1
|
Genetic Susceptibility of the Host in Virus-Induced Diabetes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081133. [PMID: 32727064 PMCID: PMC7464158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, especially Coxsackie B viruses, are among the candidate environmental factors causative of type 1 diabetes. Host genetic factors have an impact on the development of virus-induced diabetes (VID). Host background, in terms of whether the host is prone to autoimmunity, should also be considered when analyzing the role of target genes in VID. In this review, we describe the genetic susceptibility of the host based on studies in humans and VID animal models. Understanding the host genetic factors should contribute not only to revealing the mechanisms of VID development, but also in taking measures to prevent VID.
Collapse
|
2
|
Poma AM, Genoni A, Broccolo F, Denaro M, Pugliese A, Basolo F, Toniolo A. Immune Transcriptome of Cells Infected with Enterovirus Strains Obtained from Cases of Type 1 Diabetes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071031. [PMID: 32664675 PMCID: PMC7409211 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infection of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but little is known about the mechanisms that lead the virus to cause a persistent infection and, possibly, to induce beta cell autoimmunity. A cell line susceptible to most enterovirus types was infected with EV isolates from cases of T1D and, for comparison, with a replication-competent strain of coxsackievirus B3. The transcription of immune-related genes and secretion of cytokines was evaluated in infected vs. uninfected cells. Acutely infected cells showed the preserved transcription of type I interferon (IFN) pathways and the enhanced transcription/secretion of IL6, IL8, LIF, MCP1, and TGFB1. On the other hand, infection by defective EV strains obtained from diabetic subjects suppressed IFN pathways and the transcription of most cytokines, while enhancing the expression of IL8, IL18, IL32, and MCP1. IL18 and IL32 are known for their pathogenic role in autoimmune diabetes. Thus, the cytokine profile of AV3 cells infected by diabetes-derived EV strains closely matches that observed in patients at the early stages of T1D. The concordance of our results with clinically verified information reinforces the hypothesis that the immune changes observed in type 1 diabetic patients are due to a hardly noticeable virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anello Marcello Poma
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Clinical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Francesco Broccolo
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Maria Denaro
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Clinical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Clinical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (A.G.); (A.T.)
- Global Virus Network, 21100 Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Federico G, Genoni A, Puggioni A, Saba A, Gallo D, Randazzo E, Salvatoni A, Toniolo A. Vitamin D status, enterovirus infection, and type 1 diabetes in Italian children/adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:923-929. [PMID: 29569355 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we investigated 82 pediatric cases in parallel with 117 non-diabetic controls matched by age, geographic area, and time of collection. The occurrence of an enteroviral infection was evaluated in peripheral blood using a sensitive method capable of detecting virtually all human enterovirus (EV) types. While non-diabetic controls were consistently EV-negative, 65% of T1D cases carried EVs in blood. The vitamin D status was assessed by measuring the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in serum. Levels of 25(OH)D were interpreted as deficiency (≤50 nmol/L), insufficiency (52.5-72.5 nmol/L), and sufficiency (75-250 nmol/L). In T1D cases, the median serum concentration of 25(OH)D was 54.4 ± 27.3 nmol/L vs 74.1 ± 28.5 nmol/L in controls (P = .0001). Diabetic children/adolescents showed deficient levels of vitamin D 25(OH)D (ie, 72.5 nmol/L) in 48.8% cases vs 17.9% in non-diabetic controls (P = .0001). Unexpectedly, the median vitamin D concentration was significantly reduced in virus-positive vs virus-negative diabetics (48.2 ± 22.5 vs 61.8 ± 31.2 nmol/L; P = .015), with deficient levels in 58.5% vs 31.0%, respectively. Thus, at the time of clinical onset, EV-positive cases had reduced vitamin D levels compared with EV-negative cases. This could indicate either that the virus-negative children/adolescents had been hit by a non-infectious T1D-triggering event, or that children/adolescents with proper levels of vitamin D had been able to rapidly clear the virus. Thus, it would be important to assess whether adequate vitamin D supplementation before or during the prediabetic phase of T1D may counteract the diabetogenic potential of infectious pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Federico
- Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Anna Puggioni
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Emioli Randazzo
- Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvatoni
- Pediatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Insubria and Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|