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Yadav V, Fuentes JL, Krishnan A, Singh N, Vohora D. Guidance for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring anti-genotoxicity. Life Sci 2024; 337:122341. [PMID: 38101613 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Since DNA damage can occur spontaneously or be produced by the environmental genotoxins in living cells, it is important to investigate compounds that can reverse or protect DNA damage. An appropriate methodology is essential for the responsive identification of protection offered against DNA damage. This review includes information on the current state of knowledge on prokaryotic cell-based assays (SOS chromotest, umu test, vitotox assay) and cytogenetic techniques (micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test and sister chromatid exchange assay) with an emphasis on the possibility to explore genoprotective compounds. Throughout the last decade, studies have extrapolated the scientific methodologies utilized for genotoxicity to assess genoprotective compounds. Therefore, shortcomings of genotoxicity studies are also mirrored in antigenotoxicity studies. While regulatory authorities around the world (OECD, US-EPA and ICH) continue to update diverse genotoxic assay strategies, there are still no clear guidelines/approaches for efficient experimental design to screen genoprotective compounds. As a consequence, non-synergetic and inconsistent implementation of the test method by the researchers to execute such simulations has been adopted, which inevitably results in unreliable findings. The review has made the first attempt to collect various facets of experimentally verified approaches for evaluating genoprotective compounds, as well as to acknowledge potential significance and constraints, and further focus on the assessment of end points which are required to validate such action. Henceforth, the review makes an incredible commitment by permitting readers to equate several components of their test arrangement with the provided simplified information, allowing the selection of convenient technique for the predefined compound from a central repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Yadav
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Jorge L Fuentes
- School of Biology, Science Faculty, Industrial University of Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Santander, Colombia
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neenu Singh
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Divya Vohora
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Meredova G, Yıldız E, Şen S, Zengin M, Aksoy H. Genotoxicity of a novel thymol bearing oxipropanolamine derivative in human peripheral lymphocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Lu V, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Origanum oil, thyme oil and related phenol derivative-containing flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112378. [PMID: 34217738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients, mostly consisting of a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. This publication, seventh in the series, re-evaluates NFCs with constituent profiles dominated by phenolic derivatives including carvacrol, thymol and related compounds using a constituent-based procedure first published in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure is based on the chemical characterization of each NFC as intended for commerce and the estimated intake of the constituent congeneric groups. The procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology of the constituent congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. Herein, the FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of seven phenolic derivative-based NFCs, Origanum Oil (Extractive) (FEMA 2828), Savory Summer Oil (FEMA 3013), Savory Summer Oleoresin (FEMA 3014), Savory Winter Oil (FEMA 3016), Savory Winter Oleoresin (FEMA 3017), Thyme Oil (FEMA 3064) and Thyme White Oil (FEMA 3065) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Vivian Lu
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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Contini A, Di Bello D, Azzarà A, Giovanelli S, D'Urso G, Piaggi S, Pinto B, Pistelli L, Scarpato R, Testi S. Assessing the cytotoxic/genotoxic activity and estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of essential oils from seven aromatic plants. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Rojas-Armas J, Arroyo-Acevedo J, Ortiz-Sánchez M, Palomino-Pacheco M, Castro-Luna A, Ramos-Cevallos N, Justil-Guerrero H, Hilario-Vargas J, Herrera-Calderón O. Acute and Repeated 28-Day Oral Dose Toxicity Studies of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil in Rats. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:225-232. [PMID: 31341551 PMCID: PMC6629444 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris L. is widely used as an ingredient in cooking and in herbal medicine. However, there is little information about its toxicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the acute and repeated 28-day oral dose toxicity of thyme essential oil in rats. For the acute toxicity test, two groups of three rats were used. The rats received a single dose of essential oil: 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of body weight (bw). The rats were observed individually during the first four hours, and then daily until day 14. For the toxicity test with repeated doses, four groups of 10 rats were used. Doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day were tested for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological examination showed that in the lungs of rats given the 2,000 mg/kg bw dose, polymorph nuclear infiltrates, hemosiderin macrophages, and interstitial space thickening were present. In the repeated dose study, all rats survived the 28-day treatment period and apparently showed no signs of toxicity. The hematological and biochemical parameters were not altered. The histopathological study of the organs showed severe changes in the lung, with the dose of 500 mg/kg/day; in the other organs, no alterations were observed or the changes were slight. The body weight was only altered in male rats given the 500 mg/kg dose. The relative weight of the organs did not show any significant changes. Our studies revealed that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris has moderate oral toxicity according to the results of the acute test, whereas the results of the 28-day oral toxicity test suggest that the no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 250 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rojas-Armas
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel Ortiz-Sánchez
- Section of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Américo Castro-Luna
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Norma Ramos-Cevallos
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Justil-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Julio Hilario-Vargas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
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Mattos BD, da Silva LR, de Souza IR, Magalhães WLE, Leme DM. Slow delivery of biocide from nanostructured, microscaled, particles reduces its phytoxicity: A model investigation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 367:513-519. [PMID: 30641421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nano-engineered delivery systems have emerged as possible solutions for more efficient pest management in agriculture. Likewise for nanostructured drug delivery systems (DDS) in medicine, the use of biocide delivery systems (BDS) brought concerns on their toxicology on non-targeted organisms. Plants, for instance, are the foundation of the ecosystem, acting as primary actor in the food chain and is associated with the whole biodiversity, being strictly related to human health. This is a very important consideration to fully understand the benefits of using delivery systems for crop protection and production. Herein, a biocide delivery system was prepared by loading nanostructured, microscaled, biogenic silica particles with thymol, a known phytotoxicant. The resulting system contains 120 mg of thymol per gram of silica and displays slow release features. The Allium cepa bioassay was chosen to demonstrate how the toxicity and cellular damages induced by thymol can be significantly reduced through a slow, controlled, release strategy. The lower mobility of the reference particles associated with slow-delivery features reduced the toxicity and cellular damages caused by thymol in the plant genetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dufau Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Lucas Rafael da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos s/n, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Irisdoris Rodrigues de Souza
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos s/n, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos s/n, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
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Electrochemical and associated techniques for the study of the inclusion complexes of thymol and β-cyclodextrin and its interaction with DNA. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xu J, Bai Y, Wan M, Liu Y, Tao L, Wang X. Antifungal Paper Based on a Polyborneolacrylate Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040448. [PMID: 30966483 PMCID: PMC6415209 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper documents and products are very susceptible to microbial contamination and damage. Fungi are mainly responsible for those biodeterioration processes. Traditional microbicidal strategies constitute a serious health risk even when microbes are dead. Ideal methods should not be toxic to humans and should have no adverse effects on paper, but should own a broad spectrum, good chemical stability and low cost. In this work, we utilize an advanced antimicrobial strategy of surface stereochemistry by applying a coating of a shallow layer of polyborneolacrylate (PBA), resulting in the desired antifungal performance. The PBA-coated paper is challenged with the most common air-borne fungi growing on paper, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. Ten percent by weight of the coating concentration or a 19-μm infiltration of PBA is sufficient to keep the paper spotless. The PBA coating also exhibits significant inhibition of spores’ germination. After PBA coating, both physicochemical properties (paper whiteness, pH, mechanical strength) and inking performance display only slight changes, which are acceptable for general utilization. This PBA coating method is nontoxic, rapid and cost-effective, thus demonstrating great potential for applications in paper products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yujia Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Meijiao Wan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lei Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Yavuz Kocaman A, Güzelkokar M. The genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of the methanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 41:368-375. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1435686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Yavuz Kocaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Müge Güzelkokar
- Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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Oliveira JRD, de Jesus Viegas D, Martins APR, Carvalho CAT, Soares CP, Camargo SEA, Jorge AOC, de Oliveira LD. Thymus vulgaris L. extract has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:271-279. [PMID: 28683409 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the biological effects of the T. vulgaris L. extract., such as antimicrobial activity on planktonic cultures and mono- and polymicrobial biofilms, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and genotoxicity. METHODS Monomicrobial biofilms of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and polymicrobial biofilms composed by C. albicans with each bacterium were formed for 48h and exposed for 5min to the plant extract. Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7), human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were also exposed to the plant extract for 5min and the cell viability were analyzed by MTT, neutral red (NR) and crystal violet (CV) assays. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by RAW 264.7 was quantified by ELISA, after 24h exposure to the plant extract, both in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. Genotoxicity of the plant extract was evaluated by micronucleus formation (MN) in 1000 cells. The results were analyzed by T-Test or ANOVA and Tukey's Test (P≤0.05). RESULTS All biofilms showed significant reductions in CFU/mL (colony-forming units per milliliter). Cell viability was above 50% for all cell lines. Anti-inflammatory effect on the synthesis of IL-1β and TNF-α was observed. The MN was similar or lower than the control group in all cells. CONCLUSIONS T. vulgaris L. extract was effective against all biofilms, promoted high cell viability, anti-inflammatory effect and presented no genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daiane de Jesus Viegas
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Réquia Martins
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Restorative Dentistry. São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pacheco Soares
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP). Institute of Research and Development. São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP). Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Quintero Ruiz N, Córdoba Campo Y, Stashenko EE, Fuentes JL. Antigenotoxic Effect Against Ultraviolet Radiation-induced DNA Damage of the Essential Oils from Lippia Species. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1063-1072. [PMID: 28178379 DOI: 10.1111/php.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antigenotoxicity against ultraviolet radiation (UV)-induced DNA damage of essential oils (EO) from Lippia species was studied using SOS Chromotest. Based on the minimum concentration that significantly inhibits genotoxicity, the genoprotective potential of EO from highest to lowest was Lippia graveolens, thymol-RC ≈ Lippia origanoides, carvacrol-RC ≈ L. origanoides, thymol-RC > Lippia alba, citral-RC ≈ Lippia citriodora, citral-RC ≈ Lippia micromera, thymol-RC > L. alba, myrcenone-RC. EO from L. alba, carvone/limonene-RC, L. origanoides, α-phellandrene-RC and L. dulcis, trans-β-caryophyllene-RC did not reduce the UV genotoxicity at any of the doses tested. A gas chromatography with flame ionization detection analysis (GC-FID) was conducted to evaluate the solubility of the major EO constituents under our experimental conditions. GC-FID analysis showed that, at least partially, major EO constituents were water-soluble and therefore, they were related with the antigenotoxicity detected for EO. Constituents such as p-cymene, geraniol, carvacrol, thymol, citral and 1,8-cineole showed antigenotoxicity. The antioxidant activity of EO constituents was also determined using the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assay. The results showed that the antigenotoxicity of the EO constituents was unconnected with their antioxidant activity. The antigenotoxicity to different constituent binary mixtures suggests that synergistic effects can occur in some of the studied EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Quintero Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Yuri Córdoba Campo
- Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jorge Luis Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Pichardo S, Jos A, Moyano R, Cameán A. A subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study of Origanum vulgare essential oil in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of copper oxychloride in cultured human lymphocytes using cytogenetic and molecular tests. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2027-36. [PMID: 26754841 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity of copper oxychloride was investigated in human lymphocytes using chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests and the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction technique. The lymphocytes were treated with 3, 6, and 12 µg/mL of copper oxychloride for 24 and 48 h. Copper oxychloride increased CA and abnormal cells in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of MN and micronucleated binuclear cells also increased at all concentrations and treatment periods. However, copper oxychloride cytotoxicity, observed through lower mitotic and nuclear division index, was significantly lower only at the higher concentrations (6 and 12 µg/mL). Copper oxychloride increased the polymorphic bands and decreased genomic template stability. In conclusion, in this study it was confirmed that copper oxychloride has genotoxic potential for human lymphocytes in vitro. Additionally, caution is advised for its use as a fungicide, because it may increase the risk of exposure through the food chain.
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Calò R, Visone CM, Marabini L. Thymol and Thymus Vulgaris L. activity against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in NCTC 2544 cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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In vitro genotoxicity testing of carvacrol and thymol using the micronucleus and mouse lymphoma assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 784-785:37-44. [PMID: 26046975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, antimicrobial additives derived from essential oils (Eos) extracted from plants or spices, such as Origanum vulgare, are used in food packaging. Thymol and carvacrol, the major EO compounds of O. vulgare, have demonstrated their potential use as active additives. These new applications use high concentrations, thereby increasing the concern regarding their toxicological profile and especially their genotoxic risk. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential in vitro genotoxicity of thymol (0-250 μM) and carvacrol (0-2500 μM) at equivalent doses to those used in food packaging. The micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma (MLA) assay on L5178Y/Tk(±) mouse lymphoma cells were used. The negative results for thymol with the MN with and without the S9 fraction and also with the MLA assay reinforce the view that this compound is not genotoxic in mammalian cells. However, carvacrol presented slight genotoxic effects, but only in the MN test at the highest concentration assayed (700 μM) and in the absence of metabolic activation. The lack of genotoxic response in the MLA assay after 4 and 24h of exposure indicates a low genotoxic potential for carvacrol. Alternatively, the general negative findings observed in both assays suggest that the MN results of carvacrol are marginal data without biological relevance. These results can be useful to identify the appropriate concentrations of these substances to be used as additives in food packaging.
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Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Pichardo S, Maisanaba S, Puerto M, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Jos A, Cameán AM. In vitro toxicological evaluation of essential oils and their main compounds used in active food packaging: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:9-27. [PMID: 25865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their main constituent compounds have been extensively investigated due to their application in the food industry for improving the shelf life of perishable products. Although they are still not available for use in food packaging in the market in Europe, considerable research in this field has been carried out recently. The safety of these EOs should be guaranteed before being commercialized. The aim of this work was to review the scientific publications, with a primary focus on the last 10 years, with respect to different in vitro toxicological aspects, mainly focussed on mutagenicity/genotoxicity. In general, fewer genotoxic studies have been reported on EOs in comparison to their main components, and most of them did not show mutagenic activity. However, more studies are needed in this field since the guidelines of the European Food Safety Authority have not always been followed accurately. The mutagenic/genotoxic activities of these substances have been related to metabolic activation. Therefore, in vivo tests are required to confirm the absence of genotoxic effects. Considering the great variability of the EOs and their main compounds, a case-by-case evaluation is needed to assure their safe use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Silvia Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Ioannou D, Kandukuri L, Quadri A, Becerra V, Simpson JL, Tempest HG. Spatial positioning of all 24 chromosomes in the lymphocytes of six subjects: evidence of reproducible positioning and spatial repositioning following DNA damage with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118886. [PMID: 25756782 PMCID: PMC4355486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher-order organization of chromatin is well-established, with chromosomes occupying distinct positions within the interphase nucleus. Chromatin is susceptible to, and constantly assaulted by both endogenous and exogenous threats. However, the effects of DNA damage on the spatial topology of chromosomes are hitherto, poorly understood. This study investigates the organization of all 24 human chromosomes in lymphocytes from six individuals prior to- and following in-vitro exposure to genotoxic agents: hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet B. This study is the first to report reproducible distinct hierarchical radial organization of chromosomes with little inter-individual differences between subjects. Perturbed nuclear organization was observed following genotoxic exposure for both agents; however a greater effect was observed for hydrogen peroxide including: 1) More peripheral radial organization; 2) Alterations in the global distribution of chromosomes; and 3) More events of chromosome repositioning (18 events involving 10 chromosomes vs. 11 events involving 9 chromosomes for hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet B respectively). Evidence is provided of chromosome repositioning and altered nuclear organization following in-vitro exposure to genotoxic agents, with notable differences observed between the two investigated agents. Repositioning of chromosomes following genotoxicity involved recurrent chromosomes and is most likely part of the genomes inherent response to DNA damage. The variances in nuclear organization observed between the two agents likely reflects differences in mobility and/or decondensation of chromatin as a result of differences in the type of DNA damage induced, chromatin regions targeted, and DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Ioannou
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kandukuri
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ameer Quadri
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victor Becerra
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joe Leigh Simpson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- March of Dimes Foundation, White Plains, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Tempest
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Genotoxic and oxidative damage potentials in human lymphocytes after exposure to terpinolene in vitro. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:409-18. [PMID: 24590926 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpinolene (TPO) is a monocyclic monoterpene found in the essential oils of various fir and pine species. Recent reports indicated that several monoterpenes could exhibit antioxidant effects in both human and animal experimental models. However, so far, the nature and/or biological roles of TPO have not been elucidated in human models yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic, oxidative and cytotoxic effects of TPO in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. Human blood cells were treated with TPO (0-200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h, and then cytotoxicity was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus assay, sister chromatid exchanges assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level. In addition, biochemical parameters [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)] were examined to determine oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that TPO (at concentrations greater than 100 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that TPO had no genotoxicity on human lymphocytes. Again, TPO (at 10, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L) treatment caused statistically important (p < 0.05) increases of TAC levels in human lymphocytes without changing TOS levels. In conclusion, TPO can be a new resource of therapeutics as recognized in this study with its non-genotoxic and antioxidant features.
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Aydın E, Türkez H. In vitrocytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antioxidant potentials of thymol on human blood cells. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.860411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sevindik N, Rencuzogullari E. The genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of Salvia fruticosa leaf extract in human blood lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:295-302. [PMID: 24224704 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.851689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of Salvia fruticosa (Sf) leaf extract with the absence and presence of S9 mix using sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) formation test systems in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) that were treated with 1.5-, 3.0- and 6.0-µL/mL concentrations for 24- and 48-hour treatment periods. The cytotoxicity of Sf leaf extract was also investigated by calculating the mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI) and nuclear division index (NDI). In the absence of S9 mix, Sf leaf extract alone increased SCE frequency at the 48-hour treatment period; however, it induced the CA and MN at all concentrations and at all treatment periods. Sf plus MMC (mitomycin C) synergically induced SCE and CA, except the highest concentration of Sf leaf extract and MMC on induction of SCE. In addition, Sf leaf extract induced the effect of MMC on MN frequency for 24 hours, but it significantly decreased the effect of MMC on MN frequency for the 48-hour treatment period. Sf leaf extract showed a cytotoxic effect by decreasing the MI; however, it did not decrease the PI and NDI. In the presence of S9 mix, Sf leaf extract did not increase the SCE, when compared to solvent control, whereas it reduced the effect of cyclophosphamide (Cyp). Sf leaf extract induced the CA and MN, but could not increase the effect of Cyp on CA and MN formation. Sf leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect; however, it induced the cytotoxicity of Cyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadire Sevindik
- Deparment of Biology, Natural and Applied Science Institute, Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey and
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21
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Türkez H, Aydın E. Investigation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and oxidative properties of carvacrol in human blood cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:625-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713506771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (CVC), a major constituent of genera Origanum and Thymus, is such a substance that has attracted attention because of its wide variety of beneficial biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer effects. However, there are limited data on the cytogenetic and antioxidant effects of CVC in cultured human blood cells. The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the genetic, oxidative, and cytotoxic effects of CVC in cultured human blood cells ( n = 5). Human blood cells were treated with CVC (0–200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h and then cytotoxicity detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus (MN) assay, chromosomal aberration (CA) assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) level. In addition, biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and total oxidative stress [TOS]) were examined to determine the oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that CVC (at concentrations above 100 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that CVC had no mutagenic effects on human lymphocytes. On the other hand, CVC (at 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) treatment caused statistically important ( p < 0.05) increases in TAC and TOS levels (at 150 and 200 mg/L) on human lymphocytes. In conclusion, CVC can be a new resource of therapeutics as recognized in this study with their nonmutagenic and antioxidant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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22
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Türkez H, Aydın E. In vitro assessment of cytogenetic and oxidative effects of α-pinene. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:168-76. [PMID: 24081629 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Pinene (α-pinene), a bicyclic monoterpene, is present in the oils of many species of coniferous trees, most notably the pine, and is known for its diverse biological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antioxidant. However, there are limited data on the cytogenetic and antioxidant effects of α-pinene in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic, oxidative, and cytotoxic effects of α-pinene in cultured human blood cells (n = 5) for the first time. Human blood cells were treated with α-pinene (0 to 200 mg/L) for 24 and 48 h, and then cytotoxicity was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, while DNA damage was also analyzed by micronucleus (MN) assay, chromosomal aberration (CA) assay and 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). In addition, biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)) were examined to determine oxidative effects. The results of LDH and MTT assays showed that α-pinene (at 200 mg/L) decreased cell viability. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that α-pinene did not cause any statistically important changes in the rates of studied genotoxicity endpoints but dose-dependent alterations were observed in TAC and TOS levels. α-Pinene treatment caused increases in TAC levels (at 25 and 50 mg/L) and decreases in TOS levels (only at 200 mg/L) on human lymphocytes. In conclusion, the findings of the present study confirm for the first time that α-pinene could be a significant source of natural antioxidant compound that may have beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sadeghi I, Yousefzadi M, Behmanesh M, Sharifi M, Moradi A. In vitro Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil From Satureja Intermedia. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2013; 15:70-4. [PMID: 23487431 PMCID: PMC3589783 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many members of the genus Satureja have aromatic and medicinal characteristics. Objectives. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present work was to determine cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of S. intermedia CA Mey (Lamiaceae) on two human cancerous cell lines and its in vitro inhibitory effects against 11 pathogenic bacteria and fungi as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. The in vitro toxicological study was based on the MTT cytotoxicity assay and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was studied according to the disc diffusion method and MIC value. RESULTS Thymol (34.5%), γ-terpinene (18.2%) and ρ-cymene (10.5%) were the main components of the essential oil. The toxicological study on 5637 and KYSE cell lines showed IC50 values of 156 μg/ml. The essential oil exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity on tested bacteria and fungi. CONCLUSIONS From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that the essential oil of S. intermedia and its major constitutes are interesting in antibacterial and anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Sadeghi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Morteza Yousefzadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Morteza Yousefzadi, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-9121886139, Fax: +98-9121886139, E-mail:
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mozafar Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Aiuob Moradi
- Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Gilan, IR Iran
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Stanely Mainzen Prince P. Protective effects of thymol on altered plasma lipid peroxidation and nonenzymic antioxidants in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2012; 26:368-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kocaman AY, Istifli ES, Büyükleyla M, Rencüzogullari E, Topaktaş M. In vitro evaluation of the protective effects of 4-thujanol against mitomycin-C and cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxic damage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:23-37. [PMID: 22323477 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712436640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
4-Thujanol (sabinene hydrate), a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, is found in the essential oils of many aromatic and medicinal plants and is widely used as a fragrance and flavouring agent in many different products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of 4-thujanol against the genotoxic effects induced by mitomycin C (MMC) and cyclophosphamide (CP) in human lymphocytes, using the chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus tests, in the absence and in the presence of S9 mix, respectively. The cells were treated with 0.25 µg/mL MMC and 28 µg/mL CP as alone and cotreated with 13 + 0.25, 26 + 0.25, and 52 + 0.25 µg/mL 4-thujanol + MMC and with 13 + 28, 26 + 28, and 52 + 28 µg/mL 4-thujanol + CP as a mixture. The present study showed that 4-thujanol was unable to reduce the genetic damage induced by MMC, in the absence of S9 mix. On the other hand, probably the metabolites of 4-thujanol act as an antagonist and markedly antagonize CP-induced genotoxicity, in the presence of S9 mix. In general, 4-thujanol + MMC and 4-thujanol + CP decreased the mitotic index, proliferation index and nuclear division index to the same extent or more than those of individual exposure of MMC or CP. In conclusion, 4-thujanol significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the genotoxic damage induced by CP but not MMC when compared with the respective positive control alone. We can suggest that 4-thujanol may improve the chemopreventive effects and may also reduce the harmful side effects of CP, which is widely used in chemotherapy against cancer, without reducing its antiproliferative activities.
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The genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of Stachys petrokosmos leaf extract in human lymphocytes using microsomal fractions. Cytotechnology 2011; 64:83-94. [PMID: 21984416 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of Stachys petrokosmos leaf extracts (Sp) were investigated in human lymphocytes. The cells were treated with 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 μL/mL concentrations of Sp leaf extracts for 24 and 48 h treatment periods in the absence and presence of metabolic activator (S9mix). In the absence of S9mix, Sp alone did not induce chromosome aberrations and formation of micronucleus while inducing the mean sister chromatid exchange at the highest concentration. In addition, Sp decreased the mutagenic effect of mitomycin-c. Sp alone showed a cytotoxic effect determined by a decrease in the proliferation index, mitotic index and nuclear division index. On the other hand a mixture of Sp and mitomycin-c resulted in a higher cytotoxic effect especially for 48 h treatment period. In the presence of S9mix, Sp was not genotoxic and cytotoxic however, it showed an anti-genotoxic effect by decreasing the effects of cyclophosphamide.
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Kocaman AY, Rencüzoğulları E, Topaktaş M, Istifli ES, Büyükleyla M. The effects of 4-thujanol on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronucleus in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:493-502. [PMID: 21735266 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Thujanol, a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, is present in the essential oils of many medicinal and aromatic plants. It is commonly used as a fragrance and flavouring ingredient in a lot of different products. The potential genotoxic effects of 4-thujanol on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were investigated in vitro by the chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronucleus (MN) tests. The cells were treated with 13, 26 and 52 μg/mL 4-thujanol in the presence and absence of a metabolic activator (S9 mix). 4-Thujanol induced CA (P < 0.001) and MN formation (P < 0.05) at all concentrations (13, 26 and 52 μg/mL) in the presence and absence of the S9 mix without a concentration-dependent manner. However, the treatment of peripheral lymphocytes with 4-thujanol did not produce a statistical difference in the frequency of SCEs when compared with control group. Furthermore, this monoterpene did not significantly decrease the mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI), and nuclear division index (NDI). In conclusion, 4-thujanol had a significant clastogenic effect at the tested concentrations (13, 26 and 52 μg/mL) for human PBLs. In addition, no cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects were observed regardless of the concentrations used. This work presents the first report on genotoxic properties of 4-thujanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Yavuz Kocaman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mustafa Kemal University, 31000, Hatay, Turkey,
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