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Pang S, Yu H, Zhang Y, Jiao Y, Zheng Z, Wang M, Zhang H, Liu A. Bioscreening specific peptide-expressing phage and its application in sensitive dual-mode immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Talanta 2024; 266:125093. [PMID: 37611368 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Biorecognition components with high affinity and selectivity are vital in bioassay to diagnose and treat epidemic disease. Herein a phage display strategy of combining single-amplification-panning with non-amplification-panning was developed, by which a phage displaying cyclic heptapeptide ACLDWLFNSC (peptide J4) with good affinity and specificity to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) was identified. Molecular docking suggests that peptide J4 binds to S2 subunit by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Then the J4-phage was used as the capture antibody to establish phage-based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analytical systems. The as-proposed dual-modal immunoassay platform exhibited good sensitivity and reliability in SARS-CoV-2 SP and pseudovirus assay. The limit of detection for SARS-CoV-2 SP by EIS immunoassay is 0.152 pg/mL, which is dramatically lower than that of 42 pg/mL for J4-phage based CLIA. Further, low to 40 transducing units (TU)/mL, 10 TU/mL SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses can be detected by the proposed J4-phage based CLIA and electrochemical immunosensor, respectively. Therefore, the as-developed dual mode immunoassays are potential methods to detect SARS-CoV-2. It is also expected to explore various phages with specific peptides to different targets for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yiming Jiao
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zongmei Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China; Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd, 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Qingdao, 266112, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Hulst M, Kant A, Harders-Westerveen J, Hoffmann M, Xie Y, Laheij C, Murk JL, Van der Poel WHM. Cross-Reactivity of Human, Wild Boar, and Farm Animal Sera from Pre- and Post-Pandemic Periods with Alpha- and Βeta-Coronaviruses (CoV), including SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38257734 PMCID: PMC10821012 DOI: 10.3390/v16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panels of pre- and post-pandemic farm animals, wild boar and human sera, including human sera able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, were tested in serological tests to determine their cross-reactivity with β- and α-CoV originating from farm animals. Sera were tested in neutralization assays with high ascending concentrations (up to 1 × 104 TCID50 units/well) of β-CoV Bovine coronavirus (BCV), SARS-CoV-2, and porcine α-CoV-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In addition, sera were tested for immunostaining of cells infected with β-CoV porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHEV). Testing revealed a significantly higher percentage of BCV neutralization (78%) for sera of humans that had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera) than was observed for human pre-pandemic sera (37%). Also, 46% of these human SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera neutralized the highest concentration of BCV (5 × 103 TCID50/well) tested, whereas only 9.6% of the pre-pandemic sera did. Largely similar percentages were observed for staining of PHEV-infected cells by these panels of human sera. Furthermore, post-pandemic sera collected from wild boars living near a densely populated area in The Netherlands also showed a higher percentage (43%) and stronger BCV neutralization than was observed for pre-pandemic sera from this area (21%) and for pre- (28%) and post-pandemic (20%) sera collected from wild boars living in a nature reserve park with limited access for the public. High percentages of BCV neutralization were observed for pre- and post-pandemic sera of cows (100%), pigs (up to 45%), sheep (36%) and rabbits (60%). However, this cross-neutralization was restricted to sera collected from specific herds or farms. TGEV was neutralized only by sera of pigs (68%) and a few wild boar sera (4.6%). None of the BCV and PHEV cross-reacting human pre-pandemic, wild boar and farm animal sera effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Preexisting antibodies in human sera effectively neutralized the animal β-CoV BCV in vitro. This cross-neutralization was boosted after humans had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 activated a "memory" antibody response against structurally related epitopes expressed on the surface of a broad range of heterologous CoV, including β-CoV isolated from farm animals. Further research is needed to elucidate if a symptomless infection or environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or another β-CoV also triggers such a "memory" antibody response in wild boars and other free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Arie Kant
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - José Harders-Westerveen
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yajing Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | | | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. Van der Poel
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
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3
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Zhao F, Zai X, Zhang Z, Xu J, Chen W. Challenges and developments in universal vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2 variants. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:167. [PMID: 36535982 PMCID: PMC9761649 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had become a global concern because of its unexpectedly high pathogenicity and transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 variants that reduce the immune protection elicited from previous vaccination or natural infection raise challenges in controlling the spread of the pandemic. The development of universal vaccines against these variants seems to be a practical solution to alleviate the physical and economic effects caused by this disease, but it is hard to achieve. In this review, we describe the high mutation rate of RNA viruses and dynamic molecular structures of SARS-CoV-2 variants in several major neutralizing epitopes, trying to answer the question of why universal vaccines are difficult to design. Understanding the biological basis of immune evasion is crucial for combating these obstacles. We then summarize several advancements worthy of further study, including heterologous prime-boost regimens, construction of chimeric immunogens, design of protein nanoparticle antigens, and utilization of conserved neutralizing epitopes. The fact that some immunogens can induce cross-reactive immune responses against heterologous coronaviruses provides hints for universal vaccine development. We hope this review can provide inspiration to current universal vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxin Zhao
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 10071, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 10071, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 10071, China
- College of pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 10071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 10071, China.
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4
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Jia L, Weng S, Wu J, Tian X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Yan D, Wang W, Fang F, Zhu Z, Qiu C, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wan Y. Preexisting antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S2 cross-react with commensal gut bacteria and impact COVID-19 vaccine induced immunity. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2117503. [PMID: 36100957 PMCID: PMC9481142 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The origins of preexisting SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies and their potential impacts on vaccine efficacy have not been fully clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that S2 was the prevailing target of the preexisting S protein cross-reactive antibodies in both healthy human and SPF mice. A dominant antibody epitope was identified on the connector domain of S2 (1147-SFKEELDKYFKNHT-1160, P144), which could be recognized by preexisting antibodies in both human and mouse. Through metagenomic sequencing and fecal bacteria transplant, we demonstrated that the generation of S2 cross-reactive antibodies was associated with commensal gut bacteria. Furthermore, six P144 reactive monoclonal antibodies were isolated from naïve SPF mice and were proven to cross-react with commensal gut bacteria collected from both human and mouse. A variety of cross-reactive microbial proteins were identified using LC-MS, of which E. coli derived HSP60 and HSP70 proteins were confirmed to be able to bind to one of the isolated monoclonal antibodies. Mice with high levels of preexisting S2 cross-reactive antibodies mounted higher S protein specific binding antibodies, especially against S2, after being immunized with a SARS-CoV-2 S DNA vaccine. Similarly, we found that levels of preexisting S2 and P144-specific antibodies correlated positively with RBD binding antibody titers after two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in human. Collectively, our study revealed an alternative origin of preexisting S2-targeted antibodies and disclosed a previously neglected aspect of the impact of gut microbiota on host anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Ying Xu State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangxiang Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqin Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Zhaoqin Zhu Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Chao Qiu Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Wenhong Zhang Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Ying Xu State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Radiology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Yanmin Wan Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Chai M, Guo Y, Yang L, Li J, Liu S, Chen L, Shen Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Yu C. A high-throughput single cell-based antibody discovery approach against the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein suggests a lack of neutralizing antibodies targeting the highly conserved S2 domain. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6561436. [PMID: 35362510 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues globally with a growing number of infections, but there are currently no effective antibody drugs against the virus. In addition, 90% amino acid sequence identity between the S2 subunit of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV S proteins attracts us to examine S2-targeted cross-neutralizing antibodies that are not yet well defined. We therefore immunized RenMab mice with the full-length S protein and constructed a high-throughput antibody discovery method based on single-cell sequencing technology to isolate SARS-CoV-2 S-targeted neutralizing antibodies and cross-neutralizing antibodies against the S2 region of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV S. Diversity of antibody sequences in RenMab mice and consistency in B-cell immune responses between RenMab mice and humans enabled screening of fully human virus-neutralizing antibodies. From all the frequency >1 paired clonotypes obtained from single-cell V(D)J sequencing, 215 antibodies with binding affinities were identified and primarily bound S2. However, only two receptor-binding domain-targeted clonotypes had neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, 5' single-cell RNA sequencing indicated that these sorted splenic B cells are mainly plasmablasts, germinal center (GC)-dependent memory B-cells and GC B-cells. Among them, plasmablasts and GC-dependent memory B-cells were considered the most significant possibility of producing virus-specific antibodies. Altogether, using a high-throughput single cell-based antibody discovery approach, our study highlighted the challenges of developing S2-binding neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and provided a novel direction for the enrichment of antigen-specific B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Chai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Yuelei Shen
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Biocytogen Co., Ltd, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lida Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Shows Cross-Protection against Bat SARS-Related Coronaviruses in Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0016922. [PMID: 35343762 PMCID: PMC9044931 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00169-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and SARS-CoV-2 are highly pathogenic to humans and have caused pandemics in 2003 and 2019, respectively. Genetically diverse SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been detected or isolated from bats, and some of these viruses have been demonstrated to utilize human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor and to have the potential to spill over to humans. A pan-sarbecovirus vaccine that provides protection against SARSr-CoV infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine against recombinant SARSr-CoVs carrying two different spike proteins (named rWIV1 and rRsSHC014S, respectively). Although serum neutralizing assays showed limited cross-reactivity between the three viruses, the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provided full protection against SARS-CoV-2 and rWIV1 and partial protection against rRsSHC014S infection in human ACE2 transgenic mice. Passive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated mouse sera provided low protection for rWIV1 but not for rRsSHC014S infection in human ACE2 mice. A specific cellular immune response induced by WIV1 membrane protein peptides was detected in the vaccinated animals, which may explain the cross-protection of the inactivated vaccine. This study shows the possibility of developing a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine against SARSr-CoVs for future preparedness. IMPORTANCE The genetic diversity of SARSr-CoVs in wildlife and their potential risk of cross-species infection highlight the necessity of developing wide-spectrum vaccines against infection of various SARSr-CoVs. In this study, we tested the protective efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (IAV) against two SARSr-CoVs with different spike proteins in human ACE2 transgenic mice. We demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 IAV provides full protection against rWIV1 and partial protection against rRsSHC014S. The T-cell response stimulated by the M protein may account for the cross protection against heterogeneous SARSr-CoVs. Our findings suggest the feasibility of the development of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, which can be a strategy of preparedness for future outbreaks caused by novel SARSr-CoVs from wildlife.
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7
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Waterlow NR, van Leeuwen E, Davies NG, Flasche S, Eggo RM. How immunity from and interaction with seasonal coronaviruses can shape SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2108395118. [PMID: 34873059 PMCID: PMC8670441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108395118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that cross-protection from seasonal epidemics of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) could have affected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, including generating reduced susceptibility in children. To determine what the prepandemic distribution of immunity to HCoVs was, we fitted a mathematical model to 6 y of seasonal coronavirus surveillance data from England and Wales. We estimated a duration of immunity to seasonal HCoVs of 7.8 y (95% CI 6.3 to 8.1) and show that, while cross-protection between HCoV and SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the age distribution, it is insufficient to explain the age pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the first wave of the pandemic in England and Wales. Projections from our model illustrate how different strengths of cross-protection between circulating coronaviruses could determine the frequency and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics over the coming decade, as well as the potential impact of cross-protection on future seasonal coronavirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Waterlow
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC14 7HT, United Kingdom;
| | - Edwin van Leeuwen
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC14 7HT, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G Davies
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC14 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC14 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind M Eggo
- Centre for Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC14 7HT, United Kingdom
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8
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Li H, Saphire EO. Novel attempts launched toward universal Sarbecovirus vaccine. Cell Res 2021; 31:1226-1227. [PMID: 34433899 PMCID: PMC8385477 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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S N N, B N R, C P, K S S, Ramakrishnappa T, B T K, S M J, M M, N A, Yallappa, D DP, T V R, E G, Bagoji M, Chandaragi SS. SARS-CoV 2 spike protein S1 subunit as an ideal target for stable vaccines: A bioinformatic study. MATERIALS TODAY. PROCEEDINGS 2021; 49:904-912. [PMID: 34307057 PMCID: PMC8279943 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 a pandemic infectious disease and affected life across the world resulting in over 188.65 million confirmed cases across 223 countries, territories and areas with 4.06 million deaths. It is caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, which plays a key role in the receptor recognition and cell membrane fusion process, is composed of two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that recognizes and binds to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), while the S2 subunit mediates viral cell membrane fusion. Hence, it is a key target for developing neutralizing antibodies. Here, we have performed phylogenetic analysis and structural modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, which is found highly conserved. The overall percent protein sequence identity from the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein sequences from the NCBI database was 99.68%. The functional domains of the S protein reveal that the S1 subunit was highly conserved (99.70%) than the S2 subunit (99.66%). Further, the 319-541 residues (RBD) of amino acids within the S1 domain were 100% similar among the spike protein. The 3D modeling of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein indicated that S protein has four domains with five protein units and the S1 subunit from 1 to 289 amino acid of domain 1 is highly conserved without any change in the ligand interaction site. This analysis clearly suggests that the S1 subunit (RBD 319-541) can be used as a target region for stable and safe vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesha S N
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh B N
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep C
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashidhara K S
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Thippeswamy Ramakrishnappa
- Department of Chemistry, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnaprasad B T
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Jnanashree S M
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar M
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Arunkumar N
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Yallappa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanush Patel D
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh T V
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Girish E
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahantesh Bagoji
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Shreeram S Chandaragi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
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10
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Barth RF, Buja LM, Barth AL, Carpenter DE, Parwani AV. A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1194-1211. [PMID: 34232978 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0820-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT -The purpose of this review is to compare three coronavirus diseases: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, respectively. OBJECTIVE -To cover the following topics: clinical considerations, viral characteristics, pathology, immune response, pathogenesis, and the prognosis associated with each coronavirus human disease in humans. DATA SOURCES -Clinically, flu-like symptoms are usual at the time of presentation for all 3 diseases, but these vary from asymptomatic to severe multi-system involvement. The pathology associated with symptomatic SARS and COVID-19 has been well described, the most prominent of which is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The immune response to each of these viruses is highly complex and includes both humoral and cellular components that can have a significant impact on prognosis. In severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated innate host immune system can initiate a hyperinflammatory syndrome dominated by endothelial dysfunction that can lead to a hypercoagulable state with microthrombi, resulting in a systemic micro- and macro-vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS -The SARS and MERS epidemics have been limited, involving 7,500 and 2,500 individuals, respectively. In contrast, COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic with over 177 million cases and 3.9 million deaths as of June 15, 2021, and fatality rates ranging from <0.1% to ~10% depending upon the country. Ending on a positive note, the development of a number of vaccines, at least six of which now are in clinical use, should mitigate and eventually control the devastating COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology (RF Barth, Parwani), S.P. Technical Editor (Retired) Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology (Carpenter), The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
| | - L Maximillian Buja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (Buja)
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA (AL Barth)
| | - David E Carpenter
- Department of Pathology (RF Barth, Parwani), S.P. Technical Editor (Retired) Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology (Carpenter), The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology (RF Barth, Parwani), S.P. Technical Editor (Retired) Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology (Carpenter), The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
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11
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Yang C, Pan X, Huang Y, Cheng C, Xu X, Wu Y, Xu Y, Shang W, Niu X, Wan Y, Li Z, Zhang R, Liu S, Xiao G, Xu W. Drug Repurposing of Itraconazole and Estradiol Benzoate against COVID-19 by Blocking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000224. [PMID: 33786369 PMCID: PMC7994988 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 caused the emerging epidemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). To date, there are more than 82.9 million confirmed cases worldwide, there is no clinically effective drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The conserved properties of the membrane fusion domain of the spike (S) protein across SARS-CoV-2 make it a promising target to develop pan-CoV therapeutics. Herein, two clinically approved drugs, Itraconazole (ITZ) and Estradiol benzoate (EB), are found to inhibit viral entry by targeting the six-helix (6-HB) fusion core of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Further studies shed light on the mechanism that ITZ and EB can interact with the heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region of the spike protein, to present anti-SARS-CoV-2 infections in vitro, indicating they are novel potential therapeutic remedies for COVID-19 treatment. Furthermore, ITZ shows broad-spectrum activity targeting 6-HB in the S2 subunit of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV S protein, inspiring that ITZ have the potential for development as a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | | | - Yuan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Xinfeng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yan Wu
- Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China
| | - Yunxia Xu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510000China
| | | | - Xiaoge Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yihong Wan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | | | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510000China
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12
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Ali S, Uddin SM, Ali A, Anjum F, Ali R, Shalim E, Khan M, Ahmed I, M Muhaymin S, Bukhari U, Luxmi S, Khan AS, Quraishy S. Production of hyperimmune anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulin from pooled COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:397-407. [PMID: 33557591 PMCID: PMC7871744 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses the feasibility of producing hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenously administrable immunoglobulin (C-IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma (PCP) to provide a safe and effective passive immunization treatment option for COVID-19. Materials & methods: PCP was fractionated by modified caprylic acid precipitation followed by ultrafiltration/diafiltration to produce hyperimmune C-IVIG. Results: In C-IVIG, the mean SARS-CoV-2 antibody level was found to be threefold (104 ± 30 cut-off index) that of the PCP (36 ± 8.5 cut-off index) and mean protein concentration was found to be 46 ± 3.7 g/l, comprised of 89.5% immunoglobulins. Conclusion: The current method of producing C-IVIG is feasible as it uses locally available PCP and simpler technology and yields a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The safety and efficacy of C-IVIG will be evaluated in a registered clinical trial (NCT04521309).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Uddin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Anjum
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Elisha Shalim
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Khan
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ahmed
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh M Muhaymin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Bukhari
- Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shobha Luxmi
- Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul S Khan
- National Control Laboratory for Biologicals, Islamabad, Pakistan
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13
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Diagnostic Value of IgM and IgG Detection in COVID-19 Diagnosis by the Mobile Laboratory B-LiFE: A Massive Testing Strategy in the Piedmont Region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073372. [PMID: 33805139 PMCID: PMC8036500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) identified in 2019. The COVID-19 outbreak continues to have devastating consequences for human lives and the global economy. The B-LiFe mobile laboratory in Piedmont, Italy, was deployed for the surveillance of COVID-19 cases by large-scale testing of first responders. The objective was to assess the seroconversion among the regional civil protection (CP), police, health care professionals, and volunteers. The secondary objective was to detect asymptomatic individuals within this cohort in the light of age, sex, and residence. In this paper, we report the results of serological testing performed by the B-LiFe mobile laboratory deployed from 10 June to 23 July 2020. The tests included whole blood finger-prick and serum sampling for detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was approximately 5% (294/6013). The results of the finger-prick tests and serum sample analyses showed moderate agreement (kappa = 0.77). Furthermore, the detection rates of serum antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) and S-RBD among the seroconverted individuals were positively correlated (kappa = 0.60), at least at the IgG level. Seroprevalence studies based on serological testing for the S-RBD protein or SARS-CoV-2 NP antibodies are not sufficient for diagnosis but might help in screening the population to be vaccinated and in determining the duration of seroconversion.
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14
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Legros V, Denolly S, Vogrig M, Boson B, Siret E, Rigaill J, Pillet S, Grattard F, Gonzalo S, Verhoeven P, Allatif O, Berthelot P, Pélissier C, Thiery G, Botelho-Nevers E, Millet G, Morel J, Paul S, Walzer T, Cosset FL, Bourlet T, Pozzetto B. A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:318-327. [PMID: 33408342 PMCID: PMC7786875 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and, thus, for public health policy and vaccine development for COVID-19. In this study, using either live SARS-CoV-2 particles or retroviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S viral surface protein (Spike), we studied the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response in serum samples from a cohort of 140 SARS-CoV-2 qPCR-confirmed infections, including patients with mild symptoms and also more severe forms, including those that required intensive care. We show that nAb titers correlated strongly with disease severity and with anti-spike IgG levels. Indeed, patients from intensive care units exhibited high nAb titers; conversely, patients with milder disease symptoms had heterogeneous nAb titers, and asymptomatic or exclusive outpatient-care patients had no or low nAbs. We found that nAb activity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients displayed a relatively rapid decline after recovery compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses. Moreover, we found an absence of cross-neutralization between endemic coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, indicating that previous infection by human coronaviruses may not generate protective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we found that the D614G mutation in the spike protein, which has recently been identified as the current major variant in Europe, does not allow neutralization escape. Altogether, our results contribute to our understanding of the immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, and rapid evaluation of the role of the humoral response in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Legros
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Solène Denolly
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Manon Vogrig
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Immunology, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Bertrand Boson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Eglantine Siret
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Josselin Rigaill
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Immunology, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sylvie Pillet
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Grattard
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Gonzalo
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Verhoeven
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Carole Pélissier
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Department of Intensive Care and Resuscitation (Réanimation G), University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Millet
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Morel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Department of Immunology, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team EVIR, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Department of Infectious Agents and Hygiene, University-Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007, Lyon, France
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15
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Tavasolian F, Rashidi M, Hatam GR, Jeddi M, Hosseini AZ, Mosawi SH, Abdollahi E, Inman RD. HLA, Immune Response, and Susceptibility to COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 11:601886. [PMID: 33488597 PMCID: PMC7820778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that appeared in December 2019 has precipitated the global pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in many parts of Africa fewer than expected cases of COVID-19, with lower rates of mortality, have been reported. Individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles can affect both the susceptibility and the severity of viral infections. In the case of COVID-19 such an analysis may contribute to identifying individuals at higher risk of the disease and the epidemiological level to understanding the differences between countries in the epidemic patterns. It is also recognized that first antigen exposure influences the consequence of subsequent exposure. We thus propose a theory incorporating HLA antigens, the "original antigenic sin (OAS)" effect, and presentation of viral peptides which could explain with differential susceptibility or resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Tavasolian
- Spondylitis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Jeddi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zavaran Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Hussain Mosawi
- Medical Sciences Research Center, Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan
- COVID-19 Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Elham Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robert D. Inman
- Spondylitis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Lalaoui R, Bakour S, Raoult D, Verger P, Sokhna C, Devaux C, Pradines B, Rolain JM. What could explain the late emergence of COVID-19 in Africa? New Microbes New Infect 2020; 38:100760. [PMID: 32983542 PMCID: PMC7508045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of November 2019, a novel coronavirus responsible for respiratory tract infections emerged in China. Despite drastic containment measures, this virus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread in Asia and Europe. The pandemic is ongoing with a particular hotspot in southern Europe and America in spring 2020. Many studies predicted an epidemic in Africa similar to that currently seen in Europe and the USA. However, reported data do not confirm these predictions. Several hypotheses that could explain the later emergence and spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in African countries are being discussed, including the lack of health-care infrastructure capable of clinically detecting and confirming COVID-19 cases, the implementation of social distancing and hygiene, international air traffic flows, the climate, the relatively young and rural population, the genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, cross-immunity and the use of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lalaoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - S. Bakour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - D. Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - P. Verger
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Southeastern Health Regional Observatory, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - C. Sokhna
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - C. Devaux
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - B. Pradines
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Unité parasitologie et entomologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Marseille, France
- Centre national de référence du paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - J.-M. Rolain
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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17
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Duan L, Zheng Q, Zhang H, Niu Y, Lou Y, Wang H. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576622. [PMID: 33117378 PMCID: PMC7575906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a grave threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human society. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes spike (S) glycoproteins, which protrude from the surface of mature virions. The S glycoprotein plays essential roles in virus attachment, fusion and entry into the host cell. Surface location of the S glycoprotein renders it a direct target for host immune responses, making it the main target of neutralizing antibodies. In the light of its crucial roles in viral infection and adaptive immunity, the S protein is the focus of most vaccine strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight and describe the recent progress that has been made in the biosynthesis, structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, aiming to provide valuable insights into the design and development of the S protein-based vaccines as well as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuna Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yunwei Lou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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