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yi-Yi Xia
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
| | - Dong-Hang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Min Han
- Institution of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.X.); (J.-Q.G.)
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Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:1383-1394. [PMID: 33887208 PMCID: PMC8055208 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Given the scale of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the development of vaccines based on different platforms is essential, particularly in light of emerging viral variants, the absence of information on vaccine-induced immune durability, and potential paediatric use. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted subunit vaccine for COVID-19 based on recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein stabilised in a pre-fusion conformation by a novel molecular clamp (spike glycoprotein-clamp [sclamp]). Methods We did a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, block-randomised trial of the sclamp subunit vaccine in a single clinical trial site in Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Healthy adults (aged ≥18 to ≤55 years) who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, reported no close contact with anyone with active or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, and tested negative for pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity were included. Participants were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and received two doses via intramuscular injection 28 days apart of either placebo, sclamp vaccine at 5 μg, 15 μg, or 45 μg, or one dose of sclamp vaccine at 45 μg followed by placebo. Participants and study personnel, except the dose administration personnel, were masked to treatment. The primary safety endpoints included solicited local and systemic adverse events in the 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events up to 12 months after dosing. Here, data are reported up until day 57. Primary immunogenicity endpoints were antigen-specific IgG ELISA and SARS-CoV-2 microneutralisation assays assessed at 28 days after each dose. The study is ongoing and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04495933. Findings Between June 23, 2020, and Aug 17, 2020, of 314 healthy volunteers screened, 120 were randomly assigned (n=24 per group), and 114 (95%) completed the study up to day 57 (mean age 32·5 years [SD 10·4], 65 [54%] male, 55 [46%] female). Severe solicited reactions were infrequent and occurred at similar rates in participants receiving placebo (two [8%] of 24) and the SARS-CoV-2 sclamp vaccine at any dose (three [3%] of 96). Both solicited reactions and unsolicited adverse events occurred at a similar frequency in participants receiving placebo and the SARS-CoV-2 sclamp vaccine. Solicited reactions occurred in 19 (79%) of 24 participants receiving placebo and 86 (90%) of 96 receiving the SARS-CoV-2 sclamp vaccine at any dose. Unsolicited adverse events occurred in seven (29%) of 24 participants receiving placebo and 35 (36%) of 96 participants receiving the SARS-CoV-2 sclamp vaccine at any dose. Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 sclamp elicited a similar antigen-specific response irrespective of dose: 4 weeks after the initial dose (day 29) with 5 μg dose (geometric mean titre [GMT] 6400, 95% CI 3683–11 122), with 15 μg dose (7492, 4959–11 319), and the two 45 μg dose cohorts (8770, 5526–13 920 in the two-dose 45 μg cohort; 8793, 5570–13 881 in the single-dose 45 μg cohort); 4 weeks after the second dose (day 57) with two 5 μg doses (102 400, 64 857–161 676), with two 15 μg doses (74 725, 51 300–108 847), with two 45 μg doses (79 586, 55 430–114 268), only a single 45 μg dose (4795, 2858–8043). At day 57, 67 (99%) of 68 participants who received two doses of sclamp vaccine at any concentration produced a neutralising immune response, compared with six (25%) of 24 who received a single 45 μg dose and none of 22 who received placebo. Participants receiving two doses of sclamp vaccine elicited similar neutralisation titres, irrespective of dose: two 5 μg doses (GMT 228, 95% CI 146–356), two 15 μg doses (230, 170–312), and two 45 μg doses (239, 187–307). Interpretation This first-in-human trial shows that a subunit vaccine comprising mammalian cell culture-derived, MF59-adjuvanted, molecular clamp-stabilised recombinant spike protein elicits strong immune responses with a promising safety profile. However, the glycoprotein 41 peptide present in the clamp created HIV diagnostic assay interference, a possible barrier to widespread use highlighting the criticality of potential non-spike directed immunogenicity during vaccine development. Studies are ongoing with alternative molecular clamp trimerisation domains to ameliorate this response. Funding Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, National Health and Medical Research Council, Queensland Government, and further philanthropic sources listed in the acknowledgments.
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Nooraei S, Bahrulolum H, Hoseini ZS, Katalani C, Hajizade A, Easton AJ, Ahmadian G. Virus-like particles: preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug nanocarriers. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:59. [PMID: 33632278 PMCID: PMC7905985 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but lacking the genetic material so they are not capable of infecting the host cell. Expression and self-assembly of the viral structural proteins can take place in various living or cell-free expression systems after which the viral structures can be assembled and reconstructed. VLPs are gaining in popularity in the field of preventive medicine and to date, a wide range of VLP-based candidate vaccines have been developed for immunization against various infectious agents, the latest of which is the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of which is being evaluated. VLPs are highly immunogenic and are able to elicit both the antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses by pathways different from those elicited by conventional inactivated viral vaccines. However, there are still many challenges to this surface display system that need to be addressed in the future. VLPs that are classified as subunit vaccines are subdivided into enveloped and non- enveloped subtypes both of which are discussed in this review article. VLPs have also recently received attention for their successful applications in targeted drug delivery and for use in gene therapy. The development of more effective and targeted forms of VLP by modification of the surface of the particles in such a way that they can be introduced into specific cells or tissues or increase their half-life in the host is likely to expand their use in the future. Recent advances in the production and fabrication of VLPs including the exploration of different types of expression systems for their development, as well as their applications as vaccines in the prevention of infectious diseases and cancers resulting from their interaction with, and mechanism of activation of, the humoral and cellular immune systems are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Nooraei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. BOX: 14155-6343, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran
| | - Howra Bahrulolum
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. BOX: 14155-6343, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran
| | - Zakieh Sadat Hoseini
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. BOX: 14155-6343, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran
| | - Camellia Katalani
- Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resource University (SANRU), Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Hajizade
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrew J Easton
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P. O. BOX: 14155-6343, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran.
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Lisco A, Ye P, Wong CS, Pei L, Hsu AP, Mace EM, Orange JS, Lage SL, Ward AJ, Migueles SA, Connors M, Anderson MV, Buckner CM, Moir S, Rupert A, Dulau-Florea A, Ogbogu P, Timberlake D, Notarangelo LD, Pittaluga S, Abraham RS, Sereti I. Lost in Translation: Lack of CD4 Expression due to a Novel Genetic Defect. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:645-654. [PMID: 33471124 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 expression identifies a subset of mature T cells primarily assisting the germinal center reaction and contributing to CD8+ T-cell and B-cell activation, functions, and longevity. Herein, we present a family in which a novel variant disrupting the translation-initiation codon of the CD4 gene resulted in complete loss of membrane and plasma soluble CD4 in peripheral blood, lymph node, bone marrow, skin, and ileum of a homozygous proband. This inherited CD4 knockout disease illustrates the clinical and immunological features of a complete deficiency of any functional component of CD4 and its similarities and differences with other clinical models of primary or acquired loss of CD4+ T cells. The first inherited loss of any functional component of CD4, including soluble CD4, is clinically distinct from any other congenital or acquired CD4 T-cell defect and characterized by compensatory changes in T-cell subsets and functional impairment of B cells, monocytes, and natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lisco
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peying Ye
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chun-Shu Wong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luxin Pei
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia Lucena Lage
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Addison Jon Ward
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan V Anderson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Clarisa M Buckner
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Princess Ogbogu
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dylan Timberlake
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Wolfe DN, Taylor MJ, Zarrabian AG. Lessons learned from Zaire ebolavirus to help address urgent needs for vaccines against Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2855-2860. [PMID: 32275465 PMCID: PMC7734060 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1741313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa triggered extensive investments from public and private partners in an attempt to slow the spread of disease and bring the outbreak under control. This significantly accelerated the pace of development of countermeasures against Zaire ebolavirus that enabled vaccines to be a part of an effective response to the most recent 2018-2019 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, there remain urgent and unmet needs for medical countermeasures against other members of the Filoviridae family that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers. To improve the national and global preparedness posture for viral hemorrhagic fevers, a renewed emphasis is being placed on developing vaccines for filoviruses other than Zaire ebolavirus. Here we discuss lessons learned from the West Africa epidemic and how those lessons apply to the development of vaccine candidates for other filoviruses, specifically Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. This commentary will highlight some of the key product development gaps to address in preparation for future disease outbreaks caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Wolfe
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marva J. Taylor
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amanda G. Zarrabian
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Wu Y, Kelly SH, Sanchez-Perez L, Sampson JH, Collier JH. Comparative study of α-helical and β-sheet self-assembled peptide nanofiber vaccine platforms: influence of integrated T-cell epitopes. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3522-3535. [PMID: 32452474 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several different self-assembling peptide systems that form nanofibers have been investigated as vaccine platforms, but design principles for adjusting the character of the immune responses they raise have yet to be well articulated. Here we compared the immune responses raised by two structurally dissimilar peptide nanofibers, one a β-sheet fibrillar system (Q11), and one an α-helical nanofiber system (Coil29), hypothesizing that integrated T-cell epitopes within the latter would promote T follicular helper (Tfh) cell engagement and lead to improved antibody titers and quality. Despite significantly different internal structures, nanofibers of the two peptides exhibited surprisingly similar nanoscale morphologies, and both were capable of raising strong antibody responses to conjugated peptide epitopes in mice without adjuvant. Both were minimally inflammatory, but as hypothesized Coil29 nanofibers elicited antibody responses with higher titers and avidities against a conjugated model epitope (OVA323-339) and a candidate peptide epitope for vaccination against S. aureus. Subsequent investigation indicated that Coil29 nanofibers possessed internal CD4+ T cell epitopes: whereas Q11 nanofibers required co-assembly of additional CD4+ T cell epitopes to be immunogenic, Coil29 nanofibers did not. Coil29 nanofibers also raised stronger germinal center B cell responses and follicular helper T cell (Tfh) responses relative to Q11 nanofibers, likely facilitating the improvement of the antibody response. These findings illustrate design strategies for improving humoral responses raised by self-assembled peptide nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoying Wu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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22
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Stronsky SM, Cooper CL, Steffens J, Van Tongeren S, Bavari S, Martins KA, Petrovsky N. Adjuvant selection impacts the correlates of vaccine protection against Ebola infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:4601-4608. [PMID: 32418798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of correlates of protection is particularly relevant in the context of rare, highly lethal pathogens such as filoviruses. We previously demonstrated that an Ebola glycoprotein virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, when given as two intramuscular doses, conferred protection from challenge in a murine challenge model. In this study, we compared the ability of Advax inulin-based adjuvant formulations (Advax1-4) to enhance Ebola VLP vaccine protection in mice. After two immunizations, Advax-adjuvants that included a TLR9 agonist component induced high IgG responses, with complete protection against Ebola virus challenge. Although anti-Ebola IgG levels waned over time, protection was durable and was still evident 150 days post-immunization. Mice were protected after just a single VLP immunization with Advax-2 or -4 adjuvants. Advax-adjuvanted VLPs induced a stronger IFN-γ, TNF and IL-12 signature and serum transferred from Advax-adjuvanted vaccinees was able to transfer protection to naïve animals, showing that Ebola protection can be achieved by antibodies in the absence of cellular immunity. By contrast, serum from vaccinees incorporating a pICLC adjuvant did not transfer protection despite high IgG levels on ELISA. These data highlight the importance of adjuvant selection for development of a successful Ebola VLP vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Karen A Martins
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia; Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
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23
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A Bivalent, Spherical Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Enhances Breadth of Immune Responses against Pathogenic Ebola Viruses in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01884-19. [PMID: 32075939 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01884-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa led to accelerated efforts to develop vaccines against these highly virulent viruses. A live, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine has been deployed in outbreak settings and appears highly effective. Vaccines based on replication-deficient adenovirus vectors either alone or in combination with a multivalent modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Ebola vaccine also appear promising and are progressing in clinical evaluation. However, the ability of current live vector-based approaches to protect against multiple pathogenic species of Ebola is not yet established, and eliciting durable responses may require additional booster vaccinations. Here, we report the development of a bivalent, spherical Ebola virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that incorporates glycoproteins (GPs) from Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV) and is designed to extend the breadth of immunity beyond EBOV. Immunization of rabbits with bivalent Ebola VLPs produced antibodies that neutralized all four pathogenic species of Ebola viruses and elicited antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses against EBOV and SUDV. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with bivalent VLPs generated strong humoral immune responses, including high titers of binding, as well as neutralizing antibodies and ADCC responses. VLP vaccination led to a significant increase in the frequency of Ebola GP-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. These results demonstrate that a novel bivalent Ebola VLP vaccine elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogenic Ebola viruses and support further evaluation of this approach as a potential addition to Ebola vaccine development efforts.IMPORTANCE Ebola outbreaks result in significant morbidity and mortality in affected countries. Although several leading candidate Ebola vaccines have been developed and advanced in clinical testing, additional vaccine candidates may be needed to provide protection against different Ebola species and to extend the durability of protection. A novel approach demonstrated here is to express two genetically diverse glycoproteins on a spherical core, generating a vaccine that can broaden immune responses against known pathogenic Ebola viruses. This approach provides a new method to broaden and potentially extend protective immune responses against Ebola viruses.
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24
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Lee SJ, Park HJ, Ko HL, Lee JE, Lee HJ, Kim H, Nam JH. Evaluation of glycoprotein E subunit and live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccines formulated with a single-strand RNA-based adjuvant. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:216-227. [PMID: 32167678 PMCID: PMC7212201 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), a human alphaherpesvirus 3, elicits both chickenpox and shingles and/or postherpetic neuralgia. A live attenuated vaccine (LAV) and glycoprotein E (gE) subunit vaccine were developed to prevent VZV‐induced diseases. We recently reported that single‐strand RNA (ssRNA) based on the intergenic region of the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) is an effective adjuvant for protein‐based and virus‐like particle‐based vaccines. Here, Chinese hamster ovary expression system and an LAV from Oka/SK strains. Methods We appraised the adjuvant effect of the same CrPV ssRNA encoding the gE gene formulated in the two vaccines using VZV‐primed C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. Humoral immunity and cell‐mediated immunity were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ELISPOT in gE subunit vaccine and by ELISA and fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen in LAV. Results The gE subunit vaccine‐induced gE‐specific antibodies and CD4+ T‐cell responses (indicated by interferon‐γ [IFN‐γ] and interleukin‐2 secretion) in the ssRNA‐based adjuvant containing the VZV gE gene. Therefore, an ssRNA adjuvant combined with gE antigen can trigger the innate immune response and induce an adaptive immune response to ultimately activate humoral and cell‐mediated responses. VZV LAV could also induce VZV‐specific antibodies and IFN‐γ stimulated by LAV, whereas the effect of ssRNA as a vaccine adjuvant could not be confirmed. However, the ssRNA adjuvant increased VZV‐specific neutralizing antibody response. Conclusions Taken together, these results highlight that the gE subunit vaccine and LAV developed in this study can be functional VZV vaccines, and ssRNAs appear to function better as adjuvants in a subunit vaccine than in an LAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeen Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Li Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Lee
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Pangyoro, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Tähtinen S, Feola S, Capasso C, Laustio N, Groeneveldt C, Ylösmäki EO, Ylösmäki L, Martins B, Fusciello M, Medeot M, Tagliamonte M, Chiaro J, Hamdan F, Peltonen K, Ranki T, Buonaguro L, Cerullo V. Exploiting Preexisting Immunity to Enhance Oncolytic Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2575-2585. [PMID: 32107211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high coverage of international vaccination programs, most people worldwide have been vaccinated against common pathogens, leading to acquired pathogen-specific immunity with a robust memory T-cell repertoire. Although CD8+ antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are the preferred effectors of cancer immunotherapy, CD4+ T-cell help is also required for an optimal antitumor immune response to occur. Hence, we investigated whether the pathogen-related CD4+ T-cell memory populations could be reengaged to support the CTLs, converting a weak primary antitumor immune response into a stronger secondary one. To this end, we used our PeptiCRAd technology that consists of an oncolytic adenovirus coated with MHC-I-restricted tumor-specific peptides and developed it further by introducing pathogen-specific MHC-II-restricted peptides. Mice preimmunized with tetanus vaccine were challenged with B16.OVA tumors and treated with the newly developed hybrid TT-OVA-PeptiCRAd containing both tetanus toxoid- and tumor-specific peptides. Treatment with the hybrid PeptiCRAd significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy and induced TT-specific, CD40 ligand-expressing CD4+ T helper cells and maturation of antigen-presenting cells. Importantly, this approach could be extended to naturally occurring tumor peptides (both tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens), as well as to other pathogens beyond tetanus, highlighting the usefulness of this technique to take full advantage of CD4+ memory T-cell repertoires when designing immunotherapeutic treatment regimens. Finally, the antitumor effect was even more prominent when combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1, strengthening the rationale behind combination therapy with oncolytic viruses. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings establish a novel technology that enhances oncolytic cancer immunotherapy by capitalizing on pre-acquired immunity to pathogens to convert a weak antitumor immune response into a much stronger one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Tähtinen
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Netta Laustio
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | | | - Erkko O Ylösmäki
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Leena Ylösmäki
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Marta Medeot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulatory, Istituto Nazionale Tumori (IRCCS) G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Firas Hamdan
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | - Karita Peltonen
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland
| | | | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunoregulatory, Istituto Nazionale Tumori (IRCCS) G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Drug Research Program ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Faculty of Pharmacy iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki University, Viikinkaari 5E, Finland. .,Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Cell-Mediated Immunity Generated in Response to a Purified Inactivated Vaccine for Dengue Virus Type 1. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00671-19. [PMID: 31969476 PMCID: PMC6977178 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00671-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, and nearly half of the world’s population lives in areas where individuals are at risk of infection. Several vaccines for dengue are in development, including one which was recently licensed in several countries, although its utility is limited to people who have already been infected with one of the four dengue viruses. One major hurdle to understanding whether a dengue vaccine will work for everyone—before exposure—is the necessity of knowing which marker can be measured in the blood to signal that the individual has protective immunity. This report describes an approach measuring multiple different parts of immunity in order to characterize which signals one candidate vaccine imparted to a small number of human volunteers. This approach was designed to be able to be applied to any dengue vaccine study so that the data can be compared and used to inform future vaccine design and/or optimization strategies. Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease afflicting humans, and a vaccine appears to be the most rational means of control. Dengue vaccine development is in a critical phase, with the first vaccine licensed in some countries where dengue is endemic but demonstrating insufficient efficacy in immunologically naive populations. Since virus-neutralizing antibodies do not invariably correlate with vaccine efficacy, other markers that may predict protection, including cell-mediated immunity, are urgently needed. Previously, the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research developed a monovalent purified inactivated virus (PIV) vaccine candidate against dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) adjuvanted with alum. The PIV vaccine was safe and immunogenic in a phase I dose escalation trial in healthy, flavivirus-naive adults in the United States. From that trial, peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained at various time points pre- and postvaccination were used to measure DENV-1-specific T cell responses. After vaccination, a predominant CD4+ T cell-mediated response to peptide pools covering the DENV-1 structural proteins was observed. Over half (13/20) of the subjects produced interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to DENV peptides, and the majority (17/20) demonstrated peptide-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation. In addition, analysis of postvaccination cell culture supernatants demonstrated an increased rate of production of cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Overall, the vaccine was found to have elicited DENV-specific CD4+ T cell responses as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot), intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine production assays. Thus, together with antibody readouts, the use of a multifaceted measurement of cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination is a useful strategy for more comprehensively characterizing immunity generated by dengue vaccines. IMPORTANCE Dengue is a tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, and nearly half of the world’s population lives in areas where individuals are at risk of infection. Several vaccines for dengue are in development, including one which was recently licensed in several countries, although its utility is limited to people who have already been infected with one of the four dengue viruses. One major hurdle to understanding whether a dengue vaccine will work for everyone—before exposure—is the necessity of knowing which marker can be measured in the blood to signal that the individual has protective immunity. This report describes an approach measuring multiple different parts of immunity in order to characterize which signals one candidate vaccine imparted to a small number of human volunteers. This approach was designed to be able to be applied to any dengue vaccine study so that the data can be compared and used to inform future vaccine design and/or optimization strategies.
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Chen H, Zhang X, Liu L, Cai M, Guo Z, Qiu L. Application of red clover isoflavone extract as an adjuvant in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1175-1182. [PMID: 32010286 PMCID: PMC6966154 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the safety of red clover isoflavone extract (RCIE) and its potential adjuvant effects on the cellular and humoral immune responses to ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated using an ICR mouse model. On day 1, the mice were first subcutaneously immunized with 100 µg OVA, 100 µg OVA + 200 µg aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or OVA + 50, 100 or 200 µg RCIE (RCIE + OVA), following which booster immunization was performed on day 15. After 2 weeks, the stimulation of splenocyte proliferation and levels of serum antibodies were measured. No notable stress responses were observed after the initial and booster immunization. Splenocyte proliferation was significantly increased in mice immunized with OVA + 100 µg RCIE (P<0.01). The levels of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in serum were also significantly increased in OVA + RCIE groups compared with the OVA control group (P<0.05). In the OVA + RCIE groups, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-10 were increased, and the mRNA expression levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, T-bet and GATA-3 were also significantly increased compared with the OVA control group (P<0.05) in splenocytes. In addition, as an adjuvant, RCIE significantly increased the survival rates of mice inoculated with an E. coli vaccine and enhanced the early immune protection against pathogenic E. coli. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RCIE can be used as a safe vaccine adjuvant and supports its use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for The Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
| | - Longsi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
| | - Mingqin Cai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
| | - Longxin Qiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for The Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364012, P.R. China
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Fan Y, Stronsky SM, Xu Y, Steffens JT, van Tongeren SA, Erwin A, Cooper CL, Moon JJ. Multilamellar Vaccine Particle Elicits Potent Immune Activation with Protein Antigens and Protects Mice against Ebola Virus Infection. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11087-11096. [PMID: 31497947 PMCID: PMC6834342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), highlight the urgent need to develop effective countermeasures, including prophylactic vaccines. Subunit proteins derived from pathogens provide a safe source of antigens for vaccination, but they are often limited by their low immunogenicity. We have developed a multilamellar vaccine particle (MVP) system composed of lipid-hyaluronic acid multi-cross-linked hybrid nanoparticles for vaccination with protein antigens and demonstrate their efficacy against Ebola virus (EBOV) exposure. MVPs efficiently accumulated in dendritic cells and promote antigen processing. Mice immunized with MVPs elicited robust and long-lasting antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immune responses as well as humoral immunity. A single-dose vaccination with MVPs delivering EBOV glycoprotein achieved an 80% protection rate against lethal EBOV infection. These results suggest that MVPs offer a promising platform for improving recombinant protein-based vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sabrina M. Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Joint Program Executive Office - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO–CBRND), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jesse T. Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Sean A. van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Amanda Erwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christopher L. Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.,
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.,
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Rieckmann K, Seydel A, Klose K, Alber G, Baums CG, Schütze N. Vaccination with the immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, Ide Ssuis, leads to protection against a highly virulent serotype 9 strain. Vaccine X 2019; 3:100046. [PMID: 31709420 PMCID: PMC6831886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IdeSsuis vaccination of piglets significantly reduced survival of S. suis cps9 in blood. IdeSsuis reactive T helper cells producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable. Vaccination resulted in protection against mortality induced by cps9 challenge.
Vaccination of weaning piglets with the recombinant IgM degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (S. suis), rIdeSsuis, elicits protection against disease caused by serotype (cps) 2 infection. In Europe, S. suis cps9 is at least as important as cps2 in causing severe herd problems associated with meningitis, septicemia and arthritis. The objective of this study was to determine humoral and cellular immunogenicities of rIdeSsuis suckling piglet vaccination and to investigate protection against a virulent cps9 strain. Vaccination in the 2nd and 4th week of life with rIdeSsuis and an oil-in-water adjuvant induced seroconversion against IdeSsuis in 13 of 20 vaccinated piglets. In the 5th week, survival of the S. suis cps9 strain was significantly reduced in the blood of prime-booster vaccinated piglets. After a 2nd booster vaccination IdeSsuis-reactive T helper (Th) cells partially producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable in rIdeSsuis-vaccinated but not in placebo-treated piglets and frequencies of IdeSsuis-reactive Th cells correlated with α-IdeSsuis–IgG levels. An intravenous challenge, conducted with a cps9 strain of sequence type (ST) 94, led to 89% mortality in placebo-treated piglets due to septicemia and meningitis. In contrast, all rIdeSsuis prime-booster-booster vaccinated littermates survived the challenge despite signs of disease such as fever and lameness. In conclusion, the described rIdeSsuis vaccination induces humoral and detectable IdeSsuis-reactive Th cell responses and leads to protection against a highly virulent cps9 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant enhances immune response to Ebola virus-like particle vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:3902-3910. [PMID: 31174937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification of adjuvants that promote lasting antigen-specific immunity and augment vaccine efficacy are integral to the development of new protein-based vaccines. The Ebola virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) and matrix protein (VP40) was used in this study to evaluate the ability of TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a stable emulsion (SE) to enhance immunogenicity and promote durable protection against mouse-adapted Ebola virus (ma-EBOV). Antibody responses and Ebola-specific T cell responses were evaluated post vaccination. Survival analysis after lethal ma-EBOV challenge was performed 4 weeks and 22 weeks following final vaccination. GLA-SE enhanced EBOV-specific immunity and resulted in long-term protection against challenge with ma-EBOV infection in a mouse model. Specifically, GLA-SE elicited Th1-skewed antibodies and promoted the generation of EBOV GP-specific polyfunctional T cells. These results provide further support for the utility of TLR4 activating GLA-SE-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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32
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Jain S, George PJ, Deng W, Koussa J, Parkhouse K, Hensley SE, Jiang J, Lu J, Liu Z, Wei J, Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Shen H, Lustigman S. The parasite-derived rOv-ASP-1 is an effective antigen-sparing CD4 + T cell-dependent adjuvant for the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, and functions in the absence of MyD88 pathway. Vaccine 2018; 36:3650-3665. [PMID: 29764680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most cost-effective biomedical approach for controlling influenza disease. In times of pandemics, however, these vaccines cannot be produced in sufficient quantities for worldwide use by the current manufacturing capacities and practices. What is needed is the development of adjuvanted vaccines capable of inducing an adequate or better immune response at a decreased antigen dose. Previously we showed that the protein adjuvant rOv-ASP-1 augments influenza-specific antibody titers and survival after virus challenge in both young adult and old-age mice when administered with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3). In this study we show that a reduced amount of rOv-ASP-1, with 40-times less IIV3 can also induce protection. Apparently the potency of the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvanted IIV3 vaccine is independent of the IIV3-specific Th1/Th2 associated antibody responses, and independent of the presence of HAI antibodies. However, CD4+ T helper cells were indispensable for the protection. Further, rOv-ASP-1 with or without IIV3 elicited the increased level of various chemokines, which are known chemoattractant for immune cells, into the muscle 4 h after immunization, and significantly induced the recruitment of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils into the muscles. The recruited monocytes had higher expression of the activation marker MHCII on their surface as well as CXCR3 and CCR2; receptors for IP-10 and MCP-1, respectively. These results show that the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvant allows substantial antigen sparing of IIV3 by stimulating at the site of injection the accumulation of chemokines and the recruitment of immune cells that can augment the activation of CD4+ T cell immune responses, essential for the production of antibody responses. Protection elicited by the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvanted IIV3 vaccine also appears to function in the absence of MyD88-signaling. Future studies will attempt to delineate the precise mechanisms by which the rOv-ASP-1 adjuvanted IIV3 vaccine works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Wanyan Deng
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 100045, China; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Joseph Koussa
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaela Parkhouse
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jiu Jiang
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 400715, China
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Junfei Wei
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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Donaldson B, Lateef Z, Walker GF, Young SL, Ward VK. Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:833-849. [PMID: 30173619 PMCID: PMC7103734 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. EXPERT COMMENTARY The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- d School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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van Aalst S, Jansen MAA, Ludwig IS, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Broere F. Routing dependent immune responses after experimental R848-adjuvated vaccination. Vaccine 2018; 36:1405-1413. [PMID: 29409680 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most traditional vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. Other routes of administration however, can induce equal or improved protective memory responses and might provide practical advantages such as needle-free immunization, dose sparing and induction of tissue-specific (mucosal) immunity. Here we explored the differences in immunological outcome after immunization with model antigens via two promising immunization routes (intradermal and intranasal) with or without the experimental adjuvant and TLR7/8-agonist R848. Because the adaptive immune response is largely determined by the local innate cells at the site of immunization, the effect of R848-adjuvation on local cellular recruitment, antigenic uptake by antigen-presenting cells and the initiation of the adaptive response were analyzed for the two routes of administration. We show a general immune-stimulating effect of R848 irrespective of the route of administration. This includes influx of neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells to the respective draining lymph nodes and an increase in antigen-positive antigen-presenting cells which leads for both intradermal and intranasal immunization to a mainly TH1 response. Furthermore, both intranasal and intradermal R848-adjuvated immunization induces a local shift in DC subsets; frequencies of CD11b+DC increase whereas CD103+DC decrease in relative abundance in the draining lymph node. In spite of these similarities, the outcome of immune responses differs for the respective immunization routes in both magnitude and cytokine profile. Via the intradermal route, the induced T-cell response is higher compared to that after intranasal immunization, which corresponds with the local higher uptake of antigen by antigen-presenting cells after intradermal immunization. Furthermore, R848-adjuvation enhances ex vivo IL-10 and IL-17 production after intranasal, but not intradermal, T-cell activation. Quite the opposite, intradermal immunization leads to a decrease in IL-10 production by the vaccine induced T-cells. This knowledge may lead to a more rational development of novel adjuvanted vaccines administered via non-traditional routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan van Aalst
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon A A Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Irene S Ludwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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das Neves Almeida R, Racine T, Magalhães KG, Kobinger GP. Zika Virus Vaccines: Challenges and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030062. [PMID: 30217027 PMCID: PMC6161012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is an arbovirus that has rapidly spread within the Americas since 2014, presenting a variety of clinical manifestations and neurological complications resulting in congenital malformation, microcephaly, and possibly, in male infertility. These significant clinical manifestations have led investigators to develop several candidate vaccines specific to Zika virus. In this review we describe relevant targets for the development of vaccines specific for Zika virus, the development status of various vaccine candidates and their different platforms, as well as their clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trina Racine
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D'immunologie, Université Laval, Québc, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4238, USA.
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36
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Intrastructural Help: Harnessing T Helper Cells Induced by Licensed Vaccines for Improvement of HIV Env Antibody Responses to Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00141-18. [PMID: 29743369 PMCID: PMC6026751 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00141-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of persistent antibody responses by vaccination is generally thought to depend on efficient help by T follicular helper cells. Since the T helper cell response to HIV Env may not be optimal, we explored the possibility of improving the HIV Env antibody response to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines by recruiting T helper cells induced by commonly used licensed vaccines to provide help for Env-specific B cells. B cells specific for the surface protein of a VLP can internalize the entire VLP and thus present peptides derived from the surface and core proteins on their major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. This allows T helper cells specific for the core protein to provide intrastructural help for B cells recognizing the surface protein. Consistently, priming mice with an adjuvanted Gag protein vaccine enhanced the HIV Env antibody response to subsequent booster immunizations with HIV VLPs. To harness T helper cells induced by the licensed Tetanolpur vaccines, HIV VLPs that contained T helper cell epitopes of tetanus toxoid were generated. Tetanol-immunized mice raised stronger antibody responses to immunizations with VLPs containing tetanus toxoid T helper cell epitopes but not to VLPs lacking these epitopes. Depending on the priming immunization, the IgG subtype response to HIV Env after the VLP immunization could also be modified. Thus, harnessing T helper cells induced by other vaccines appears to be a promising approach to improve the HIV Env antibody response to VLP vaccines. IMPORTANCE Induction of HIV Env antibodies at sufficient levels with optimal Fc effector functions for durable protection remains a challenge. Efficient T cell help may be essential to induce such a desirable antibody response. Here, we provide proof of concept that T helper cells induced by a licensed vaccine can be harnessed to provide help for HIV Env-specific B cells and to modulate the Env-specific IgG subtype response.
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Pye R, Patchett A, McLennan E, Thomson R, Carver S, Fox S, Pemberton D, Kreiss A, Baz Morelli A, Silva A, Pearse MJ, Corcoran LM, Belov K, Hogg CJ, Woods GM, Lyons AB. Immunization Strategies Producing a Humoral IgG Immune Response against Devil Facial Tumor Disease in the Majority of Tasmanian Devils Destined for Wild Release. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515577 PMCID: PMC5826075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is renowned for its successful evasion of the host immune system. Down regulation of the major histocompatabilty complex class I molecule (MHC-I) on the DFTD cells is a primary mechanism of immune escape. Immunization trials on captive Tasmanian devils have previously demonstrated that an immune response against DFTD can be induced, and that immune-mediated tumor regression can occur. However, these trials were limited by their small sample sizes. Here, we describe the results of two DFTD immunization trials on cohorts of devils prior to their wild release as part of the Tasmanian Government’s Wild Devil Recovery project. 95% of the devils developed anti-DFTD antibody responses. Given the relatively large sample sizes of the trials (N = 19 and N = 33), these responses are likely to reflect those of the general devil population. DFTD cells manipulated to express MHC-I were used as the antigenic basis of the immunizations in both trials. Although the adjuvant composition and number of immunizations differed between trials, similar anti-DFTD antibody levels were obtained. The first trial comprised DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination of ISCOMATRIX™, polyIC, and CpG with up to four immunizations given at monthly intervals. This compared to the second trial whereby two immunizations comprising DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination ISCOMATRIX™, polyICLC (Hiltonol®) and imiquimod were given a month apart, providing a shorter and, therefore, more practical protocol. Both trials incorporated a booster immunization given up to 5 months after the primary course. A key finding was that devils in the second trial responded more quickly and maintained their antibody levels for longer compared to devils in the first trial. The different adjuvant combination incorporating the RNAase resistant polyICLC and imiquimod used in the second trial is likely to be responsible. The seroconversion in the majority of devils in these anti-DFTD immunization trials was remarkable, especially as DFTD is hallmarked by its immune evasion mechanisms. Microsatellite analyzes of MHC revealed that some MHC-I microsatellites correlated to stronger immune responses. These trials signify the first step in the long-term objective of releasing devils with immunity to DFTD into the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pye
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Amanda Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Elspeth McLennan
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Thomson
- Centre for Research in Mathematics, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Samantha Fox
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - David Pemberton
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alexandre Kreiss
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Anabel Silva
- CSL Ltd., Bio21 Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Lynn M Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Boule LA, Burke CG, Jin GB, Lawrence BP. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling modulates antiviral immune responses: ligand metabolism rather than chemical source is the stronger predictor of outcome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1826. [PMID: 29379138 PMCID: PMC5789012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) offers a compelling target to modulate the immune system. AHR agonists alter adaptive immune responses, but the consequences differ across studies. We report here the comparison of four agents representing different sources of AHR ligands in mice infected with influenza A virus (IAV): TCDD, prototype exogenous AHR agonist; PCB126, pollutant with documented human exposure; ITE, novel pharmaceutical; and FICZ, degradation product of tryptophan. All four compounds diminished virus-specific IgM levels and increased the proportion of regulatory T cells. TCDD, PCB126 and ITE, but not FICZ, reduced virus-specific IgG levels and CD8+ T cell responses. Similarly, ITE, PCB126, and TCDD reduced Th1 and Tfh cells, whereas FICZ increased their frequency. In Cyp1a1-deficient mice, all compounds, including FICZ, reduced the response to IAV. Conditional Ahr knockout mice revealed that all four compounds require AHR within hematopoietic cells. Thus, differences in the immune response to IAV likely reflect variances in quality, magnitude, and duration of AHR signaling. This indicates that binding affinity and metabolism may be stronger predictors of immune effects than a compound’s source of origin, and that harnessing AHR will require finding a balance between dampening immune-mediated pathologies and maintaining sufficient host defenses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth A Boule
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,CBR International, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Catherine G Burke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Guang-Bi Jin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yaniban University, Yanji City, Jilin Provence, China
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Developing new vaccines against emerging pathogens or pathogens where variability of antigenic sites presents a challenge, the inclusion of stimulators of the innate immune system is critical to mature the immune response in a way that allows high avidity recognition while preserving the ability to react to drifted serovars. The innate immune system is an ancient mechanism for recognition of nonself and the first line of defense against pathogen insult. By triggering innate receptors, adjuvants can boost responses to vaccines and enhance the quality and magnitude of the resulting immune response. This chapter: (1) describes the innate immune system, (2) provides examples of how adjuvants are formulated to optimize their effectiveness, and (3) presents examples of how adjuvants can improve outcomes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick Carter
- PAI Life Sciences Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 550, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Adjuvant Technologies, IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
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Khavrutskii IV, Chaudhury S, Stronsky SM, Lee DW, Benko JG, Wallqvist A, Bavari S, Cooper CL. Quantitative Analysis of Repertoire-Scale Immunoglobulin Properties in Vaccine-Induced B-Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:910. [PMID: 28855898 PMCID: PMC5557726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the next-generation sequencing of B-cell receptors (BCRs) enable the characterization of humoral responses at a repertoire-wide scale and provide the capability for identifying unique features of immune repertoires in response to disease, vaccination, or infection. Immunosequencing now readily generates 103–105 sequences per sample; however, statistical analysis of these repertoires is challenging because of the high genetic diversity of BCRs and the elaborate clonal relationships among them. To date, most immunosequencing analyses have focused on reporting qualitative trends in immunoglobulin (Ig) properties, such as usage or somatic hypermutation (SHM) percentage of the Ig heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene segment family, and on reducing complex Ig property distributions to simple summary statistics. However, because Ig properties are typically not normally distributed, any approach that fails to assess the distribution as a whole may be inadequate in (1) properly assessing the statistical significance of repertoire differences, (2) identifying how two repertoires differ, and (3) determining appropriate confidence intervals for assessing the size of the differences and their potential biological relevance. To address these issues, we have developed a technique that uses Wilcox’ robust statistics toolbox to identify statistically significant vaccine-specific differences between Ig repertoire properties. The advantage of this technique is that it can determine not only whether but also where the distributions differ, even when the Ig repertoire properties are non-normally distributed. We used this technique to characterize murine germinal center (GC) B-cell repertoires in response to a complex Ebola virus-like particle (eVLP) vaccine candidate with known protective efficacy. The eVLP-mediated GC B-cell responses were highly diverse, consisting of thousands of clonotypes. Despite this staggering diversity, we identified statistically significant differences between non-immunized, vaccine only, and vaccine-plus-adjuvant groups in terms of Ig properties, including IGHV-family usage, SHM percentage, and characteristics of the BCR complementarity-determining region. Most notably, our analyses identified a robust eVLP-specific feature—enhanced IGHV8-family usage in B-cell repertoires. These findings demonstrate the utility of our technique in identifying statistically significant BCR repertoire differences following vaccination. More generally, our approach is potentially applicable to a wide range of studies in infection, vaccination, auto-immunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja V Khavrutskii
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sabrina M Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Donald W Lee
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Jacqueline G Benko
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute (BHSAI), Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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Yang Z, Xu M, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang J, Song M, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Zhao L, Yin Z, Hong Z. A novel antigen delivery system induces strong humoral and CTL immune responses. Biomaterials 2017; 134:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gu XX, Plotkin SA, Edwards KM, Sette A, Mills KHG, Levy O, Sant AJ, Mo A, Alexander W, Lu KT, Taylor CE. Waning Immunity and Microbial Vaccines-Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00034-17. [PMID: 28490424 PMCID: PMC5498725 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the middle of the 20th century, vaccines have made a significant public health impact by controlling infectious diseases globally. Although long-term protection has been achieved with some vaccines, immunity wanes over time with others, resulting in outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases. Long-term protection against infectious agents that have a complex life cycle and antigenic variation remains a key challenge. Novel strategies to characterize the short- and long-term immune responses to vaccines and to induce immune responses that mimic natural infection have recently emerged. New technologies and approaches in vaccinology, such as adjuvants, delivery systems, and antigen formulations, have the potential to elicit more durable protection and fewer adverse reactions; together with in vitro systems, these technologies have the capacity to model and accelerate vaccine development. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) held a workshop on 19 September 2016 that focused on waning immunity to selected vaccines (for Bordetella pertussis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Neisseria meningitidis, influenza, mumps, and malaria), with an emphasis on identifying knowledge gaps, future research needs, and how this information can inform development of more effective vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Gu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Annie Mo
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Alexander
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina T Lu
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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43
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Landry SJ, Moss DL, Cui D, Ferrie RP, Fullerton ML, Wells EA, Yang L, Zhou N, Dougherty T, Mettu RR. Structural Basis for CD4+ T Cell Epitope Dominance in Arbo-Flavivirus Envelope Proteins: A Meta-Analysis. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:479-489. [PMID: 28614011 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis of CD4+ T cell epitope maps reveals clusters and gaps in envelope-protein (E protein) immunogenicity that can be explained by the likelihood of epitope processing, as determined by E protein three-dimensional structures. Differential processing may be at least partially responsible for variations in disease severity among arbo-flaviruses and points to structural features that modulate protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Landry
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Daniel L Moss
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Da Cui
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ryan P Ferrie
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mitchell L Fullerton
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Evan A Wells
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lu Yang
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nini Zhou
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Thomas Dougherty
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ramgopal R Mettu
- 2 Department of Computer Science, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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Cooper CL, Martins KA, Stronsky SM, Langan DP, Steffens J, Van Tongeren S, Bavari S. T-cell-dependent mechanisms promote Ebola VLP-induced antibody responses, but are dispensable for vaccine-mediated protection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e46. [PMID: 28588288 PMCID: PMC5520308 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Humoral responses are essential for the protective efficacy of most Ebola virus (EBOV) candidate vaccines; however, the in vivo development of protective anti-EBOV B-cell responses is poorly defined. Here, by using the virus-like particle (VLP) as a model antigen, we demonstrate that humoral responses are generated through follicular B-cell and T-cell-dependent mechanisms in a mouse model of EBOV infection. In addition, we show that the inclusion of the clinical-grade dsRNA adjuvant known as poly-ICLC in VLP vaccinations both augments and sustains germinal center B-cell reactions, antigen-specific B-cell frequencies and anti-EBOV serum titers. Finally, we used mice that were deficient in either B-cells or T-cell-dependent antibody production to distinguish the contributing roles of EBOV humoral responses. We demonstrate that while anti-EBOV antibody responses promote protection, VLP-vaccinated mice can survive EBOV infection in the absence of detectable anti-EBOV antibodies. Moreover, we found that adjuvant signaling could circumvent the complete requirement for B-cell immunity in protection against EBOV. Collectively, these studies may prove valuable for the characterization and future development of additional EBOV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Karen A Martins
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sabrina M Stronsky
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David P Langan
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jesse Steffens
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sean Van Tongeren
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Ciabattini A, Pettini E, Fiorino F, Pastore G, Andersen P, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Modulation of Primary Immune Response by Different Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27781036 PMCID: PMC5066114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants contribute to enhancing and shaping the vaccine immune response through different modes of action. Here early biomarkers of adjuvanticity after primary immunization were investigated using four different adjuvants combined with the chimeric tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56. C57BL/6 mice were immunized by the subcutaneous route with different vaccine formulations, and the modulation of primary CD4+ T cell and B cell responses was assessed within draining lymph nodes, blood, and spleen, 7 and 12 days after priming. Vaccine formulations containing the liposome system CAF01 or a squalene-based oil-in-water emulsion (o/w squalene), but not aluminum hydroxide (alum) or CpG ODN 1826, elicited a significant primary antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response compared to antigen alone, 7 days after immunization. The effector function of activated CD4+ T cells was skewed toward a Th1/Th17 response by CAF01, while a Th1/Th2 response was elicited by o/w squalene. Differentiation of B cells in short-lived plasma cells, and subsequent early H56-specific IgG secretion, was observed in mice immunized with o/w squalene or CpG adjuvants. Tested adjuvants promoted the germinal center reaction with different magnitude. These results show that the immunological activity of different adjuvants can be characterized by profiling early immunization biomarkers after primary immunization. These data and this approach could give an important contribution to the rational development of heterologous prime–boost vaccine immunization protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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Martins KA, Jahrling PB, Bavari S, Kuhn JH. Ebola virus disease candidate vaccines under evaluation in clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1101-12. [PMID: 27160784 PMCID: PMC5026048 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1187566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses are the etiological agents of two human illnesses: Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease. Until 2013, medical countermeasure development against these afflictions was limited to only a few research institutes worldwide as both infections were considered exotic due to very low case numbers. Together with the high case-fatality rate of both diseases, evaluation of any candidate countermeasure in properly controlled clinical trials seemed impossible. However, in 2013, Ebola virus was identified as the etiological agent of a large disease outbreak in Western Africa including almost 30,000 infections and more than 11,000 deaths, including case exportations to Europe and North America. These large case numbers resulted in medical countermeasure development against Ebola virus disease becoming a global public-health priority. This review summarizes the status quo of candidate vaccines against Ebola virus disease, with a focus on those that are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Martins
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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