1
|
Heo CK, Lim WH, Moon KB, Yang J, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Kim DJ, Cho EW. S2 Peptide-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Provide Broad Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:676. [PMID: 38932406 PMCID: PMC11209314 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Approved COVID-19 vaccines primarily induce neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. However, the emergence of variants of concern with RBD mutations poses challenges to vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to design a next-generation vaccine that provides broader protection against diverse coronaviruses, focusing on glycan-free S2 peptides as vaccine candidates to overcome the low immunogenicity of the S2 domain due to the N-linked glycans on the S antigen stalk, which can mask S2 antibody responses. Glycan-free S2 peptides were synthesized and attached to SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs) lacking the S antigen. Humoral and cellular immune responses were analyzed after the second booster immunization in BALB/c mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed the reactivity of sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and pseudovirus neutralization assay confirmed neutralizing activities. Among the S2 peptide-conjugated VLPs, the S2.3 (N1135-K1157) and S2.5 (A1174-L1193) peptide-VLP conjugates effectively induced S2-specific serum immunoglobulins. These antisera showed high reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variant S proteins and effectively inhibited pseudoviral infections. S2 peptide-conjugated VLPs activated SARS-CoV-2 VLP-specific T-cells. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine incorporating conserved S2 peptides and CoV-2 VLPs shows promise as a universal vaccine capable of generating neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyu Heo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
| | - Won-Hee Lim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (K.-B.M.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang Jick Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (K.-B.M.); (H.-S.K.)
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 194-15 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongju-si 28160, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Wie Cho
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (C.-K.H.); (W.-H.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garg R, Liu Q, Van Kessel J, Asavajaru A, Uhlemann EM, Joessel M, Hamonic G, Khatooni Z, Kroeker A, Lew J, Scruten E, Pennington P, Deck W, Prysliak T, Nickol M, Apel F, Courant T, Kelvin AA, Van Kessel A, Collin N, Gerdts V, Köster W, Falzarano D, Racine T, Banerjee A. Efficacy of a stable broadly protective subunit vaccine platform against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00586-3. [PMID: 38769033 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The emergence and ongoing evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has highlighted the need for rapid vaccine development platforms that can be updated to counteract emerging variants of currently circulating and future emerging coronaviruses. Here we report the development of a "train model" subunit vaccine platform that contains a SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan S1 protein (the "engine") linked to a series of flexible receptor binding domains (RBDs; the "cars") derived from SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). We demonstrate that these linked subunit vaccines when combined with Sepivac SWE™, a squalene in water emulsion (SWE) adjuvant, are immunogenic in Syrian hamsters and subsequently provide protection from infection with SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Omicron (BA.1), Delta, and Beta. Importantly, the bivalent and trivalent vaccine candidates offered protection against some heterologous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs that were not included in the vaccine design, demonstrating the potential for broad protection against a range of different VOCs. Furthermore, these formulated vaccine candidates were stable at 2-8 °C for up to 13 months post-formulation, highlighting their utility in low-resource settings. Indeed, our vaccine platform will enable the development of safe and broadly protective vaccines against emerging betacoronaviruses that pose a significant health risk for humans and agricultural animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravendra Garg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Jill Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Akarin Asavajaru
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Eva-Maria Uhlemann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Morgane Joessel
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (VFI), Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Hamonic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Zahed Khatooni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Paul Pennington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - William Deck
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Michaela Nickol
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Falko Apel
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (VFI), Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Courant
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (VFI), Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Institute (VFI), Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Trina Racine
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan TJC, Verma AK, Odle A, Lei R, Meyerholz DK, Matreyek KA, Perlman S, Wong LYR, Wu NC. Evidence of antigenic drift in the fusion machinery core of SARS-CoV-2 spike. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317222121. [PMID: 38557175 PMCID: PMC11009667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317222121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift of SARS-CoV-2 is typically defined by mutations in the N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain of spike protein. In contrast, whether antigenic drift occurs in the S2 domain remains largely elusive. Here, we perform a deep mutational scanning experiment to identify S2 mutations that affect binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike to three S2 apex public antibodies. Our results indicate that spatially diverse mutations, including D950N and Q954H, which are observed in Delta and Omicron variants, respectively, weaken the binding of spike to these antibodies. Although S2 apex antibodies are known to be nonneutralizing, we show that they confer protection in vivo through Fc-mediated effector functions. Overall, this study indicates that the S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike can undergo antigenic drift, which represents a potential challenge for the development of more universal coronavirus vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. C. Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Abhishek K. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Abby Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | | | - Kenneth A. Matreyek
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
- Center for Virus-Host-Innate Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ07103
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pattinson D, Jester P, Gu C, Guan L, Armbrust T, Petrie JG, King JP, Nguyen HQ, Belongia EA, Halfmann P, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Ipsilateral and contralateral coadministration of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines produce similar antibody responses. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105103. [PMID: 38574407 PMCID: PMC11004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND World Health Organisation (WHO) and USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) recommendations now allow simultaneous administration of COVID-19 and other vaccines. We compared antibody responses after coadministration of influenza and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines in the same (ipsilateral) arm vs. different (contralateral) arms. METHODS Pre- and post-vaccination serum samples from individuals in the Prospective Assessment of COVID-19 in a Community (PACC) cohort were used to conduct haemaglutination inhibition (HI) assays with the viruses in the 2022-2023 seasonal influenza vaccine and focus reduction neutralisation tests (FRNT) using a BA.5 SARS-CoV-2 virus. The effect of ipsilateral vs. contralateral vaccination on immune responses was inferred in a model that accounted for higher variance in vaccine responses at lower pre-vaccination titers. FINDINGS Ipsilateral vaccination did not cause higher influenza vaccine responses compared to contralateral vaccination. The response to SARS-CoV-2 was slightly increased in the ipsilateral group, but equivalence was not excluded. INTERPRETATION Coadministration of influenza and bivalent COVID-19 vaccines in the same arm or different arms did not strongly influence the antibody response to either vaccine. FUNDING This work was supported by the U.S. CDC (grant number: 75D30120C09259).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pattinson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Peter Jester
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chunyang Gu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lizheng Guan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tammy Armbrust
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Jennifer P King
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Huong Q Nguyen
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | | | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Addetia A, Stewart C, Seo AJ, Sprouse KR, Asiri AY, Al-Mozaini M, Memish ZA, Alshukairi A, Veesler D. Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.586409. [PMID: 38617298 PMCID: PMC11014493 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.586409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 and causes human infections in endemic regions. Most vaccines and therapeutics in development against MERS-CoV focus on the spike (S) glycoprotein to prevent viral entry into target cells. These efforts, however, are limited by a poor understanding of antibody responses elicited by infection along with their durability, fine specificity and contribution of distinct S antigenic sites to neutralization. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed S-directed binding and neutralizing antibody titers in plasma collected from individuals infected with MERS-CoV in 2017-2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). We observed that binding and neutralizing antibodies peak 1 to 6 weeks after symptom onset/hospitalization, persist for at least 6 months, and broadly neutralize human and camel MERS-CoV strains. We show that the MERS-CoV S1 subunit is immunodominant and that antibodies targeting S1, particularly the RBD, account for most plasma neutralizing activity. Antigenic site mapping revealed that polyclonal plasma antibodies frequently target RBD epitopes, particularly a site exposed irrespective of the S trimer conformation, whereas targeting of S2 subunit epitopes is rare, similar to SARS-CoV-2. Our data reveal in unprecedented details the humoral immune responses elicited by MERS-CoV infection, which will guide vaccine and therapeutic design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ayed Y Asiri
- Al-Hayat National Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abeer Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou F, Vahokoski J, Langeland N, Cox RJ. Impact of ageing on homologous and human-coronavirus-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:37. [PMID: 38378953 PMCID: PMC10879087 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) circulate worldwide yet remain understudied and unmitigated. The observation of elevated levels of HCoV reactive antibodies in COVID-19 patients highlights the urgent necessity of better understanding of HCoV specific immunity. Here, we characterized in-depth the de novo SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses and the boosting of HCoV-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection in individuals up to 98 years old. All the vaccinees were home-dwelling with no documented SARS-CoV-2 infection before receiving the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). The first two vaccine doses elicited potent SARS-CoV-2 spike binding antibodies in individuals up to 80 years. The third dose largely boosted the previously low S2 domain binding and neutralizing antibodies in elderly 80-90 years old, but less so in those above 90 years. The endemic betacoronavirus (HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies were boosted in all vaccinees, although to a lesser extent in those above 80 years old. COVID-19 patients had potent elevation of alpha- and betacoronavirus (229E, NL63, HKU1 and OC43) reactive antibodies. In both patients and vaccinees, S2 domain specific antibody increases correlated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and HCoV-reactive antibody responses in all ages, indicating S2 domain as a candidate for future universal coronavirus vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Juha Vahokoski
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospitalen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsieh MS, Hsu CW, Liao HC, Lin CL, Chiang CY, Chen MY, Liu SJ, Liao CL, Chen HW. SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0154623. [PMID: 38299865 PMCID: PMC10878263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCEMucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ling Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Halfmann PJ, Loeffler K, Duffy A, Kuroda M, Yang JE, Wright ER, Kawaoka Y, Kane RS. Broad protection against clade 1 sarbecoviruses after a single immunization with cocktail spike-protein-nanoparticle vaccine. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1284. [PMID: 38346966 PMCID: PMC10861510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2002 SARS outbreak, the 2019 emergence of COVID-19, and the continuing evolution of immune-evading SARS-CoV-2 variants together highlight the need for a broadly protective vaccine against ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses. While updated variant-matched formulations are a step in the right direction, protection needs to extend beyond SARS-CoV-2 and its variants to include SARS-like viruses. Here, we introduce bivalent and trivalent vaccine formulations using our spike protein nanoparticle platform that completely protect female hamsters against BA.5 and XBB.1 challenges with no detectable virus in the lungs. The trivalent cocktails elicit highly neutralizing responses against all tested Omicron variants and the bat sarbecoviruses SHC014 and WIV1. Finally, our 614D/SHC014/XBB trivalent spike formulation completely protects human ACE2-transgenic female hamsters against challenges with WIV1 and SHC014 with no detectable virus in the lungs. Collectively, these results illustrate that our trivalent protein-nanoparticle cocktail can provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-2-like and SARS-CoV-1-like sarbecoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Kathryn Loeffler
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Augustine Duffy
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Jie E Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cryo-EM Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cryo-EM Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwest Center for Cryo-Electron Tomography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cankat S, Demael MU, Swadling L. In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:103-118. [PMID: 38148330 PMCID: PMC10805787 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the coronaviridae family are endemic to human populations and have caused several epidemics and pandemics in recent history. In this review, we will discuss the feasibility of and progress toward the ultimate goal of creating a pan-coronavirus vaccine that can protect against infection and disease by all members of the coronavirus family. We will detail the unmet clinical need associated with the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and the four seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, NL63, HKU1 and 229E) in humans and the potential for future zoonotic coronaviruses. We will highlight how first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and natural history studies have greatly increased our understanding of effective antiviral immunity to coronaviruses and have informed next-generation vaccine design. We will then consider the ideal properties of a pan-coronavirus vaccine and propose a blueprint for the type of immunity that may offer cross-protection. Finally, we will describe a subset of the diverse technologies and novel approaches being pursued with the goal of developing broadly or universally protective vaccines for coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cankat
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - M U Demael
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK
| | - L Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Pears Building, London, NW3 2PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnson NV, Wall SC, Kramer KJ, Holt CM, Periasamy S, Richardson S, Suryadevara N, Andreano E, Paciello I, Pierleoni G, Piccini G, Huang Y, Ge P, Allen JD, Uno N, Shiakolas AR, Pilewski KA, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Abu-Shmais AA, Parks R, Haynes BF, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Montomoli E, Rappuoli R, Bukreyev A, Ross TM, Sautto GA, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS. Discovery and Characterization of a Pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575741. [PMID: 38293237 PMCID: PMC10827111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses have spilled over from animal reservoirs into the human population and caused deadly epidemics or pandemics. The continued emergence of coronaviruses highlights the need for pan-coronavirus interventions for effective pandemic preparedness. Here, using LIBRA-seq, we report a panel of 50 coronavirus antibodies isolated from human B cells. Of these antibodies, 54043-5 was shown to bind the S2 subunit of spike proteins from alpha-, beta-, and deltacoronaviruses. A cryo-EM structure of 54043-5 bound to the pre-fusion S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike defined an epitope at the apex of S2 that is highly conserved among betacoronaviruses. Although non-neutralizing, 54043-5 induced Fc-dependent antiviral responses, including ADCC and ADCP. In murine SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies, protection against disease was observed after introduction of Leu234Ala, Leu235Ala, and Pro329Gly (LALA-PG) substitutions in the Fc region of 54043-5. Together, these data provide new insights into the protective mechanisms of non-neutralizing antibodies and define a broadly conserved epitope within the S2 subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Steven C. Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kevin J. Kramer
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Clinton M. Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Simone Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | | | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giulio Pierleoni
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Ying Huang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Pan Ge
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - James D. Allen
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Naoko Uno
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Rachel S. Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E. Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexandria A. Abu-Shmais
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H. Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena 53100, Italy
- VisMederi S.r.l, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena 53100, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 73232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olmedillas E, Rajamanickam RR, Avalos RD, Sosa FA, Zandonatti MA, Harkins SS, Shresta S, Hastie KM, Saphire EO. Structure of a SARS-CoV-2 spike S2 subunit in a pre-fusion, open conformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571764. [PMID: 38168261 PMCID: PMC10760097 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The 800 million human infections with SARS-CoV-2 and the likely emergence of new variants and additional coronaviruses necessitate a better understanding of the essential spike glycoprotein and the development of immunogens that foster broader and more durable immunity. The S2 fusion subunit is more conserved in sequence, is essential to function, and would be a desirable immunogen to boost broadly reactive antibodies. It is, however, unstable in structure and in its wild-type form, cannot be expressed alone without irreversible collapse into a six-helix bundle. In addition to the irreversible conformational changes of fusion, biophysical measurements indicate that spike also undergoes a reversible breathing action. However, spike in an open, "breathing" conformation has not yet been visualized at high resolution. Here we describe an S2-only antigen, engineered to remain in its relevant, pre-fusion viral surface conformation in the absence of S1. We also describe a panel of natural human antibodies specific for S2 from vaccinated and convalescent individuals. One of these mAbs, from a convalescent individual, afforded a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of the prefusion S2. The structure reveals a complex captured in an "open" conformation with greater stabilizing intermolecular interactions at the base and a repositioned fusion peptide. Together, this work provides an antigen for advancement of next-generation "booster" immunogens and illuminates the likely breathing adjustments of the coronavirus spike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Olmedillas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roshan R. Rajamanickam
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fernanda A. Sosa
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A. Zandonatti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie S. Harkins
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sobhani K, Cheng S, Binder RA, Mantis NJ, Crawford JM, Okoye N, Braun JG, Joung S, Wang M, Lozanski G, King CL, Roback JD, Granger DA, Boppana SB, Karger AB. Clinical Utility of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Testing and Defining a Correlate of Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1644. [PMID: 38005976 PMCID: PMC10674881 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review established clinical use cases for SARS-CoV-2 antibody measures, which include diagnosis of recent prior infection, isolating high titer convalescent plasma, diagnosing multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and booster dosing in the immunosuppressed and other populations. We then address whether an antibody correlate of protection (CoP) for SARS-CoV-2 has been successfully defined with the following considerations: Antibody responses in the immunocompetent, vaccine type, variants, use of binding antibody tests vs. neutralization tests, and endpoint measures. In the transition from the COVID-19 pandemic to endemic, there has been much interest in defining an antibody CoP. Due to the high mutability of respiratory viruses and our current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 variants defining a CoP for prevention of infection is unrealistic. However, a CoP may be defined for prevention of severe disease requiring hospitalization and/or death. Most SARS-CoV-2 CoP research has focused on neutralization measurements. However, there can be significant differences in neutralization test methods, and disparate responses to new variants depending on format. Furthermore, neutralization assays are often impractical for high throughput applications (e.g., assessing humoral immune response in populations or large cohorts). Nevertheless, CoP studies using neutralization measures are reviewed to determine where there is consensus. Alternatively, binding antibody tests could be used to define a CoP. Binding antibody assays tend to be highly automatable, high throughput, and therefore practical for large population applications. Again, we review studies for consensus on binding antibody responses to vaccines, focusing on standardized results. Binding antibodies directed against the S1 receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) of the viral spike protein can provide a practical, indirect measure of neutralization. Initially, a response for S1-RBD antibodies may be selected that reflects the peak response in immunocompetent populations and may serve as a target for booster dosing in the immunocompromised. From existing studies reporting peak S1-RBD responses in standardized units, an approximate range of 1372-2744 BAU/mL for mRNA and recombinant protein vaccines was extracted that could serve as an initial CoP target. This target would need to be confirmed and potentially adjusted for updated vaccines, and almost certainly for other vaccine formats (i.e., viral vector). Alternatively, a threshold or response could be defined based on outcomes over time (i.e., prevention of severe disease). We also discuss the precedent for clinical measurement of antibodies for vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g., hepatitis B). Lastly, cellular immunity is briefly addressed for its importance in the nature and durability of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.C.)
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Nkemakonam Okoye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jonathan G. Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sandy Joung
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.C.)
| | - Minhao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (S.C.)
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Suresh B. Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Amy B. Karger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cele ZED, Matshe W, Mdlalose L, Setshedi K, Malatji K, Mkhwanazi NP, Ntombela T, Balogun M. Cationic Chitosan Derivatives for the Inactivation of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Enveloped Viruses. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31714-31724. [PMID: 37692209 PMCID: PMC10483524 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cationic chitosan derivatives have been widely studied as potential antimicrobial agents. However, very little is known about their antiviral activity and mode of action against enveloped viruses. We investigated the ability of hydroxypropanoic acid-grafted chitosan (HPA-CS) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) to inactivate enveloped viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The membrane-disrupting potential of the chitosan derivatives was initially investigated in a hemolysis assay. At 1.0 mg/mL, about 80% hemolysis was observed for the cationic chitosan derivatives, which was significant when compared to almost no membrane-disrupting activity by the unmodified chitosan. Virus inhibition was evaluated using the luciferase-based antiviral assay against the HIV-1 NL4.3 virus (400 TCID). The IC50 of HPA-CS was 4.109 mg/mL, while the HTCC showed a higher antiviral activity at an IC50 = 0.225 mg/mL. For practical application, the antiviral efficacies of the HTCC-coated and uncoated nonmedical masks were evaluated for SARS- CoV-2 virus capture. The coated masks demonstrated an almost excellent performance with nearly 100% viral inhibition compared to less than 60% inhibition by the uncoated masks. Molecular docking predictions suggest that the HTCC polymers interact with the viral spike protein, blocking the coronavirus interaction with the target host cell's angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cellular receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zamani E. D. Cele
- Bio-Polymer
Modification and Advanced Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures
and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - William Matshe
- Bio-Polymer
Modification and Advanced Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures
and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Lindani Mdlalose
- Bio-Polymer
Modification and Advanced Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures
and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Katlego Setshedi
- Bio-Polymer
Modification and Advanced Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures
and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Kanyane Malatji
- Emerging
Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Prudence Mkhwanazi
- College
of Health Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science,
HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4041 South Africa
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Faculty
of Science, School of Chemistry, University
of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 00000, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Balogun
- Bio-Polymer
Modification and Advanced Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Nanostructures
and Advanced Materials, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu S, Luo S, Bai B, Fan Z, Hong B, Xu W, Ma H, Chen W, Fan H, Tong Y, Song L. Omicron breakthrough infections in wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccinees elicit high levels of neutralizing antibodies against pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29031. [PMID: 37561639 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Omicron BF.7 became the predominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in Beijing after the abolishment of Zero-COVID policy in December 2022. The ability of antibodies elicited by BF.7 infection to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2-like viruses is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus GX_P2V in sera from vaccinated and/or SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. All vaccinated individuals who recovered from Omicron BF.7 breakthrough infections exhibited substantially higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against GX_P2V, compared to other subject groups, with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 362. Uninfected individuals who received four-mixed-dose vaccines also demonstrated higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (GMT = 44) against GX_P2V than those uninfected individuals who received two- or three-dose vaccines and those unvaccinated convalescents of wild-type SARS-CoV-2. This study highlights the significance of prior vaccinations with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in generating potent cross-protective immunity against future spillovers of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shengdong Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenping Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bixia Hong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Halfmann PJ, Loeffler K, Duffy A, Kuroda M, Kawaoka Y, Kane RS. Broad Protection Against Clade 1 Sarbecoviruses After a Single Immunization with Cocktail Spike-Protein-Nanoparticle Vaccine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3088907. [PMID: 37461652 PMCID: PMC10350183 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3088907/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The 2002 SARS outbreak, the 2019 emergence of COVID-19, and the continuing evolution of immune-evading SARS-CoV-2 variants together highlight the need for a broadly protective vaccine against ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses. While updated variant-matched formulations such as Pfizer-BioNTech's bivalent vaccine are a step in the right direction, protection needs to extend beyond SARS-CoV-2 and its variants to include SARS-like viruses. Here, we introduce bivalent and trivalent vaccine formulations using our spike protein nanoparticle platform that completely protected hamsters against BA.5 and XBB.1 challenges with no detectable virus in the lungs. The trivalent cocktails elicited highly neutralizing responses against all tested Omicron variants and the bat sarbecoviruses SHC014 and WIV1. Finally, our 614D/SHC014/XBB trivalent spike formulation completely protected human ACE2-transgenic hamsters against challenges with WIV1 and SHC014 with no detectable virus in the lungs. Collectively, these results illustrate that our trivalent protein-nanoparticle cocktail can provide broad protection against SARS-CoV-2-like and SARS-CoV-1-like sarbecoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Kathryn Loeffler
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Augustine Duffy
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Serra N, Andriolo M, Butera I, Mazzola G, Sergi CM, Fasciana TMA, Giammanco A, Gagliano MC, Cascio A, Di Carlo P. A Serological Analysis of the Humoral Immune Responses of Anti-RBD IgG, Anti-S1 IgG, and Anti-S2 IgG Levels Correlated to Anti-N IgG Positivity and Negativity in Sicilian Healthcare Workers (HCWs) with Third Doses of the mRNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1136. [PMID: 37514952 PMCID: PMC10384738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests on the market, healthcare providers must be confident that they can use the results to provide actionable information to understand the characteristics and dynamics of the humoral response and antibodies (abs) in SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated patients. In this way, the study of the antibody responses of healthcare workers (HCWs), a population that is immunocompetent, adherent to vaccination, and continuously exposed to different virus variants, can help us understand immune protection and determine vaccine design goals. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated antibody responses via multiplex assays in a sample of 538 asymptomatic HCWs with a documented complete vaccination cycle of 3 doses of mRNA vaccination and no previous history of infection. Our sample was composed of 49.44% males and 50.56% females, with an age ranging from 21 to 71 years, and a mean age of 46.73 years. All of the HCWs' sera were collected from April to July 2022 at the Sant'Elia Hospital of Caltanissetta to investigate the immunologic responses against anti-RBD, anti-S1, anti-S2, and anti-N IgG abs. RESULTS A significant difference in age between HCWs who were positive and negative for anti-N IgG was observed. For anti-S2 IgG, a significant difference between HCWs who were negative and positive compared to anti-N IgG was observed only for positive HCWs, with values including 10 (U/mL)-100 (U/mL); meanwhile, for anti-RBD IgG and anti-S1 IgG levels, there was only a significant difference observed for positive HCWs with diluted titers. For the negative values of anti-N IgG, among the titer dilution levels of anti-RBD, anti-S1, and anti-S2 IgG, the anti-S2 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD and anti-S1 levels; in addition, the anti-S1 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD IgG levels. For the anti-N IgG positive levels, only the anti-S2 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD IgG and anti-S1 IgG levels. Finally, a logistic regression analysis showed that age and anti-S2 IgG were negative and positive predictors of anti-N IgG levels, respectively. The analysis between the vaccine type and mixed mRNA combination showed higher levels of antibodies in mixed vaccinated HCWs. This finding disappeared in the anti-N positive group. CONCLUSIONS Most anti-N positive HCWs showed antibodies against the S2 domain and were young subjects. Therefore, the authors suggest that including the anti-SARS-CoV-2-S2 in antibody profiles can serve as a complementary testing approach to qRT-PCR for the early identification of asymptomatic infections in order to reduce the impact of potential new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our serological investigation on the type of mRNA vaccine and mixed mRNA vaccines shows that future investigations on the serological responses in vaccinated asymptomatic patients exposed to previous infection or reinfection are warranted for updated vaccine boosters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Serra
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Andriolo
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Provincial Health Authority of Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Ignazio Butera
- Degree Course in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Scholl of Hypatia, University of Palermo, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzola
- Infectious Disease Unit, Provincial Health Authority of Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Consolato Maria Sergi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Teresa Maria Assunta Fasciana
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gagliano
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Buffington J, Duan Z, Kwon HJ, Hong J, Li D, Feng M, Xie H, Ho M. Identification of nurse shark V NAR single-domain antibodies targeting the spike S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22973. [PMID: 37191949 PMCID: PMC10715488 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202099rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the spike protein, specifically the S1 subunit or the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, have gained attention due to their clinical efficacy in treating patients diagnosed with COVID-19. An alternative to conventional antibody therapeutics is the use of shark new antigen variable receptor domain (VNAR ) antibodies. VNAR s are small (<15 kDa) and can reach deep into the pockets or grooves of the target antigen. Here, we have isolated 53 VNAR s that bind to the S2 subunit by phage panning from a naïve nurse shark VNAR phage display library constructed in our laboratory. Among those binders, S2A9 showed the best neutralization activity against the original pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus. Several binders, including S2A9, showed cross-reactivity against S2 subunits from other β coronaviruses. Furthermore, S2A9 showed neutralization activity against all variants of concern (VOCs) from alpha to omicron (including BA1, BA2, BA4, and BA5) in both pseudovirus and live virus neutralization assays. Our findings suggest that S2A9 could be a promising lead molecule for the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. The nurse shark VNAR phage library offers a novel platform that can be used to rapidly isolate single-domain antibodies against emerging viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Buffington
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingqian Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo L, Lin S, Chen Z, Cao Y, He B, Lu G. Targetable elements in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit for the design of pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors and vaccines. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:197. [PMID: 37164987 PMCID: PMC10170451 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused devastating impacts on the public health and the global economy. Rapid viral antigenic evolution has led to the continual generation of new variants. Of special note is the recently expanding Omicron subvariants that are capable of immune evasion from most of the existing neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). This has posed new challenges for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, exploring broad-spectrum antiviral agents to combat the emerging variants is imperative. In sharp contrast to the massive accumulation of mutations within the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), the S2 fusion subunit has remained highly conserved among variants. Hence, S2-based therapeutics may provide effective cross-protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we summarize the most recently developed broad-spectrum fusion inhibitors (e.g., nAbs, peptides, proteins, and small-molecule compounds) and candidate vaccines targeting the conserved elements in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit. The main focus includes all the targetable S2 elements, namely, the fusion peptide, stem helix, and heptad repeats 1 and 2 (HR1-HR2) bundle. Moreover, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics and action-mechanisms for each class of cross-reactive fusion inhibitors, which should guide and promote future design of S2-based inhibitors and vaccines against new coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zimin Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amanat F, Clark J, Carreño JM, Strohmeier S, Yellin T, Meade PS, Bhavsar D, Muramatsu H, Sun W, Coughlan L, Pardi N, Krammer F. Immunity to Seasonal Coronavirus Spike Proteins Does Not Protect from SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in a Mouse Model but Has No Detrimental Effect on Protection Mediated by COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. J Virol 2023; 97:e0166422. [PMID: 36779758 PMCID: PMC10062180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01664-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal coronaviruses have been circulating widely in the human population for many years. With increasing age, humans are more likely to have been exposed to these viruses and to have developed immunity against them. It has been hypothesized that this immunity to seasonal coronaviruses may provide partial protection against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it has also been shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination induces a back-boosting effects against the spike proteins of seasonal betacoronaviruses. In this study, we tested if immunity to the seasonal coronavirus spikes from OC43, HKU1, 229E, or NL63 would confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in a mouse model, and whether pre-existing immunity against these spikes would weaken the protection afforded by mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. We found that mice vaccinated with the seasonal coronavirus spike proteins had no increased protection compared to the negative controls. While a negligible back-boosting effect against betacoronavirus spike proteins was observed after SARS-CoV-2 infection, there was no negative original antigenic sin-like effect on the immune response and protection induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in animals with pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronavirus spike proteins. IMPORTANCE The impact that immunity against seasonal coronaviruses has on both susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as on COVID-19 vaccination is unclear. This study provides insights into both questions in a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Temima Yellin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip S. Meade
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Disha Bhavsar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|