1
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Liu S, Lu J, Li Z. Water quality criteria derivation and ecological risk assessment for organophosphorus pesticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140726. [PMID: 37979809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are a group of neurotoxic compounds that can cause neural dysfunction, overstimulation, paralysis, and even death to numerous non-target organisms. Despite their potential ecological impacts, there is a lack of research on water quality criteria (WQC) for OPPs, which hinders the risk assessment for these pollutants. This study aimed to derive short-term and long-term water quality criteria (SWQC and LWQC, respectively) for eight common OPPs through the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methodology. The ecological risk of these compounds in aquatic environments was consequently assessed using a four-level tiered approach. The results showed that the derived SWQC ranged from 0.0245 μg/L (chlorpyrifos) to 18.6 μg/L (dimethoate), while the LWQC ranged from 0.326 ng/L (chlorpyrifos) to 0.354 μg/L (dimethoate). OPPs were widely recorded in different waters with concentrations up to 40.9 μg/L. The tiered approach results indicated that most OPPs had a low acute risk but a severe chronic risk. The estimated chronic hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated with a maximum of 4782, the exceedance probabilities with a maximum of 97.6%, and the overall probabilities (ORP) with a range of between 0.08% and 11.5%. These findings suggest that the contamination of OPPs in aquatic environments warrants further concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jinyu Lu
- College of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Zhengyan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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2
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Huang D, Li S, Lu Y, Sha M, Li J. Effects of diflubenzuron on shrimp (Neocaridina palmata) in freshwater systems dominated by submerged plant (Ceratophyllum demersum). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137567. [PMID: 36529168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diflubenzuron (DFB) is a benzoylbenzourea insect growth regulator widely used in agriculture, horticulture, and vector control. Therefore, it can easily pollute water bodies and cause harm to aquatic life and ecosystems. To evaluate the impact of DFB on atyid shrimp Neocaridina palmate, the insecticide was applied, at 0, 0.74, 2.222, 6.667, 20, and 60 μg L-1, to indoor systems dominated by submerged plant Ceratophyllum demersum. The highest no observed effect concentration and the lowest observed effect concentration was determined to be 0.167 and 0.536 μg L-1, respectively, as it was counted with either activity or immune-reactive content of chitobiase. Subcellular indices were more sensitive, with a lowest observed effect concentration below 0.107 μg L-1. Principal response curves (PRC) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that DFB reduced the biomass of C. demersum and the content of chlorophyll-a and phycocyanin in the media. The biomass of periphyton were promoted at the high concentrations. According to the PRC and PCA, DFB reduced the bacterial population related to photoautotrophy, sulphur reduction, and sulphur oxidation and it promoted those related to photoheterotrophy, nitrate reduction, nitrate denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. Besides, DFB reduced fungi related to denitrification. PRC and PCA showed that DFB had a negative impact on pH and dissolved oxygen levels and a positive impact on NH4-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, and conductivity, suggesting the deterioration in quality of water. This study provided useful information for understanding the ecotoxicological effects of DFB at population and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoshuai Huang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaonan Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Sha
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Di Nica V, González ABM, Lencioni V, Villa S. Behavioural and biochemical alterations by chlorpyrifos in aquatic insects: an emerging environmental concern for pristine Alpine habitats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30918-30926. [PMID: 31630352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess how different concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (1.1, 5.24, 11, 52.4, 110, 262, 524 and 1100 ng L-1) affect the swimming behaviour of Diamesa zernyi larvae following exposure. A video tracking system was employed to analyse two swimming traits (total distance moved and average speed) of the larvae simultaneously after 3 days of exposure to the pesticide at 2 °C. The behavioural results were also interpreted according to biochemical responses to oxidative stress (OS) induced by chlorpyrifos, based on malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCC) content. Both distance and speed significantly decreased after 72 h of exposure to chlorpyrifos concentrations of ≥ 110 ng L-1, under which significant OS was detected as lipid peroxidation (level of MDA) and protein carbonylation (level of carbonyl). Analysis of altered swimming behaviour, along with MDA and carbonyl content, indicated that ≥ 110 ng L-1 contamination levels of the insecticide cause the organism to reallocate energy normally used for locomotor activity to repair cell damage, which might explain the strong impairment to locomotor performance. Locomotor performance is an ecologically relevant trait for elucidating the population dynamics of key species, with disturbance to this trait having long-term negative impacts on population and community structure. Therefore, chlorpyrifos insecticides represent a serious ecological risk for mountain aquatic species based on the detrimental effects observed in the current study, as the tested concentrations were those at which the insecticide is found in many Alpine rivers of Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Nica
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Belén Muñiz González
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
- Group of Biology and Environmental Toxicology, Department Physics, Mathematics and Fluids, Science Faculty, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Lencioni
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza, 3, 38122, Trento, Italy.
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Dionísio R, Daniel D, Alkimin GDD, Nunes B. Multi-parametric analysis of ciprofloxacin toxicity at ecologically relevant levels: Short- and long-term effects on Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103295. [PMID: 31786495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increased presence of emergent compounds, such as pharmaceuticals drugs, in the aquatic compartment has been acknowledged as an evolving environmental issue whose consequences are not yet fully characterized. Specific classes of pharmaceutical drugs, such as fluoroquinolone antibiotics, can exert toxic effects to non-target species with ecological significance, since these compounds are environmentally stable and persistent, and may interact with some of the key physiologic processes of organisms. Despite such characteristics, knowledge about the effects of these drugs is still scarce, especially to non-target organisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic and acute exposures of the cladoceran Daphnia magna to the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Putative toxic effects were assessed, following acute and chronic exposures to ecologically relevant concentrations of ciprofloxacin, through enzymatic (cholinesterase - ChEs, catalase - CAT, glutathione S-transferases - GSTs) and non-enzymatic (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS, glycogen - Gly) biomarkers. In addition, we also determined behavioural (swimming distance - SD) and morphological (body length of the first brood - BL1B) endpoints in animals exposed to this drug. Ciprofloxacin acute exposure resulted in increased CAT and ChEs activities, and inhibited GSTs activity. After chronic exposure, ChEs activity was significantly inhibited, while GSTs activity was significantly enhanced. TBARS levels were only increased at higher concentrations of ciprofloxacin. CAT activity and Gly content did not evidence a clear and significant pattern of variation. SD was slightly inhibited during dark cycles. BL1B presented a significant decrease for animals subjected to an intermediate concentration. Results showed that even ecologically relevant concentrations of ciprofloxacin may cause oxidative stress in individuals of D. magna. The present study showed important data that corroborate the occurrence of significant biochemical alterations in key features of an aquatic organism when exposed to relevant levels of a widely used antibiotic, establishing essential links between environmental exposure to this specific drug and putative toxic challenges that may result in irreversible changes and damages, especially at the individual level. However, changes in the size of neonates suggest that population alterations are likely to occur under real scenarios of chronic contamination by this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dionísio
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - David Daniel
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Dias de Alkimin
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tanaka Y, Nakamura K, Oda S, Watanabe H, Tatarazako N. Estimation of population-level effect of the endocrine disruptor pyriproxyfen in Daphnia magna by using changes in sex ratio and reproductive output. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:463-475. [PMID: 29605666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we developed an analytical means of estimating population-level effects of endocrine disruptors on Daphnia magna. Our approach was based on the fact that the endocrine-disrupting juvenile hormone analogs induce the production of male neonates if they are exposed to the analogs during a particular period in their prenatal development; the method also assumed that the abnormal production of male neonates in the sake of production of female neonates reduces population growth. We constructed a linear toxicodynamics model to elucidate the period in which D. magna neonates are sensitive to exposure to the analog and also the probability of an individual neonate changing sex under specific exposure concentrations. The proposed model was applied to D. magna reproduction test data obtained under time-varying exposure to pyriproxyfen to derive the maximum-likelihood estimates and the posterior distributions of the model parameters. To quantitatively assess the ecological risk at the population level, we conducted a population dynamics simulation under two time-varying exposure scenarios (i.e., constant or pulsed exposure) by using an age-structured population model. When the change in sex ratio was based on the time-weighted average concentration during the period of sensitivity, change in sex ratio caused approximately equivalent population-level effects as did reproductive inhibition (i.e., reduction in the total number of neonates per female parent) regardless of the exposure scenario. In contrast, when change in sex ratio was based on maximum concentration during the sensitive period, change in sex ratio caused only half the population-level effects as did reproductive inhibition under constant exposure, whereas it caused a much larger population-level effect than did reproductive inhibition under pulsed exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Tanaka
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Sophia University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kensei Nakamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeto Oda
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ehime University, Graduate School of Agriculture, 10-13 Dogo-Himata, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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Glavan G, Kos M, Božič J, Drobne D, Sabotič J, Kokalj AJ. Different response of acetylcholinesterases in salt- and detergent-soluble fractions of honeybee haemolymph, head and thorax after exposure to diazinon. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:8-14. [PMID: 29258877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticide diazinon is a specific inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is a common neurotoxicity biomarker in environmental studies. In honeybees, AChE exists in two forms having different physiological roles, one existing as a soluble form and the other as membrane-bound. In most studies AChE activity has been analysed without paying considerable attention to different forms of AChE. In this study, we exposed honeybees Apis mellifera carnica for 10days to diazinon via oral exposure and analysed the total AChE activities in salt soluble (SS) and detergent soluble (DS) fractions. We assumed that SS fraction would preferentially contain the soluble AChE, but the DS fraction would contain only membrane AChE. On the contrary, our results showed that SS and DS fractions both contain soluble and membrane AChE and the latter has considerably higher activity. Despite this we obtained a differential response of AChE activity in SS and DS fractions when exposed to diazinon. The head/thorax AChE activity in DS fraction decreased, while the head/thorax AChE activity in SS fraction increased at sublethal concentrations. The AChE activity in honeybee hemolymph shown here for the first time is a salt soluble enzyme. Its activity remained unaltered after diazinon treatment. In conclusion, we provide evidence that varying results regarding AChE activity alterations upon stressor exposure are obtained when extracted through different procedures. In further environmental studies with honeybees this differential response of AChE activity should be given considerable attention because this affects the outcome of ecotoxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Kos
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Božič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Freitas EC, Printes LB, Rocha O. Use of cholinesterase activity as an ecotoxicological marker to assess anatoxin-a(s) exposure: Responses of two cladoceran species belonging to contrasting geographical regions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:150-162. [PMID: 28073528 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of cholinesterase (ChE) activity to detect the presence of anatoxin-a(s) and sublethal effects of a 7-day exposure to Anabaena spiroides extract containing anatoxin-a(s) were assessed in two freshwater cladoceran species. Activities of ChE of both Pseudosida ramosa and Daphnia magna can be used to indicate the presence of the neurotoxin anatoxin-a(s), but not for the hepatotoxic microcystin. Activity of ChE of P. ramosa, however, performed better as a biomarker of exposure to A. spiroides than that of D. magna. Furthermore, sublethal exposure to A. spiroides extract significantly inhibited the ChE activity in P. ramosa and negatively affected both individual and population endpoints. For D. magna, the inhibition of ChE activity was not related to effects at higher levels of biological organization, since no direct effect was recorded on the individual and population endpoints. The activity of ChE in P. ramosa also proved to be a good predictor of chronic effects of the A. spiroides extract at higher levels of biological organization, since 48-h ChE inhibition was linked to the sublethal effects on the individual and population. These relationships could not be established for D. magna. Since relationships between the effects of A. spiroides extract at different levels of biological organization were species-specific, it can be concluded that the choice of test organism interferes with the accuracy of the environment risk assessment of this neurotoxin and, hence, the use of native species is recommended for its assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Liane Biehl Printes
- Special Bureau for the Environment, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The genetic recovery of resistant populations released from pesticide exposure is
accelerated by the presence of environmental stressors. By contrast, the
relevance of environmental stressors for the spread of resistance during
pesticide exposure has not been studied. Moreover, the consequences of
interactions between different stressors have not been considered. Here we show
that stress through intraspecific competition accelerates microevolution,
because it enhances fitness differences between adapted and non-adapted
individuals. By contrast, stress through interspecific competition or predation
reduces intraspecific competition and thereby delays microevolution. This was
demonstrated in mosquito populations (Culex quinquefasciatus)
that were exposed to the pesticide chlorpyrifos. Non-selective predation through
harvesting and interspecific competition with Daphnia magna
delayed the selection for individuals carrying the
ace-1R resistance allele. Under non-toxic
conditions, susceptible individuals without ace-1R
prevailed. Likewise, predation delayed the reverse adaptation of the populations
to a non-toxic environment, while the effect of interspecific competition was
not significant. Applying a simulation model, we further identified how
microevolution is generally determined by the type and degree of competition and
predation. We infer that interactions with other species—especially
strong in ecosystems with high biodiversity—can delay the development of
pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Martin Becker
- Department System Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH-Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- Department System Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Department of Ecosystem Analysis, RWTH-Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Liu HC, Yuan BQ, Li SN. Developing antibodies from cholinesterase derived from prokaryotic expression and testing their feasibility for detecting immunogen content in Daphnia magna. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:110-26. [PMID: 26834012 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To yield cholinesterase (ChE) from prokaryotic expression, the ChE gene that belongs to Daphnia magna was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using forward primer 5'-CCCYGGNGCSAT GATGTG-3' and reverse primer 5'-GYAAGTTRGCCCAATATCT-3'. To express the gene, one sequence of the amplified DNA, which was able to encode a putative protein containing two conserved carboxylesterase domains, was connected to the prokaryotic expression vector PET-29a(+). The recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coil BL21 (DE3). Protein expression was induced by isopropy-D-thiogalactoside. The expressed ChE was used as an immunogen to immunize BALB/c mice. The obtained antibodies were tested for their specificity towards crude enzymes from species such as Alona milleri, Macrobrachium nipponense, Bombyx mori, Chironomus kiiensis, Apis mellifera, Eisenia foetida, Brachydanio rerio, and Xenopus laevis. Results indicated that the antibodies had specificity suitable for detecting ChE in Daphnia magna. A type of indirect and non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IN-ELISA) was used to test the immunoreactive content of ChE (ChE-IR) in Daphina magna. The detection limit of the IN-ELISA was found to be 14.5 ng/ml at an antiserum dilution of 1:22 000. Results from tests on Daphnia magna exposed to sublethal concentrations of triazophos indicated a maximal induction of 57.2% in terms of ChE-IR on the second day after the animals were exposed to a concentration of 2.10 μg/L triazophos. Testing on animals acclimatized to a temperature of 16 °C indicated that ChE-IR was induced by 16.9% compared with the ChE-IR content detected at 21 °C, and the rate of induction was 25.6% at 10 °C. The IN-ELISA was also used to test the stability of ChE-IR in collected samples. Repeated freezing and thawing had no influence on the outcome of the test. All these results suggest that the polyclonal antibodies developed against the recombinant ChE are as efficient as those developed against the native ChE in detecting ChE content in Daphnia magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-cui Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Bing-qiang Yuan
- Institute of Technology Innovation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Shao-nan Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Sancho E, Villarroel MJ, Ferrando MD. Assessment of chronic effects of tebuconazole on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna after different exposure times. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:10-17. [PMID: 26436476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the fungicide tebuconazole (0.41, 0.52, 0.71 and 1.14mg/L) on survival, reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna organisms was monitored using 14 and 21 days exposure tests. A third experiment was performed by exposing D. magna to the fungicide for 14 days followed by 7 days of recovery (14+7). In order to test fungicide effects on D. magna, parameters as survival, mean whole body length, mean total number of neonates per female, mean number of broods per female, mean brood size per female, time to first brood/reproduction and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were used. Reproduction was seriously affected by tebuconazole. All tebuconazole concentrations tested affected the number of broods per female and day to first brood. At 14-days test, number of neonates per female and body size decreased by concentrations of tebuconazole higher than 0.52mg/L, whereas at 21-days test both parameters were affected at all the concentrations tested. Survival of the daphnids after 14 days fungicide exposure did not exhibited differences among experimental and control groups. In this experiment r value was reduced (in a 22%) when animals were exposed to concentrations of 0.71mg/L and 1.14mg/L. Survival of daphnids exposed during 21 days to 1.14mg/L declined, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased in a 30 % for tebuconazole concentrations higher than 0.41mg/L. Longevity of daphnids pre-exposed to tebuconazole for 14 days and 7 days in clean water did not show differences from control values and all of them survived the 21 days of the test. However, after 7 days in fungicide free medium animals were unable to restore control values for reproductive parameters and length. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated using the r values as parameter of evaluation. MATC estimations were 0.61mg/L and 0.46mg/L for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Results showed that the number of neonates per female was the highest sensitive parameter to the effects of tebuconazole on D. magna. On the other hand, a recovery period of 7 days in a free toxicant medium would not be longer enough to reestablish normal reproduction parameters in pre-exposed tebuconazole daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sancho
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Villarroel
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Ferrando
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Dept. Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Nagato EG, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolomics reveals energetic impairments in Daphnia magna exposed to diazinon, malathion and bisphenol-A. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:175-186. [PMID: 26655661 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to study the response of Daphnia magna to increasing sub-lethal concentrations of either an organophosphate (diazinon or malathion) or bisphenol-A (BPA). Principal component analysis (PCA) of (1)H NMR spectra were used to screen metabolome changes after 48h of contaminant exposure. The PCA scores plots showed that diazinon exposures resulted in aberrant metabolomic profiles at all exposure concentrations tested (0.009-0.135 μg/L), while for malathion the second lowest (0.08μg/L) and two highest exposure concentrations (0.32μg/L and 0.47μg/L) caused significant shifts from the control. Individual metabolite changes for both organophosphates indicated that the response to increasing exposure was non-linear and described perturbations in the metabolome that were characteristic of the severity of exposure. For example, intermediate concentrations of diazinon (0.045μg/L and 0.09μg/L) and malathion (0.08μg/L) elicited a decrease in amino acids such as leucine, valine, arginine, glycine, lysine, glutamate, glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, with concurrent increases in glucose and lactate, suggesting a mobilization of energy resources to combat stress. At the highest exposure concentrations for both organophosphates there was evidence of a cessation in metabolic activity, where the same amino acids increased and glucose and lactate decreased, suggesting a slowdown in protein synthesis and depletion of energy stocks. This demonstrated a similar response in the metabolome between two organophosphates but also that intermediate and severe stress levels could be differentiated by changes in the metabolome. For BPA exposures, the PCA scores plot showed a significant change in metabolome at 0.1mg/L, 1.4mg/L and 2.1mg/L of exposure. Individual metabolite changes from 0.7 to 2.1mg/L of BPA exposure showed increases in amino acids such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. These metabolite changes were correlated with decreases in glucose and lactate. This pattern of response was also seen in the highest organophosphate exposures and suggested a generalized stress response that could be related to altered energy dynamics in D. magna. Through studying increasing exposure responses, we have demonstrated the ability of metabolomics to identify discrete differences between intermediate and severe stress, and also to characterize how systemic stress is manifested in the metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Nagato
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Pereira BB, de Campos Júnior EO. Enzymatic Alterations and Genotoxic Effects Produced by Sublethal Concentrations of Organophosphorous Temephos in Poecilia reticulata. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1033-1037. [PMID: 26252754 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The responses of biochemical and genetic parameters were evaluated in tissues of Poecilia reticulata exposed to sublethal and environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.005, 0.01, or 0.02 mg/L of the organophosphorous (OP) pesticide temephos (TE) for 168 h. Activities of enzymes brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and liver carboxylesterase (CbE) were determined. Nuclear abnormalities (NA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency in gill erythrocytes were also measured. No mortality was observed over the experimental period; however, brain AChE activities were decreased significantly in guppies in all TE treatment groups after 72 h of exposure. Hepatic CbE activities of fish were increased in all TE treatment groups at 96, 120, and 144 h of exposure. The frequencies of MN and NA in fish gill erythrocytes displayed a marked rise after 168 h of exposure to concentrations of 0.01 or 0.02 mg/L TE. Thus, determination of these parameters may be employed as potential indices of exposure to TE using this sentinel organism for monitorining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- a Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health , Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior
- b Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Charron L, Geffard O, Chaumot A, Coulaud R, Jaffal A, Gaillet V, Dedourge-Geffard O, Geffard A. Consequences of lower food intake on the digestive enzymes activities, the energy reserves and the reproductive outcome in Gammarus fossarum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125154. [PMID: 25880985 PMCID: PMC4400123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive enzyme activity is often used as a sensitive response to environmental pollution. However, only little is known about the negative effects of stress on digestive capacities and their consequences on energy reserves and reproduction, although these parameters are important for the maintenance of populations. To highlight if changes in biochemical responses (digestive enzymes and reserves) led to impairments at an individual level (fertility), Gammarus fossarum were submitted to a lower food intake throughout a complete female reproductive cycle (i.e. from ovogenesis to offspring production). For both males and females, amylase activity was inhibited by the diet stress, whereas trypsin activity was not influenced. These results underline similar sensitivity of males and females concerning their digestive capacity. Energy reserves decreased with food starvation in females, and remained stable in males. The number of embryos per female decreased with food starvation. Lower digestive activity in males and females therefore appears as an early response. These results underline the ecological relevance of digestive markers, as they make it possible to anticipate upcoming consequences on reproduction in females, a key biological variable for population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Charron
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Ali Jaffal
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Gaillet
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
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Rocha R, Gonçalves F, Marques C, Nunes B. Environmental effects of anticholinesterasic therapeutic drugs on a crustacean species, Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4418-4429. [PMID: 24327113 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical drugs in the environment is an important field of toxicology, since such residues can cause deleterious effects on exposed biota. This study assessed the ecotoxicological acute and chronic effects of two anticholinesterasic drugs, neostigmine and pyridostigmine in Daphnia magna. Our study calculated 48 h-EC50 values for the immobilization assay of 167.7 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and 91.3 μg L(-1) for pyridostigmine. In terms of feeding behavior, we calculated a 5 h-EC50 for filtration rates of 7.1 and 0.2 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively; for the ingestion rates, the calculated EC50 values were, respectively, 7.5 and 0.2 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and pyridostigmine. In the reproduction assay, the most affected parameter was the somatic growth rate (LOECs of 21.0 and 2.9 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively), followed by the fecundity (LOECs of 41.9 and 11.4 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively). We also determined a 48 h-IC50 for cholinesterase activity of 1.7 and 4.5 μg L(-1) for neostigmine and pyridostigmine, respectively. These results demonstrated that both compounds are potentially toxic for D. magna at concentrations in the order of the μg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM (Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Freitas EC, Printes LB, Rocha O. Acute effects of Anabaena spiroides extract and paraoxon-methyl on freshwater cladocerans from tropical and temperate regions: links between the ChE activity and survival and its implications for tropical ecotoxicological studies. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 146:105-114. [PMID: 24291085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was measured in Pseudosida ramosa and Daphnia magna, which had previously been exposed to Anabaena spiroides extract or to paraoxon-methyl for 48 h. These activities were then related to survival at 48 h. For A. spiroides extract, the observed 48-h LC50 was 2.27 and 2.70 × 10(6)cells mL(-1), while for paraoxon-methyl it was 0.60 and 2.17 μg L(-1), respectively, for P. ramosa and D. magna. Dose-response relationships were obtained for both P. ramosa and D. magna, when exposed to A. spiroides extract or paraoxon-methyl. Thus, when the tested concentrations of the toxicants increased, ChE activity and survival decreased. The ratio between 48-h IC50 for ChE and 48-h LC50 ranged from 75% to 81% for P. ramosa and from 77% to 81% for D. magna. This indicated that the concentrations of both A. spiroides extract and paraoxon-methyl that cause 50% mortality also inhibit ChE activity by 50%. Also, it was found that, for P. ramosa, a 50% inhibition of ChE activity was associated with a survival of 59.5% and 60.9%, respectively, for A. spiroides extract and paraoxon-methyl. However, for D. magna, at high levels of inhibition of ChE activity, almost no mortality was detected. In this specific case, 50% inhibition of the ChE activity was associated with 90.4 and 95.4% survival for A. spiroides extract and paraoxon-methyl, respectively. In contrast, enzyme inhibition slightly above 60% had a strong detrimental effect on survival in D. magna. These different patterns found in the relationship between ChE inhibition and survival may be due to species-specific differences in the affinities of both acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterases, since the cladoceran ChE assays were performed with whole-body homogenates. In conclusion, when using ChE as a biochemical biomarker in risk assessment of cyanobacterial neurotoxic blooms in tropical regions, it is strongly recommended that native species are used, since our results revealed that P. ramosa was more sensitive than D. magna for both assay endpoints and both toxicants. Furthermore, the relationship between ChE activity and survival had a species-specific response. Therefore, the use of the model species D. magna in acute toxicity tests and ChE assays in tropical regions may lead to errors in the estimation of risks to the local species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Liane Biehl Printes
- Special Bureau for the Environment, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Willming MM, Qin G, Maul JD. Effects of environmentally realistic daily temperature variation on pesticide toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2738-45. [PMID: 23955707 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of several agricultural chemicals to aquatic invertebrates has been shown to be temperature-dependent, but the role of daily temperature variation has rarely been examined. The authors simulated a natural daily temperature pattern (a fluctuating cycle of 21 °C to 31 °C over a 24-h period) based on field-collected data from Southern High Plains wetlands (TX, USA) and conducted a series of experiments comparing responses from this exposure scenario to a constant exposure at 24 ± 1 °C. Results indicate alterations in pesticide toxicity under the fluctuating temperature regime compared with that of the constant temperature exposure. There was a significant interaction of temperature regime and bifenthrin on Chironomus dilutus survival, and C. dilutus ash-free dry mass was lower in the fluctuating temperature treatment. The 10-d median lethal concentration (LC50) for Hyalella azteca exposed to chlorothalonil was lower under the fluctuating temperature regime compared with the constant temperature regime. For Daphnia magna exposed to malathion, the main effects of temperature regime and malathion were observed on cholinesterase activity. The present study demonstrates how environmentally relevant daily temperature variation influences contaminant effects on aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Willming
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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17
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Jordaan MS, Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ. Biomarker responses and morphological effects in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus following sequential exposure to the organophosphate azinphos-methyl. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:133-140. [PMID: 24177216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are contaminants of aquatic environments. Such ecosystems in the Western Cape, South Africa are at risk as most organophosphates are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. The objective of this experimental study was firstly to determine the acute toxicity of azinphos-methyl (AZP) to juvenile fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and, secondly, to investigate the effects of repeated exposure of fish to an array of sublethal concentrations on morphological parameters such as growth, condition factor and organ-somatic indices. Food consumption and feeding response time were investigated as ecologically relevant behavioral endpoints which could affect growth, reproduction and survival and subsequently causes impacts at the population and/or community level. Finally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was used as biomarker to investigate effects at sub-organismal level following sequential exposure to AZP. The aim was to determine how sequential spraying procedures, using different exposure concentrations and intervals, affected fish as reflected by their responses at different organizational levels. A dose-dependent effect on feeding impairment was observed in the feeding response experiment. The correlation found between growth impairment, feeding activity and AChE inhibition therefore indicates that frequency of exposure can play an important role regarding the severity of impacts to non-target organisms. This study provides evidence that AZP has harmful effects on non-target aquatic organisms, such as fish which can be manifested in the early developmental stages. Sequential exposures showed that dosage and frequency of spraying and spraying interval could exacerbate harmful effects. AChE inhibition and organosomatic indices can be used effectively to measure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine S Jordaan
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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18
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Yang YX, Niu LZ, Li SN. Purification and studies on characteristics of cholinesterases from Daphnia magna. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:325-35. [PMID: 23549850 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to their significant value in both economy and ecology, Daphnia had long been employed to investigate in vivo response of cholinesterase (ChE) in anticholinesterase exposures, whereas the type constitution and property of the enzyme remained unclear. A type of ChE was purified from Daphnia magna using a three-step procedure, i.e., Triton X-100 extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose™-Fast-Flow chromatography. According to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), molecular mass of the purified ChE was estimated to be 84 kDa. Based on substrate studies, the purified enzyme preferred butyrylthiocholine iodide (BTCh) [with maximum velocity (Vmax)/Michaelis constant (Km)=8.428 L/(min·mg protein)] to acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) [with Vmax/Km=5.346 L/(min·mg protein)] as its substrate. Activity of the purified enzyme was suppressed by high concentrations of either ATCh or BTCh. Inhibitor studies showed that the purified enzyme was more sensitive towards inhibition by tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) than by 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl) pentan-3-one dibromide (BW284C51). Result of the study suggested that the purified ChE was more like a type of pseudocholinesterase, and it also suggested that Daphnia magna contained multiple types of ChE in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-xia Yang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Kretschmann A, Ashauer R, Hollender J, Escher BI. Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model for diazinon toxicity--mechanistic explanation of differences in the sensitivity of Daphnia magna and Gammarus pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2014-22. [PMID: 22653849 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model for acute toxic effects (immobilization, mortality) of the organothiophosphate insecticide diazinon in Daphnia magna is presented. The model was parameterized using measured external and internal (whole-body) concentrations of diazinon, its toxic metabolite diazoxon, and the inactive metabolite 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol, plus acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity measured during exposure to diazinon in vivo. The toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic model provides a coherent picture from exposure to the resulting toxic effect on an organism level through internally formed metabolites and the effect on a molecular scale. A very fast reaction of diazoxon with AChE (pseudo first-order inhibition rate constant k(i) = 3.3 h(-1)) compared with a slow formation of diazoxon (activation rate constant k(act) = 0.014 h(-1)) was responsible for the high sensitivity of D. magna toward diazinon. Recovery of AChE activity from inhibition was slow and rate-determining (99% recovery within 16 d), compared with a fast elimination of diazinon (99% elimination within 17 h). The obtained model parameters were compared with toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters of Gammarus pulex exposed to diazinon from previous work. This comparison revealed that G. pulex is less sensitive because of a six times faster detoxification of diazinon and diazoxon and an approximately 400 times lower rate for damage accrual. These differences overcompensate the two times faster activation of diazinon to diazoxon in G. pulex compared to D. magna. The present study substantiates theoretical considerations that mechanistically based effect models are helpful to explain sensitivity differences among different aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kretschmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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McCoole MD, D'Andrea BT, Baer KN, Christie AE. Genomic analyses of gas (nitric oxide and carbon monoxide) and small molecule transmitter (acetylcholine, glutamate and GABA) signaling systems in Daphnia pulex. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:124-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Brain RA, Brooks BW. Considerations and Criteria for the Incorporation of Mechanistic Sublethal Endpoints into Environmental Risk Assessment for Biologically Active Compounds. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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The Stepwise Behavioral Responses of Medaka (Oryzias latipes) to Organophosphorus Pesticides in an Online Monitoring System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kretschmann A, Ashauer R, Hitzfeld K, Spaak P, Hollender J, Escher BI. Mechanistic toxicodynamic model for receptor-mediated toxicity of diazoxon, the active metabolite of diazinon, in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4980-7. [PMID: 21539304 DOI: 10.1021/es1042386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The organothiophosphate diazinon inhibits the target site acetylcholinesterase only after activation to its metabolite diazoxon. Commonly, the toxicity of xenobiotics toward aquatic organisms is expressed as a function of the external concentration and the resulting effect on the individual level after fixed exposure times. This approach does not account for the time dependency of internal processes such as uptake, metabolism, and interaction of the toxicant with the target site. Here, we develop a mechanistic toxicodynamic model for Daphnia magna and diazoxon, which accounts for the inhibition of the internal target site acetylcholinesterase and its link to the observable effect, immobilization, and mortality. The model was parametrized by experiments performed in vitro with the active metabolite diazoxon on enzyme extracts and in vivo with the parent compound diazinon. The mechanism of acetylcholinesterase inhibition was shown to occur irreversibly in two steps via formation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex. The corresponding kinetic parameters revealed a very high sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase from D. magna toward diazoxon, which corresponds well with the high toxicity of diazinon toward this species. Recovery of enzyme activity but no recovery from immobilization was observed after in vivo exposure to diazinon. The toxicodynamic model combining all in vitro and in vivo parameters was successfully applied to describe the time course of immobilization in dependence of acetylcholinesterase activity during exposure to diazinon. The threshold value for enzyme activity below which immobilization set in amounted to 40% of the control activity. Furthermore, the model enabled the prediction of the time-dependent diazoxon concentration directly present at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kretschmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Nunes B. The use of cholinesterases in ecotoxicology. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 212:29-59. [PMID: 21432054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase (ChE) is one of the most employed biomakers in environmental analysis. Among ChEs, potentially the most significant in environmental terms is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzymatic form that terminates the nerve impulse . Because of its physiological role, Ache has long been considered a highly specific biomarker for organisms exposed to anticholinesterasic agents, primarily agro-chemicals (organophosphate and carbamate pesticides). The effects of these pesticides depends upon their selective inhibition of AChE. Because large amounts of such pesticides are employed, it is plausible that they exert neurotoxic effects on some non-target species. Therefore, AChE is among the most valuable of diagnostic tools that can be used to verify exposure to such chemical agents. It is well known that assays are available for use quantifying AChE in multiple tissues of several test organisms. Enzymes other than AChE (e.g., butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterases) have also been used as putative markers for detecting the environmental presence of contaminating compounds. Researchers must use a step-by-step approach to identify the most prominent cholinesterasic form present in a given species, so that this form can be distinguished from others that may interfere with its use. Such fundamental work must be completed prior to using ChEs for any monitoring to assess for anticholinesterasic effects. Despite massive employment in environmental analysis, using ChE inhibition as an endpoint or effect criterion has been unsettled by the discovery the ChEs may interact in the environmental in previously unknown ways. Several chemicals, in addition to anticholinesterasic pesticides, are now known to inhibit ChE activity. Such chemical include detergents, metals, and certain organic compounds such as hydrocarbons. The situation is made worse, because the literature is contradictory as to the ability of such chemicals and elements to interact with ChEs. Some results indicate that ChE inhibition by metals, detergents , and complex mixtures do not or are unlikely to occur. These problems and contradictions are addressed in this review. It is purpose in this review to address the following practical issues related to the ChEs: 1. The situation and organisms in which ChEs have been employed as biomarkers in laboratory trials, and the need to fully characterize these enzymatic forms before they are used for environmental assessment purposes. 2. The ways in which ChEs have been used in field monitoring, and the potential for use of others complimentary markers to diagnose organophosphate exposure, and how drawbacks (such as the absence of reference values) can be overcome. 3. What requirements must be satisfied prior implementing the use of ChEs as biomarkers in species not yet studied. 4. How direct linkages have been established between ChE inhibition and effects from inhibition observed at higher levels of integration (e.g., behavioral changes and population effects, or others indices of ecological relevance). 5. The potential for ChE inhibition to be applied as an effective parameter of toxicity to detect for the environmental presence of compounds other than the organo-phosphate and carbamate pesticides, and the limitations associated therewith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- CIAGEB, FCS-UFP: Global Change, Energy Environment and Bioengineering Unit, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
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Li S, Tan Y. Hormetic response of cholinesterase from Daphnia magna in chronic exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:852-859. [PMID: 21790060 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vivo activity of cholinesterase (ChE) in Daphnia magna was measured at different time points during 21-day exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos ranging from 0.05 to 2.50 microg/L and 0.01 to 2.00 microg/L, respectively. For exposure to triazophos, ChE was induced up to 176.5% at 1.5 microg/L and day 10 when measured by acetylthiocholine (ATCh), whereas it was induced up to 174.2% at 0.5 microg/L and day 10 when measured by butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). For exposure to chlorpyrifos, ChE was induced up to 134.0% and 160.5% when measured by ATCh and BTCh, respectively, with both maximal inductions detected at 0.1 microg/L and day 8. Obvious induction in terms of ChE activity was also detected in daphnia removed from exposures 24 hr after their birth and kept in a recovery culture for 21 days. Results indicated that the enzyme displayed symptoms of hormesis, a characteristic featured by conversion from low-dose stimulation to high-dose inhibition. In spite of that, no promotion in terms of reproduction rate and body size was detected at any tested concentrations regardless of whether the daphnia were collected at end of the 21-day exposure or at end of a 21-day recovery culture. This suggested that induction of ChE caused by anticholinesterases had nothing to do with the prosperity of the daphnia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Arias-Almeida JC, Rico-Martínez R. Inhibition of two enzyme systems inEuchlanis dilatata(Rotifera: Monogononta) as biomarker of effect of metals and pesticides. Biomarkers 2010; 16:12-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.520336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Duquesne S, Liess M. Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Mosquito Larvae Via Alterations of Community Structure. Isr J Ecol Evol 2010. [DOI: 10.1560/ijee.56.3-4.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe how pesticides used for mosquito control alter communities in mosquito breeding sites, and how these alterations affect larval populations of mosquitoes. Lethal and sublethal toxic effects modify biological interactions through density- and trait-mediated changes. Density-mediated effects due to pesticide treatment can lead to indirect positive effects on the target species. For example, recolonization of pests can be amplified due to disturbances of antagonistic species. Trait-mediated effects can result in lethal effects of originally sublethal exposure when the pesticide is combined with additional stress. Such lethal effects can result from changes of behavior or sensitivity. Also the immune capacity and resistance of individuals to parasitic infection could be decreased. Furthermore, pesticide treatment can act independently of toxic effects. For example, habitat and oviposition site selection can be influenced. These examples highlight the diversity of processes to be considered when determining the overall consequences of pesticide treatment. We show that a better understanding of these processes is needed to predict effects of pesticides on population dynamics. Such knowledge would have direct benefits in designing mosquito control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Duquesne
- Department of Conservation Biology and Department of System Ecotoxicology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
| | - Matthias Liess
- Department of System Ecotoxicology, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
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Duquesne S, Küster E. Biochemical, metabolic, and behavioural responses and recovery of Daphnia magna after exposure to an organophosphate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:353-359. [PMID: 20031215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The responses of various suborganismal and organismal endpoints of Daphnia magna to pulse exposure to sublethal levels of the organophosphate paraoxon-methyl were compared. The changes and recovery of biochemical, metabolic, and behavioural variables, as well as physiological responses, were observed. The cholinesterase (ChE), filtration, and swimming activities were all affected in a concentration-dependent manner, and these effects reached significance at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, and 0.7 microg L(-1), respectively. The levels of these variables recovered significantly after detoxification for 24h in clean medium. ChE and swimming activities were affected significantly by lower concentrations of paraoxon-methyl than filtration activity, which had the same threshold as the physiological responses ((15)N abundance and body size). This study showed that among the parameters studied, swimming activity was the most sensitive, whereas changes in filtration activity had the most significant physiological consequences, and were therefore important in terms of effects propagation to the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Duquesne
- Department System Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Martínez-Crego B, Alcoverro T, Romero J. Biotic indices for assessing the status of coastal waters: a review of strengths and weaknesses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1013-28. [DOI: 10.1039/b920937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mansour SA, Gad MF. Risk assessment of pesticides and heavy metals contaminants in vegetables: a novel bioassay method using Daphnia magna Straus. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:377-89. [PMID: 19853633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber and potato samples of known levels of pesticides and heavy metal residues, as respectively measured by gas chromatography and atomic absorption, were subjected to a bioassay method using Daphnia magna in order to assess the potential of the toxic hazard of their contaminants. Based on the estimated lethal time for 50% mortality (LT50) in daphnids, we suggested a classification to categorize toxic hazards in six definite ratings. Either samples of cucumbers (from conventional, greenhouse and organic farming) or potatoes (from conventional and organic farming) were evaluated for toxic hazard of the mixtures of pesticide residues and heavy metals, as well as mixtures of both. Accordingly, a 53.7% of cucumber samples were ranked as "Highly Toxic: HT"; a 18.5% "Moderately Toxic: MT); a 9.3% "Slightly Toxic: ST"; and a 18.5% "Practically Non-Toxic: NT". For potato samples, the ranking pattern to different classes was: Extremely Toxic: ET (LT50=<1h) for 11.1%; Very Toxic: VT (LT50=1-<3h) for 50.0%; HT (LT50=3-<12h) for 13.9%; MT (LT50=12-<24h) for 11.1%; ST (LT50=24-48 h) for 0.0%; and NT (LT50= >48 h) for 13.9% of the samples bioassayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeh A Mansour
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Tahrir Str, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Ren Z, Li Z, Ma M, Wang Z, Fu R. Behavioral responses of Daphnia magna to stresses of chemicals with different toxic characteristics. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:310-316. [PMID: 18974915 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Behavior of an organism is affected by exposure to toxic chemicals. However, less has been known about behavioral responses of an organism to stresses of toxic chemicals with different toxic characteristics. In present work, Daphnia magna Straus was exposed to gradient concentrations of deltamethrin, chlorothalonil and nitrofen and the behavioral changes of Daphnia magna under different stress were examined. The results showed that the behavioral responses of Daphnia magna to the tested chemicals were affected in general by exposure concentration, rather than toxic characteristics of the chemicals. The duration of avoidance response (DAR) was in a power regression relationship with the toxic unit (TU), defined as the ratio of exposure concentration of the tested chemical to its LC(50-48). DAR was independent of the toxic characteristics of chemicals. However, significant behavior adjustment could be observed after exposure to deltamethrin while only step-by-step decrease in behavior strength could be observed when exposed to chlorothalonil and nitrofen. It was suggested from the observation that avoidance behaviors of Daphnia magna to exposures of chemicals with different toxic characteristics could be similar, while their specific response could be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Jadhav KB, Rajini PS. Evaluation of sublethal effects of dichlorvos uponCaenorhabditis elegansbased on a set of end points of toxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:9-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liess M, Schäfer RB, Schriever CA. The footprint of pesticide stress in communities--species traits reveal community effects of toxicants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 406:484-490. [PMID: 18653215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The predictive power of the current risk-assessment framework for pesticides remains uncertain. This is because any extrapolation towards landscape-level effects encounters considerable uncertainties: (i) when proceeding from the level of individual single-species tests to populations and communities, biological interactions are not considered; (ii) from mesocosms to field communities, environmental factors and stressors that determine the effects of pesticides in the field are not considered; and (iii) most monitoring investigations are restricted spatially and do not consider recolonisation, and lack an adequate means of distinguishing confounding factors from natural variation. We advocate using species traits as community descriptors, to determine quantitative links between pesticide toxicity and community alterations. Recently, a trait-based indicator system was developed to identify SPEcies At Risk (SPEAR) of being affected by pesticides, with reference to life-history and physiological traits. This SPEAR system has now been successfully employed to link pesticide exposure and effects in Finland, France and Germany. The effect of pesticides on the structure of communities described with SPEAR was independent of the biogeographical region. We then extrapolated and visualised the anticipated risk for aquatic communities in small agricultural streams within Europe in a risk map. With this information we identified a potential risk from pesticide runoff in a high proportion of streams. By focusing on the ecological effect of selected environmental factors, trait-based approaches offer an increased realism for risk assessment of toxicants on the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liess
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of System Ecotoxicology, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Vesela S, Kuca K, Jun D. Daphnia intoxicated by nerve agent tabun can be treated using human antidotes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 25:329-333. [PMID: 21783870 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Application of human antidotes against nerve agent intoxications to microcrustacean Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera) intoxicated by a nerve agent tabun (O-ethyl-N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate) and their efficacy was investigated. It was found that antidotes can be successfully applied to intoxicated daphnids. Three different treatment regimens were tested: the combination of atropine and acetylcholinesterase reactivator (trimedoxime was chosen), atropine only and trimedoxime alone, too. The most efficient was the combination of atropine and trimedoxime followed by treatment with atropine only. The proportion of recovered animals increased with time not only in treated groups but also in the control as well. This can be explained by a spontaneous reactivation of tabun-inhibited cholinesterase in daphnids probably indicating a difference between mammalian and crustacean cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Vesela
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Gupta SC, Siddique HR, Mathur N, Mishra RK, Mitra K, Saxena DK, Chowdhuri DK. Adverse effect of organophosphate compounds, dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos in the reproductive tissues of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster: 70kDa heat shock protein as a marker of cellular damage. Toxicology 2007; 238:1-14. [PMID: 17618723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study highlights the adverse effects of organophosphate compounds dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos on reproduction in Drosophila. Freshly eclosed first instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster transgenic for hsp70 (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9) were fed on 0.015-150.0ppb dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos mixed food. Virgin flies eclosing from the normal and contaminated food were pair-mated to examine the effect of the test chemicals on reproduction of the exposed organisms. Expression of hsp70, sex peptide (SP or Acp70A), accessory gland protein (Acp36DE) and tissue damage was examined in reproductive organs of adult fly. Exposed organisms exhibited a dose-dependent significantly reduced reproductive outcome and males were found to be more sensitive than females. Hsp70 expression was restricted only within the testis lobes of male fly while it was not induced in the ovary of the female. In concurrence with absence of hsp70 expression in the accessory glands of male fly, tissue damage was evident in them. Acp70A and Acp36DE expression were found to be significantly downregulated at the higher concentrations of the test chemicals. The study suggests that (i) dichlorvos is more deleterious to fly reproduction compared to chlorpyrifos with an adverse effect on Acp70A and Acp36DE expression required to facilitate normal reproduction; (ii) hsp70 may be used as a marker of cellular damage against dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Embryotoxicology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow 226001, India
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