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Wu F, Liu Z, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang C, Ai S, Li J, Wang X. Research on aquatic microcosm: Bibliometric analysis, toxicity comparison and model prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134078. [PMID: 38518699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Recently, aquatic microcosms have attracted considerable attention because they can be used to simulate natural aquatic ecosystems. First, to evaluate the development of trends, hotspots, and national cooperation networks in the field, bibliometric analysis was performed based on 1841 articles on aquatic microcosm (1962-2022). The results of the bibliometric analysis can be categorized as follows: (1) Aquatic microcosm research can be summarized in two sections, with the first part focusing on the ecological processes and services of aquatic ecosystems, and the second focusing on the toxicity and degradation of pollutants. (2) The United States (number of publications: 541, proportion: 29.5%) and China (248, 13.5%) are the two most active countries. Second, to determine whether there is a difference between single-species and microcosm tests, that is, to perform different-tier assessments, the recommended aquatic safety thresholds in risk assessment [i.e., the community-level no effect concentration (NOECcommunity), hazardous concentrations for 5% of species (HC5) and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)] were compared based on these tests. There was a significant difference between the NOECcommunity and HC5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, regression models predicting microcosm toxicity values were constructed to provide a reference for ecological systemic risk assessments based on aquatic microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Offshore Environmental Technology & Services Limited, Beijing 100027, PR China
| | - Shunhao Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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2
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Wu W, Kong D, Zhang W, Bu Y, Li J, Shan Z. Acute toxicity of fluazinam to aquatic organisms and its bioaccumulation in Brachydanio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35000-35007. [PMID: 32583109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fluazinam (FZN) is a dinitroaniline fungicide. To evaluate the environmental risk of FZN in aquatic environments and ascertain the potential danger to typical aquatic organisms in China, the acute toxicity of FZN to representative aquatic organisms, including Brachydanio rerio, Chlorella vulgaris Beij., Daphnia magna Straus, and Xenopus laevis, was measured, and its bioaccumulation properties in Brachydanio rerio were further investigated. The results showed that the acute toxicity of FZN to Brachydanio rerio and Xenopus laevis is extremely high, and the bioaccumulation factor BCF8d of FZN in Brachydanio rerio ranges between 2287 and 3570, implying that it has high bioaccumulation properties. FZN poses a strong environmental risk for aquatic organisms and possesses great bioaccumulation properties, which may cause pollution to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Deyang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Juying Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhengjun Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, China
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3
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Rico A, Brock TCM, Daam MA. Is the Effect Assessment Approach for Fungicides as Laid Down in the European Food Safety Authority Aquatic Guidance Document Sufficiently Protective for Freshwater Ecosystems? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2279-2293. [PMID: 31211455 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority aquatic guidance document describes the procedures for the derivation of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) for pesticides in edge-of-field surface waters on the basis of tier-1 (standard test species), tier-2 (geometric mean and species sensitivity distributions [SSDs]), and tier-3 (model ecosystem studies) approaches. In the present study, the protectiveness of such a tiered approach was evaluated for fungicides. Acute and chronic RACs for tier-1 and tier-2B (SSDs) were calculated using toxicity data for standard and additional test species, respectively. Tier-3 RACs based on ecological thresholds (not considering recovery) could be derived for 18 fungicides. We show that tier-1 RACs, in the majority of cases, are more conservative than RACs calculated based on model ecosystem experiments. However, acute tier-2B RACs do not show a sufficient protection level compared with tier-3 RACs from cosm studies that tested a repeated pulsed exposure regime or when relatively persistent compounds were tested. Chronic tier-2B RACs showed a sufficient protection level, although they could only be evaluated for 6 compounds. Finally, we evaluated the suitability of the calculated RACs for 8 compounds with toxicity data for fungi. The comparison shows that the current RACs for individual fungicides, with a few exceptions (e.g., tebuconazole), show a sufficient protection level for structural and functional fungal endpoints. However, more data are needed to extend this comparison to other fungicides with different modes of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2279-2293. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies on Water (IMDEA Water Institute), Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A Daam
- Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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4
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Miyamoto M, Fujisawa T. Effects of the insecticide esfenvalerate on zooplankton in an indoor synthetic model ecosystem. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2019; 44:112-119. [PMID: 31249470 PMCID: PMC6589407 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d18-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of esfenvalerate on zooplankton and their recovery potential were studied using an indoor synthetic model ecosystem. Esfenvalerate was applied to the system by direct spiking to overlying water or the introduction of treated slurry soil to imitate drift and run-off exposure. Four zooplankton taxa, Daphnia magna (Cladocera), Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracoda), Cyclops sp. (Copepoda), and Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera), were exposed to esfenvalerate with Raphidocelis subcapitata (green alga). In a drift scenario, lower doses (0.02-0.5 µg/L) showed slight or negligible effects, but the results for the highest dose (5 µg/L) indicated direct effects, as remarkable population decreases were observed for three taxa (except rotifera). However, for the latter dose, results of weekly or single (Day-15) zooplankton re-introductions after dosing demonstrated resilient recovery. In a run-off scenario, a nominal dose of 20 µg/L, in which the measured water concentrations remained at 3-6%, had effects similar to those of the high drift exposure scenario for cladocera and ostracoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Miyamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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5
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Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M, Arts G, Brühl CA, Imfeld G, Knäbel A, Payraudeau S, Rasmussen JJ, Rohr J, Scharmüller A, Smalling K, Stehle S, Schulz R, Schäfer RB. Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3347-3365. [PMID: 30835448 PMCID: PMC6536136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are indispensable to global food security and their use is forecasted to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural catchments throughout the entire growing season due to their frequent, prophylactic application. However, in comparison to herbicides and insecticides, the exposure to and effects of fungicides have received less attention. We provide an overview of the risk of fungicides to aquatic ecosystems covering fungicide exposure (i.e., environmental fate, exposure modeling, and mitigation measures) as well as direct and indirect effects of fungicides on microorganisms, macrophytes, invertebrates, and vertebrates. We show that fungicides occur widely in aquatic systems, that the accuracy of predicted environmental concentrations is debatable, and that fungicide exposure can be effectively mitigated. We additionally demonstrate that fungicides can be highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can pose a risk to aquatic biota. Finally, we outline central research gaps that currently challenge our ability to predict fungicide exposure and effects, promising research avenues, and shortcomings of the current environmental risk assessment for fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen P. Zubrod
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gertie Arts
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, Wageningen University
and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten A. Brühl
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anja Knäbel
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jes J. Rasmussen
- Aarhus
University, Dept. of Bioscience, Vejlsoevej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jason Rohr
- University
of South Florida, Department of Integrative
Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, and Eck Institute
for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United
States
| | - Andreas Scharmüller
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Kelly Smalling
- U.S.
Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science
Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States
| | - Sebastian Stehle
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Ralf B. Schäfer
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
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6
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Cui R, Kwak JI, An YJ. Comparative study of the sensitivity of Daphnia galeata and Daphnia magna to heavy metals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:63-70. [PMID: 29966939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Daphnia galeata and Daphnia magna belong to the family Daphniidae. Daphnia galeata has a smaller body size and longer helmet than D. magna. Although D. galeata is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, it is not as commonly used in aquatic ecotoxicity tests as D. magna. There have been only few ecotoxicological studies on the toxicity of heavy metals, organic matter, and nanomaterials in D. galeata. Thus, there is a need to discover new test species and expand the number of currently known test species to elucidate species sensitivity to aquatic pollutants. We carried out a comparative study on the sensitivity of D. magna (which represents the test water flea species) and D. galeata to heavy metal toxicity. The acute toxicity values (EC50 and LC50) of 11 heavy metal species, including silver (Ag+), arsenite (As3+), cadmium (Cd2+), chromate (Cr6+), cupric (Cu2+), ferrous (Fe2+), mercury (Hg2+), manganese (Mn2+), nickel (Ni2+), lead (Pb2+), and zinc (Zn2+), in D. galeata and D. magna were compared by conducting acute toxicity assays and comparing the data with the available data. The age of the tested Daphnia individuals and the type of exposure medium were considered for more reliable comparison of species sensitivity. We observed that D. galeata was more sensitive to Ag+, As3+, Cr6+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ than D. magna. The sensitivity to Cu2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ was similar for D. magna and D. galeata. This study presents important aquatic toxicity and sensitivity data on D. galeata, which is not a widely used species in aquatic ecotoxicology studies. Our results recommend D. galeata as a suitable species for aquatic ecotoxicity tests because of its higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxue Cui
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Park TJ, Lee JH, Lee MS, Park CH, Lee CH, Moon SD, Chung J, Cui R, An YJ, Yeom DH, Lee SH, Lee JK, Zoh KD. Development of water quality criteria of ammonia for protecting aquatic life in freshwater using species sensitivity distribution method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:934-940. [PMID: 29660887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is deemed one of the most important pollutants in the freshwater environment because of its highly toxic nature and ubiquity in surface water. This study thus aims to derive the criteria for ammonia in freshwater to protect aquatic life because there are no water quality criteria for ammonia in Korea. Short-term lethal tests were conducted to perform the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. This method is widely used in ecological risk assessment to determine the chemical concentrations to protect aquatic species. Based on the species sensitivity distribution method using Korean indigenous aquatic biota, the hazardous concentration for 5% of biological species (HC5) value calculated in this study was 44mg/L as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The value of the assessment factor was set at 2. Consequently, the criteria for ammonia were derived as 22mg/L at pH7 and 20°C. When the derived value was applied to the monitoring data nationwide, 0.51%, 0.09%, 0.18%, 0.20%, and 0.35% of the monitoring sites in Han River, Nakdong River, Geum River, Youngsan River, and lakes throughout the nation, respectively, exceeded this criteria. The Ministry of Environment in Korea has been considering introducing water quality standard of ammonia for protecting aquatic life. Therefore, our results can provide the basis for introducing the ammonia standard in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Park
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakgu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Lee
- EH R&C, 114, A-dong, Environmental Industry Research Park, Jeongseojin-ro 410, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sung Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Park
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- EH R&C, 114, A-dong, Environmental Industry Research Park, Jeongseojin-ro 410, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Dae Moon
- Neoenbiz, 187-7 Dodang-dong, Buchon-si, Gyeongi-do 14523, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Chung
- EH R&C, 114, A-dong, Environmental Industry Research Park, Jeongseojin-ro 410, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Rongxue Cui
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Yeom
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17, Jegok-gil, Munsan-eup, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakgu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yin XH, Brock TCM, Barone LE, Belgers JDM, Boerwinkel MC, Buijse L, van Wijngaarden RPA, Hamer M, Roessink I. Exposure and effects of sediment-spiked fludioxonil on macroinvertebrates and zooplankton in outdoor aquatic microcosms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1222-1238. [PMID: 28851143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Information from effects of pesticides in sediments at an ecosystem level, to validate current and proposed risk assessment procedures, is scarce. A sediment-spiked outdoor freshwater microcosm experiment was conducted with fludioxonil (lipophilic, non-systemic fungicide) to study exposure dynamics and treatment-related responses of benthic and pelagic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton. Besides blank control and solvent control systems the experiment had six different treatment levels (1.7-614mga.s./kg dry sediment) based around the reported 28-d No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for Chironomus riparius (40mga.s./kg dry sediment). Twelve systems were available per treatment of which four were sacrificed on each of days 28, 56 and 84 after microcosm construction. Fludioxonil persisted in the sediment and mean measured concentrations were 53-82% of the initial concentration after 84days. The dissipation rate increased with the treatment level. Also exposure concentrations in overlying water were long-term, with highest concentrations 28days after initiation of the experiment. Sediment-dwelling Oligochaeta and pelagic Rotifera and Cladocera showed the most pronounced treatment-related declines. The most sensitive sediment-dwelling oligochaete was Dero digitata (population NOEC 14.2mga.s./kg dry sediment). The same NOEC was calculated for the sediment-dwelling macroinvertebrate community. The most sensitive zooplankton species was the cladoceran Diaphanosoma brachyurum (NOEC of 1.6μga.s./L in overlying water corresponding to 5.0mga.s./kg dry sediment). At the two highest treatments several rotifer taxa showed a pronounced decrease, while the zooplankton community-level NOEC was 5.6μga.s./L (corresponding to 14.2mga.s./kg dry sediment). Zooplankton taxa calanoid Copepoda and Daphnia gr. longispina showed a pronounced treatment-related increase (indirect effects). Consequently, an assessment factor of 10 to the chronic laboratory NOECs of Chironomus riparius (sediment) and Daphnia magna (water) results in a regulatory acceptable concentration that is sufficiently protective for both the sediment-dwelling and pelagic organisms in the microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao H Yin
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Agriculture and Food Science, 88 North Road of Huan Cheng, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China
| | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lidia E Barone
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Dick M Belgers
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claire Boerwinkel
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Buijse
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René P A van Wijngaarden
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mick Hamer
- Syngenta, Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Roessink
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Del Signore A, Hendriks AJ, Lenders HJR, Leuven RSEW, Breure AM. Development and application of the SSD approach in scientific case studies for ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2149-2161. [PMID: 27144499 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are used in ecological risk assessment for extrapolation of the results of toxicity tests with single species to a toxicity threshold considered protective of ecosystem structure and functioning. The attention to and importance of the SSD approach has increased in scientific and regulatory communities since the 1990s. Discussion and criticism have been triggered on the concept of the approach as well as its technical aspects (e.g., distribution type, number of toxicity endpoints). Various questions remain unanswered, especially with regard to different endpoints, statistical methods, and protectiveness of threshold levels, for example. In the present literature review (covering the period 2002-2013), case studies are explored in which the SSD approach was applied, as well as how endpoint types, species choice, and data availability affect SSDs. How statistical methods may be used to construct reliable SSDs and whether the lower 5th percentile hazard concentrations (HC5s) from a generic SSD can be protective for a specific local community are also investigated. It is shown that estimated protective concentrations were determined by taxonomic groups rather than the statistical method used to construct the distribution. Based on comparisons between semifield and laboratory-based SSDs, the output from a laboratory SSD was protective of semifield communities in the majority of studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2149-2161. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Del Signore
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H J Rob Lenders
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob S E W Leuven
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Breure
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Brock TCM, Bas DA, Belgers JDM, Bibbe L, Boerwinkel MC, Crum SJH, Diepens NJ, Kraak MHS, Vonk JA, Roessink I. Effects of sediment-spiked lufenuron on benthic macroinvertebrates in outdoor microcosms and single-species toxicity tests. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:464-475. [PMID: 27414482 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment ecotoxicity studies were conducted with lufenuron to (i) complement the results of a water-spiked mesocosm experiment with this lipophilic benzoylurea insecticide, (ii) to explore the predictive value of laboratory single-species tests for population and community-level responses of benthic macroinvertebrates, and (iii) to calibrate the tier-1 effect assessment procedure for sediment organisms. For this purpose the concentration-response relationships for macroinvertebrates between sediment-spiked microcosms and those of 28-d sediment-spiked single-species toxicity tests with Chironomus riparius, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus were compared. Lufenuron persisted in the sediment of the microcosms. On average, 87.7% of the initial lufenuron concentration could still be detected in the sediment after 12 weeks. Overall, benthic insects and crustaceans showed treatment-related declines and oligochaetes treatment-related increases. The lowest population-level NOEC in the microcosms was 0.79μg lufenuron/g organic carbon in dry sediment (μg a.s./g OC) for Tanytarsini, Chironomini and Dero sp. Multivariate analysis of the responses of benthic macroinvertebrates revealed a community-level NOEC of 0.79μg a.s./g OC. The treatment-related responses observed in the microcosms are in accordance with the results of the 28-d laboratory toxicity tests. These tests showed that the insect C. riparius and the crustacean H. azteca were approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the oligochaete L. variegatus. In our laboratory tests, using field-collected sediment, the lowest 28-d EC10 (0.49μg a.s./g OC) was observed for C. riparius (endpoint survival), while for the standard OECD test with this species, using artificial sediment, a NOEC of 2.35μg a.s./g OC (endpoint emergence) is reported. In this particular case, the sediment tier-1 effect assessment using the chronic EC10 (field-collected sediment) or chronic NOEC (artificial sediment) of C. riparius and an assessment factor of 10, seems to be protective for the treatment-related responses observed in the sediment-spiked microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C M Brock
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - D A Bas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J D M Belgers
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Bibbe
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M-C Boerwinkel
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S J H Crum
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J Diepens
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H S Kraak
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Vonk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Roessink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chen L, Song Y, Tang B, Song X, Yang H, Li B, Zhao Y, Huang C, Han X, Wang S, Li Z. Aquatic risk assessment of a novel strobilurin fungicide: A microcosm study compared with the species sensitivity distribution approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:418-427. [PMID: 26122735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effects of pyraoxystrobin, a novel strobilurin fungicide, were studied using outdoor freshwater microcosms and the species sensitivity distribution approach. The microcosms were treated with pyraoxystrobin at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 3.0, 10, 30 and 100µg/L. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curves were constructed by means of acute toxicity data using the BurrliOZ model for fourteen representatives of sensitive invertebrates, algae and fish and eleven taxa of invertebrates and algae, respectively. The responses of zooplankton, phytoplankton and physical and chemical endpoints in microcosms were studied. Zooplankton, especially Sinodiaptomus sarsi was the most sensitive to pyraoxystrobin exposure in the microcosms. Short-term toxic effects (<8 weeks) on zooplankton occurred in 1µg/L treatment group. The duration of toxic effects on S. sarsi could not be evaluated within the initial 56 days. Significant long-term toxic effects were observed at 10, 30 and 100µg/L (>281 days) for S. sarsi and the zooplankton community. Based on the results obtained from the organisms in the microcosm system, 1µg/L was recommended as the NOEAEC (no observed ecologically adverse effect concentration). Also, 0.33µg/L was derived as the Regulatory Acceptable Concentration based on the ecological recovery option (ERO-RAC) of pyraoxystrobin. For all fourteen tested species, the median HC5 (hazardous concentration affecting 5% of species) was 0.86µg/L, and the lower limit HC5 (LL-HC5) was 0.39µg/L. For the eleven taxa of invertebrates and algae tested, the median HC5 was 1.1µg/L, and the LL-HC5 was 0.26µg/L. The present study positively contributes to the suggestion of adequately using acute L(E)C50-based HC5/ LL-HC5 for deriving protective concentrations for strobilurin fungicides, and it should be valuable for full comprehension of the potential toxicity of pyraoxystrobin in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yufang Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Baohua Tang
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xueying Song
- College of Environment, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua South Street Dadong District, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Hairong Yang
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Baiyu Li
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yu Zhao
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chengtian Huang
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xue Han
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaoye Wang
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, 8 East Shenliao Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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Focks A, Luttik R, Zorn M, Brock T, Roex E, Van der Linden T, Van den Brink PJ. A simulation study on effects of exposure to a combination of pesticides used in an orchard and tuber crop on the recovery time of a vulnerable aquatic invertebrate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1489-1498. [PMID: 24375456 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess whether population effects and recovery times increase when a population of a vulnerable aquatic invertebrate is exposed to concentrations of 1 or multiple pesticides. The 2 sets of pesticide combinations tested are typical for orchard and tuber crops in The Netherlands. Exposure concentrations were predicted using the FOCUS step 3 modeling framework and the Dutch drainage ditch scenario. Recovery times were assessed using the MASTEP population model. We simulated the population dynamics and pesticide effects in a Monte Carlo style by using median effective concentration values drawn from an arthropod species sensitivity distribution. In the tuber scenario, exposure to λ-cyhalothrin resulted in long-term effects, whereas exposure to the co-occurring compound fluazinam hardly resulted in (additional) effects. In the orchard scenario, 3 pesticides resulted in large effects just after exposure, but pulse exposures to these compounds did not coincide. The probabilities of effects for the single compounds added up for the combination; in contrast, the recovery times were not higher for the combination compared to those associated with exposure to the individual compounds. The conclusion from the present study's simulations is that exposure to the evaluated pesticide packages may lead to increased mortality probabilities and effect sizes of the combination, but does not lead to longer recovery times for populations with synchronized reproduction than when exposed to the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Focks
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Mensah PK, Palmer CG, Muller WJ. Derivation of South African water quality guidelines for Roundup(®) using species sensitivity distribution. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 96:24-31. [PMID: 23856119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides are among the leading products used in South Africa to control weeds and invading alien plant species. Although these herbicides ultimately find their way into aquatic ecosystems, South Africa has no water quality guideline based on indigenous species to protect the country's aquatic biota against these biocides. In this study, South African water quality guidelines (SAWQGs) for Roundup(®) based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) using indigenous aquatic biota were developed. Short-term and long-term toxicity tests were conducted with eight different aquatic species belonging to five different taxonomic groups. Static non-renewal experimental methods were employed for short-term lethal tests (≤4 days), and static renewal for long-term sublethal tests (≥4 days ≤21 days). LC50 values for animal exposure and EC50 values for algae were calculated using probit analysis and linear regression of transformed herbicide concentration as natural logarithm data against percentage growth inhibition, respectively. No effect concentration (NEC) was determined based on the dynamic energy budget model, using survival data. The LC50, EC50 and NEC values were used to develop species sensitivity distribution (SSD) concentrations for Roundup(®). Based on the SSD concentrations, the short-term and long-term SAWQGs for Roundup(®) were derived as 0.250 (0.106-0.589) mg/L, and 0.002 (0.000-0.021) mg/L, respectively. These WQGs may be useful in protecting South African aquatic life against transient or long-term exposure to glyphosate-based chemicals as part of integrated water resources management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Mensah
- Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa.
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De Laender F, Van Sprang P, Janssen CR. A re-evaluation of fifteen years of European risk assessment using effect models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:594-601. [PMID: 23239137 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessments of chemicals can be informed by a suite of effect models, including population and food web models. In the risk assessments conducted under EU regulation 793/93/EC, however, applications of such effect models are extremely scarce and toxicity-extrapolation approaches are often used instead. The objective of the present study was to re-evaluate these risk assessments using two types of effect models: species sensitivity distributions (SSDs, non-mechanistic), and food web models (mechanistic). Species sensitivity distributions significantly fitted the available toxicity data for up to 35% of the chemicals, depending on the trophic levels included and the amount of data available. Median hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5-50) estimated by the SSDs were less accurate predictors of measured community-level no observed effect concentration than food web model-derived HC5-50s, albeit data were available for seven chemicals only. For datasets with more than 10 data points, the 90% confidence interval of the estimated HC5s was narrower for the food web modeling approach than for the SSD approach. The HC5-50s predicted by the two approaches were two to five times (metals) and 10 to 100 times (organic chemicals) higher than the predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for the aquatic environment listed in the risk assessment reports. This suggests that the derived PNECs are protective for aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik De Laender
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Applied Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Lin R, Buijse L, Dimitrov MR, Dohmen P, Kosol S, Maltby L, Roessink I, Sinkeldam JA, Smidt H, Van Wijngaarden RPA, Brock TCM. Effects of the fungicide metiram in outdoor freshwater microcosms: responses of invertebrates, primary producers and microbes. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1550-69. [PMID: 22555811 PMCID: PMC3377896 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impact of the dithiocarbamate fungicide metiram was studied in outdoor freshwater microcosms, consisting of 14 enclosures placed in an experimental ditch. The microcosms were treated three times (interval 7 days) with the formulated product BAS 222 28F (Polyram®). Intended metiram concentrations in the overlying water were 0, 4, 12, 36, 108 and 324 μg a.i./L. Responses of zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton, macrophytes, microbes and community metabolism endpoints were investigated. Dissipation half-life (DT₅₀) of metiram was approximately 1-6 h in the water column of the microcosm test system and the metabolites formed were not persistent. Multivariate analysis indicated treatment-related effects on the zooplankton (NOEC(community) = 36 μg a.i./L). Consistent treatment-related effects on the phytoplankton and macroinvertebrate communities and on the sediment microbial community could not be demonstrated or were minor. There was no evidence that metiram affected the biomass, abundance or functioning of aquatic hyphomycetes on decomposing alder leaves. The most sensitive populations in the microcosms comprised representatives of Rotifera with a NOEC of 12 μg a.i./L on isolated sampling days and a NOEC of 36 μg a.i./L on consecutive samplings. At the highest treatment-level populations of Copepoda (zooplankton) and the blue-green alga Anabaena (phytoplankton) also showed a short-term decline on consecutive sampling days (NOEC = 108 μg a.i./L). Indirect effects in the form of short-term increases in the abundance of a few macroinvertebrate and several phytoplankton taxa were also observed. The overall community and population level no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC(microcosm)) was 12-36 μg a.i./L. At higher treatment levels, including the test systems that received the highest dose, ecological recovery of affected measurement endpoints was fast (effect period < 8 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Lin
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture (ICAMA), Beijing, 100125 China
| | - Laura Buijse
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mauricio R. Dimitrov
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Dohmen
- BASF SE, Agricultural Center, APD/EE-L1425, Speyerer Str. 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Sujitra Kosol
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 35 Moo 3, Tambon Klong Five, Klong Laung, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Lorraine Maltby
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Ivo Roessink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A. Sinkeldam
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo C. M. Brock
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dijksterhuis J, van Doorn T, Samson R, Postma J. Effects of Seven Fungicides on Non-Target Aquatic Fungi. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2011; 222:421-425. [PMID: 22131592 PMCID: PMC3208810 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic risk assessments for fungicides are carried out without information on their toxicity to non-target aquatic fungi. This might cause an underestimation of the toxic effects to the aquatic fungal community. This study focuses on the question whether recently derived concentrations limits for fungicides considered to protect populations of primary producers and (in)vertebrates also do protect the aquatic fungi. A panel of fungal species and Oomycetes was isolated and identified from unpolluted surface waters in the Netherlands. Toxicity tests were used to determine effects of seven fungicides with different modes of actions. For the triazoles epoxiconazole and tebuconazole, the chronic lowest observable effect concentration was lower than the regulatory acceptable concentration based on acute HC5 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dijksterhuis
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke van Doorn
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Samson
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Postma
- Ecofide, Singel 105, 1381 AT Weesp, The Netherlands
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Yang C, Hamel C, Vujanovic V, Gan Y. Fungicide: Modes of Action and Possible Impact on Nontarget Microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5402/2011/130289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides have been used widely in order to control fungal diseases and increase crop production. However, the effects of fungicides on microorganisms other than fungi remain unclear. The modes of action of fungicides were never well classified and presented, making difficult to estimate their possible nontarget effects. In this paper, the action modes and effects of fungicides targeting cell membrane components, protein synthesis, signal transduction, respiration, cell mitosis, and nucleic acid synthesis were classified, and their effects on nontarget microorganisms were reviewed. Modes of action and potential non-target effects on soil microorganisms should be considered in the selection of fungicide in order to protect the biological functions of soil and optimize the benefits derived from fungicide use in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, AAFC, Swift Current, SK, Canada S9H 3X2
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5N8
| | - Chantal Hamel
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, AAFC, Swift Current, SK, Canada S9H 3X2
| | - Vladimir Vujanovic
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5N8
| | - Yantai Gan
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, AAFC, Swift Current, SK, Canada S9H 3X2
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Ashauer R, Hintermeister A, Potthoff E, Escher BI. Acute toxicity of organic chemicals to Gammarus pulex correlates with sensitivity of Daphnia magna across most modes of action. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 103:38-45. [PMID: 21392493 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the sensitivity of the freshwater crustacean amphipod Gammarus pulex towards organic xenobiotic compounds in comparison to the sensitivity of the crustacean cladoceran Daphnia magna. In addition we studied the influence of the chemical's mode of action on the relationship between the sensitivity of G. pulex and that of D. magna. We tested the acute toxicity of twelve compounds (Malathion, Aldicarb, Carbofuran, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, Ethylacrylate, 4-nitrobenzyl-chloride, Sea-nine, Imidacloprid) with different modes of action and physicochemical properties towards the freshwater amphipod G. pulex in laboratory experiments. Additional toxicity data was collected from the peer-reviewed literature and databases (data pairs for 44 chemicals in total). The chemicals were assigned to seven mode of action groups. The relationship between the sensitivity of G. pulex (48h-LC50s and 96h-LC50s) and that of D. magna (48h-EC50s) was investigated using regression analysis and correlation plots. G. pulex is two to three orders of magnitude more sensitive towards neonicotinoids than D. magna (P=0.0046, n=3). For organophosphates we found that D. magna is more sensitive than G. pulex by approximately a factor of six (P=0.0256, n=6). There was no significant difference between the sensitivity of D. magna and that of G. pulex in any of the other mode of action groups; however chemicals with the same mode of action grouped together in the same area of the correlation plot. Without the neonicotinoids 75% of all G. pulex toxicity data were within one order of magnitude of the D. magna data and 100% within two orders of magnitude. The regressions with all data and with all data minus neonicotinoids were both significant linear relationships with slopes around one and intercept around zero. Thus, G. pulex is generally equally sensitive towards organic xenobiotics as D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ashauer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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