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Marcou T, Revilla TA, Křivan V. Evolutionary emergence of plant and pollinator polymorphisms in consumer-resource mutualisms. J Theor Biol 2024:111911. [PMID: 39069203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mutualism is considered a major driver of biodiversity, as it enables extensive codiversification in terrestrial communities. An important case is flowering plants and their pollinators, where convergent selection on plant and pollinator traits is combined with divergent selection to minimize niche overlap within each group. In this article, we study the emergence of polymorphisms in communities structured trophically: plants are the primary producers of resources required by the primary consumers, the servicing pollinators. We model natural selection on traits affecting mutualism between plants and pollinators and competition within these two trophic levels. We show that phenotypic diversification is favored by broad plant niches, suggesting that bottom-up trophic control leads to codiversification. Mutualistic generalism, i.e., tolerance to differences in plant and pollinator traits, promotes a cascade of evolutionary branching favored by bottom-up plant competition dependent on similarity and top-down mutualistic services that broaden plant niches. Our results predict a strong positive correlation between the diversity of plant and pollinator phenotypes, which previous work has partially attributed to the trophic dependence of pollinators on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marcou
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomás A Revilla
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Křivan
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Nagoshi RN, Davis JA, Meagher RL, Musser FR, Head GP, Portillo H, Teran H. Evidence for Two Soybean Looper Strains in the United States with Limited Capacity for Cross-Hybridization. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1509. [PMID: 37510413 PMCID: PMC10379416 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The noctuid moth soybean looper (SBL), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) is an economically important pest of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the southeastern United States. It has characteristics that are of particular concern for pest mitigation that include a broad host range, the capacity for annual long-distance flight, and resistance in some populations to important pesticides such as pyrethroids and chitin synthesis inhibitor. The biology of SBL in the United States resembles that of the fellow noctuid fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), a major pest of corn and several other crops. FAW exhibits a population structure in that it can be divided into two groups (host strains) that differ in their host preferences but are broadly sympatric and exhibit incomplete reproductive isolation. In this paper, strategies used to characterize the FAW strains were applied to SBL to assess the likelihood of population structure in the United States. Evidence is presented for two SBL strains that were defined phylogenetically and display differences in the proportions of a small set of genetic markers. The populations exhibit evidence of reproductive barriers sufficient to allow persistent asymmetry in the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes. The identified molecular markers will facilitate studies characterizing the behaviors of these two populations, with relevance to pest mitigation and efforts to prevent further dispersal of the resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney N Nagoshi
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Davis
- Department of Entomology, LSU Agricultural Center, 404 Life Science Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Robert L Meagher
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - Hector Portillo
- FMC Agricultural Solutions, Stine Research Center, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Henry Teran
- Corteva Agriscience™, Carr #3 Km 156.5, Salinas, PR 00751, USA
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3
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Mehrparvar M, Zytynska SE, Balog A, Weisser WW. Coexistence through mutualist-dependent reversal of competitive hierarchies. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1247-1259. [PMID: 29375795 PMCID: PMC5773332 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that allow for the coexistence of two competing species that share a trophic level can be broadly divided into those that prevent competitive exclusion of one species within a local area, and those that allow for coexistence only at a regional level. While the presence of aphid‐tending ants can change the distribution of aphids among host plants, the role of mutualistic ants has not been fully explored to understand coexistence of multiple aphid species in a community. The tansy plant (Tanacetum vulgare) hosts three common and specialized aphid species, with only one being tended by ants. Often, these aphids species will not coexist on the same plant but will coexist across multiple plant hosts in a field. In this study, we aim to understand how interactions with mutualistic ants and predators affect the coexistence of multiple species of aphid herbivores on tansy. We show that the presence of ants drives community assembly at the level of individual plant, that is, the local community, by favoring one ant‐tended species, Metopeurum fuscoviride, while preying on the untended Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria and, to a lesser extent, Uroleucon tanaceti. Competitive hierarchies without ants were very different from those with ants. At the regional level, multiple tansy plants provide a habitat across which all aphid species can coexist at the larger spatial scale, while being competitively excluded at the local scale. In this case, ant mutualist‐dependent reversal of the competitive hierarchy can drive community dynamics in a plant–aphid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany.,Present address: Department of Biodiversity Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture Faculty of Technical and Human Science Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Tirgu-Mures Romania
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Centre for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
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Rabajante JF, Tubay JM, Uehara T, Morita S, Ebert D, Yoshimura J. Red Queen dynamics in multi-host and multi-parasite interaction system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10004. [PMID: 25899168 PMCID: PMC4405699 DOI: 10.1038/srep10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In host-parasite systems, dominant host types are expected to be eventually replaced by other hosts due to the elevated potency of their specific parasites. This leads to changes in the abundance of both hosts and parasites exhibiting cycles of alternating dominance called Red Queen dynamics. Host-parasite models with less than three hosts and parasites have been demonstrated to exhibit Red Queen cycles, but natural host-parasite interactions typically involve many host and parasite types resulting in an intractable system with many parameters. Here we present numerical simulations of Red Queen dynamics with more than ten hosts and specialist parasites under the condition of no super-host nor super-parasite. The parameter region where the Red Queen cycles arise contracts as the number of interacting host and parasite types increases. The interplay between inter-host competition and parasite infectivity influences the condition for the Red Queen dynamics. Relatively large host carrying capacity and intermediate rates of parasite mortality result in never-ending cycles of dominant types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomar F Rabajante
- 1] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan [2] Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Jerrold M Tubay
- 1] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan [2] Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Morita
- Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4059 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- 1] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan [2] Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan [3] Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan [4] Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 U.S.A
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Dual invasion analysis: a general model of novel ecological dynamics due to Bt product and resistant pests in wild settings. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-013-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Roth G, Schreiber SJ. Persistence in fluctuating environments for interacting structured populations. J Math Biol 2013; 69:1267-317. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-013-0739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schreiber SJ, Killingback TP. Spatial heterogeneity promotes coexistence of rock–paper–scissors metacommunities. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 86:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Forcing by rare species and intransitive loops creates distinct bouts of extinction events conditioned by spatial pattern in competition communities. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-012-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Finlay-Doney M, Walter GH. The conceptual and practical implications of interpreting diet breadth mechanistically in generalist predatory insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Finlay-Doney
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
| | - Gimme H. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
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van Gils JA, van der Geest M, Jansen EJ, Govers LL, de Fouw J, Piersma T. Trophic cascade induced by molluscivore predator alters pore-water biogeochemistry via competitive release of prey. Ecology 2012; 93:1143-52. [DOI: 10.1890/11-1282.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Ecological Complexity and Pest Control in Organic Coffee Production: Uncovering an Autonomous Ecosystem Service. Bioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Faria LDB, Costa MIDS. Omnivorous food web, prey preference and allochthonous nutrient input. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Faria LDB, Costa MIS. The interplay among prey preference, nutrient enrichment and stability in an omnivory system. BRAZ J BIOL 2009; 69:1027-35. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842009000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food webs usually display an intricate mix of trophic interactions where multiple prey are common. In this context omnivory has been the subject of intensive analysis regarding food web stability and structure. In a three species omnivory setting it is shown that the modeling of prey preference by the top predator may exert a strong influence on the short as well as on the long term dynamics of the respective food web. Clearly, this has implications concerning the stability and the structure of omnivory systems under disturbances such as nutrient enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MIS. Costa
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Brazil
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14
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Dobson A. Food-web structure and ecosystem services: insights from the Serengeti. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1665-82. [PMID: 19451118 PMCID: PMC2685430 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central organizing theme of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of the Serengeti grassland ecosystem from the perspective of recent developments in food-web theory. The seasonal rainfall patterns that characterize the East African climate create an annually oscillating, large-scale, spatial mosaic of feeding opportunities for the larger ungulates in the Serengeti; this in turn creates a significant annual variation in the food available for their predators. At a smaller spatial scale, periodic fires during the dry season create patches of highly nutritious grazing that are eaten in preference to the surrounding older patches of less palatable vegetation. The species interactions between herbivores and plants, and carnivores and herbivores, are hierarchically nested in the Serengeti food web, with the largest bodied consumers on each trophic level having the broadest diets that include species from a large variety of different habitats in the ecosystem. The different major habitats of the Serengeti are also used in a nested fashion; the highly nutritious forage of the short grass plains is available only to the larger migratory species for a few months each year. The longer grass areas, the woodlands and kopjes (large partially wooded rocky islands in the surrounding mosaic of grassland) contain species that are resident throughout the year; these species often have smaller body size and more specialized diets than the migratory species. Only the larger herbivores and carnivores obtain their nutrition from all the different major habitat types in the ecosystem. The net effect of this is to create a nested hierarchy of subchains of energy flow within the larger Serengeti food web; these flows are seasonally forced by rainfall and operate at different rates in different major branches of the web. The nested structure that couples sequential trophic levels together interacts with annual seasonal variation in the fast and slow chains of nutrient flow in a way that is likely to be central to the stability of the whole web. If the Serengeti is to be successfully conserved as a fully functioning ecosystem, then it is essential that the full diversity of natural habitats be maintained within the greater Serengeti ecosystem. The best way to do this is by controlling the external forces that threaten the boundaries of the ecosystem and by balancing the economic services the park provides between local, national and international needs. I conclude by discussing how the ecosystem services provided by the Serengeti are driven by species on different trophic levels. Tourism provides the largest financial revenue to the national economy, but it could be better organized to provide more sustained revenue to the park. Ultimately, ecotourism needs to be developed in ways that take lessons from the structure of the Serengeti food webs, and in ways that provide tangible benefits to people living around the park while also improving the experience of all visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 8544-1003, USA.
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15
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Behmer ST, Joern A. Coexisting generalist herbivores occupy unique nutritional feeding niches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1977-82. [PMID: 18238894 PMCID: PMC2538867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711870105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A mainstay of ecological theory and practice is that coexisting species use different resources, leading to the local development of biodiversity. However, a problem arises for understanding coexistence of multiple species if they share critical resources too generally. Here, we employ an experimental framework grounded in nutritional physiology to show that closely related, cooccurring and generalist-feeding herbivores (seven grasshopper species in the genus Melanoplus; Orthoptera: Acrididae) eat protein and carbohydrate in different absolute amounts and ratios even if they eat the same plant taxa. The existence of species-specific nutritional niches provides a cryptic mechanism that helps explain how generalist herbivores with broadly overlapping diets might coexist. We also show that performance by grasshoppers allowed to mix their diets and thus regulate their protein-carbohydrate intake matched optimal performance peaks generated from no-choice treatments. These results indicate the active nature of diet selection to achieve balanced diets and provide buffering capacity in the face of variable food quality. Our empirical findings and experimental approach can be extended to generate and test predictions concerning the intensity of biotic interactions between species, the relative abundance of species, yearly fluctuations in population size, and the nature of interactions with natural enemies in tritrophic niche space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
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Abrams P, Nakajima M. Does Competition between Resources Change the Competition between Their Consumers to Mutualism? Variations on Two Themes by Vandermeer. Am Nat 2007; 170:744-57. [DOI: 10.1086/522056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Preedy KF, Schofield PG, Chaplain MAJ, Hubbard SF. Disease induced dynamics in host-parasitoid systems: chaos and coexistence. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:463-71. [PMID: 17251140 PMCID: PMC2373399 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All animals and plants are, to some extent, susceptible to disease caused by varying combinations of parasites, viruses and bacteria. In this paper, we present a mathematical model of interactions between a host, two parasitoids and a pathogen which shows that the presence of an infection can preserve and promote diversity in such multi-species systems. Initially, we use a system of ordinary differential equations to investigate interactions between two species of parasitoids, a host and a host infection. We show that the presence of all four species is necessary for the system as a whole to persist, and that in particular, the presence of the pathogen is necessary for the coexistence of the two parasitoid species. The inclusion of infection induces a wide range of dynamics, including chaos, and these dynamics are robust for a wide range of parameter values. We then extend the model to include spatial effects by introducing random motility (diffusion) of all three species and examine the subsequent spatio-temporal dynamics, including travelling waves and other more complicated heterogeneous behaviour. The computational simulation results of the model suggest that infection in the hosts can blunt the effects of competition between parasitoids, allowing the weaker competitor to survive. Regardless of the nature of the stability of the coexistent steady state of the system, there is an initial period of transient dynamics, the length of which can be extended by an appropriate choice of initial conditions. The existence of these transient dynamics suggests that systems subject to regular restoration to a starting state, such as agro-ecosystems, may be kept in a continual state of dynamic transience, and this has implications for the use of natural enemies to control insect pests, the preservation of biodiversity in farmland habitats and the more general dynamics of disease processes.
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Vandermeer J, Liere H, Lin B. Effects of predation pressure on species packing on a resource gradient: insights from nonlinear dynamics. Theor Popul Biol 2006; 69:395-408. [PMID: 16442138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The classical case of three competitors arranged on a resource gradient such that the central competitor will be excluded due to competition from the other two is studied from the point of view of the effects of added predators. The basic formulation is motivated by a desire to understand the effects of asymmetries in multidimensional Lotka-Volterra systems. We first study the effects of perfectly specialist predators and find a rich collection of possible behaviors of the system including (1) extinction of all predators and subsequent extinction of the subordinate competitor, (2) dominant competitors and their predators coexist but the subdominant competitor goes extinct, (3) all species except the predator of the subordinate competitor coexist in coordinated phase-reversed chaos, (4) exclusion of one or more species occurs through an expanding heteroclinic cycle, and (5) all species coexist in an uncoordinated chaos. We then study the effects of five qualitatively distinct forms of polyphagy. In one case, corresponding to the well-known vulnerability to predation versus competitive ability trade-off, it is possible to have the subordinate competitor be the only survivor in the system. The other three cases of polyphagy lead to distortions in the basic pattern seen in the previously analyzed specialist case. Studying this case of ecologically motivated asymmetries in the basic Lotka-Volterra formulation is a step in the direction of fully understanding interacting populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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