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Zheng X, Wei C, Fan J, Liu X, Hou Y, Ling J, Wei J, Liu P. Acute Toxicity Assessment and Prediction Models of Four Heavy Metals. TOXICS 2023; 11:346. [PMID: 37112573 PMCID: PMC10143344 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water quality criteria (WQC) are developed to protect aquatic organisms. Toxicity data of local fish are essential to improve the applicability of WQC derivatives. However, the paucity of local cold-water fish toxicity data limits the development of WQC in China. Brachymystax lenok is a representative Chinese-endemic cold-water fish, which plays an important role in the characterization of metal toxicity in the water environment. Whereas, the ecotoxicological effects of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium, as well as its potential as a test species for the metal WQC, remain to be investigated. In our study, acute toxicity tests of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium were performed on this fish according to the OECD method and 96 h-LC50 values were calculated. The results showed that the 96 h-LC50 values of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ for B. lenok were 134, 222, 514 and 734 μg/L, respectively. Toxicity data for freshwater species and Chinese-native species were collected and screened, and the mean acute values of each metal for each species were ranked. The results showed that the accumulation probability of zinc by B. lenok was the lowest and less than 15%. Thus, B. lenok was sensitive to Zn and can be considered as the test cold-water fish for derivation of Zn WQC. In addition, B. lenok in comparison with warm-water fish, we found that cold-water fish are not always more sensitive to heavy metals than warm-water fish. Finally, the models for toxic effects prediction of different heavy metals on the same species were constructed and evaluated the reliability of the model. We suggest that the alternative toxicity data provided by the simulations can be used to derive WQC for metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Obiakor MO, Tighe MK, Pereg L, Taylor AM, Maher W, Krikowa F, Wilson SC. Sensitivity of Freshwater Australian Bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and Silver Perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to Waterborne Antimony: Exposure-Dose-Response Characteristics and Ion Homeostasis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:621-636. [PMID: 34562110 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted acute toxicity studies using semi-static protocols to examine the lethal responses of Australian bass and silver perch exposed to antimony (Sb) oxidation states in Sb(III) (10.5-30.5 mg L-1) and Sb(V) (95.9-258.7 mg L-1). Bioavailability and the effects of Sb on body ion regulation (Na, Ca, Mg, and K) were also investigated. Antimony species-specific effects were observed with exposure to both Sb oxidation states. Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for Sb(III) were 13.6 and 18 mg L-1 for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, and the LC50 for Sb(V) in Australian bass was 165.3 mg L-1. The LC50 could not be calculated for silver perch exposed to Sb(V) as the maximum exposure concentrations produced 40% mortality but a larger-than value of > 258.7 mg L-1 was estimated. Relative median potency values derived from the LC50s were 0.1 Sb(III) and 12.2 and 16.6 Sb(V) for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, demonstrating greater toxicity of Sb(III) to both fish species. Antimony uptake in fish was observed. Median critical body residue (CBR50) values of 77.7 and 26.6 mg kg-1 for Sb(III) were estimated for Australian bass and silver perch, respectively, and 628.1 mg kg-1 for Sb(V) in Australian bass. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for both Sb(III) and Sb(V) did not change with exposure but the greater BCFs for fish exposed to Sb(III) indicate that it is more bioavailable than Sb(V) in acute exposure. No effects on whole-body Na, Ca, Mg, or K ions were observed with fish exposure to either Sb species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew K Tighe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Lily Pereg
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M Taylor
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Centre for Applied Water Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William Maher
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Frank Krikowa
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Lobo H, Méndez-Fernández L, Martínez-Madrid M, Rodriguez P, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity of arsenic and zinc in the aquatic oligochaetes Branchiura sowerbyi and Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 239:105955. [PMID: 34500378 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oligochaetes feed on bulk sediment and penetrate the sediment through the construction of burrows, making them especially vulnerable to sediment metal contamination. However, the few oligochaete species that have been tested to date are almost exclusively temperate test species. Although the warmwater adapted species Branchiura sowerbyi has been indicated as a promising candidate for tropical sediment toxicity testing, few (especially chronic) studies have been conducted so far to confirm this. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and chronic 28d lethal and sublethal toxicity of arsenic (As) and zinc (Zn) to both the warmwater-adapted B. sowerbyi and the coldwater-adapted oligochaete Tubifex tubifex for comparison. Arsenic was more toxic to both oligochaete species than Zn. Inter- and intra-species variability in toxicity values of the two test species and other benthic invertebrates was within an order of magnitude. However, B. sowerbyi was the most sensitive species to As even for sediment concentration (EC50: 36.6 ± 2.1 µg/g and 147.1 ± 21.7 µg/g, for B. sowerbyi and T. tubifex, respectively) and for tissue concentration (ER50: 9.2 ± 0.9 µg/g and 887.0 ± 35.0 µg/g, for B. sowerbyi and T. tubifex, respectively). Finally, the Tissue Residue-effects Approach (TRA) using Effective Tissue Residues appears to be a promising way forward in advancing in this since it considers internal body concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo Lobo
- Núcleo de Ecotoxicologia e Ecologia Aplicada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Engenharia, Ambiental, EESC/USP. Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400. Cep, São Carlos, SP 13564-590, Brazil.
| | - Leire Méndez-Fernández
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cellular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
| | - Maite Martínez-Madrid
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
| | - Pilar Rodriguez
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cellular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Box 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- Núcleo de Ecotoxicologia e Ecologia Aplicada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Engenharia, Ambiental, EESC/USP. Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400. Cep, São Carlos, SP 13564-590, Brazil.
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Liu W, Qiu H, Yan Y, Xie X. Acute Cd Toxicity, Metal Accumulation, and Ion Loss in Southern Catfish ( Silurus meridionalis Chen). TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090202. [PMID: 34564353 PMCID: PMC8473079 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The amounts of cadmium in multiple organs and the amounts of Na+ and Ca2+ in the carcass were measured in dead and surviving southern catfish exposed to different concentrations of Cd. The 96 h median lethal concentration was 6.85 mg/L. The Cd content and Cd accumulation rate were positively correlated with Cd exposure concentrations, and there were significant differences between dead and surviving individuals, indicating that both Cd content in tissues and Cd accumulation rates were correlated with mortality. Cd levels in the liver of dead fish were saturated. A lethal threshold for Cd concentration in the whole fish was obtained. Bioconcentration factors for Cd did not decrease with increasing exposure. Acute exposure to waterborne Cd caused a significant decrease in the ion content of the fish carcass. There was a significant difference between the Na+ content of the carcass of dead fish (34.54 μmol/g wet weight) and surviving fish (59.34 μmol/g wet weight), which was not the case with the Ca2+ content, indicating that the lethal toxicity of Cd was probably related to the decrease in Na+ content. Collectively, these results suggest that whole-fish Cd concentration and carcass Na+ content can be useful indicators of fish acutely exposed to Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Liu
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-3505 (W.L. & X.X.)
| | | | | | - Xiaojun Xie
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-3505 (W.L. & X.X.)
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Tipping E, Stockdale A, Lofts S. Systematic analysis of freshwater metal toxicity with WHAM-F TOX. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:128-137. [PMID: 31103734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We used the WHAM chemical speciation model and the WHAM-FTOX toxicity model to analyse the published results of laboratory toxicity experiments covering 52 different freshwater biological test species and 24 different metals, a total of 2037 determinations of EC50 with accompanying data on solution composition. The key extracted parameter was αM, the parameter in WHAM-FTOX that characterises the toxic potency of a metal on the basis of its estimated metabolically active body burden. For 16 data sets applying to metal-test species pairs with appreciable variations in solution composition, values of EC50 back-calculated from averaged values of αM showed significantly (p < 0.001) less deviation from the measured EC50 values than did the simple average EC50, confirming that the modelling calculations could account for some of the dependence of toxicity on chemical speciation. Data for different exposure times permitted a simple parameterisation of temporal effects, enabling values of αM,max (values at infinite exposure time) to be obtained, and the effects of different exposure times to be factored out for further analysis. Comparison of averaged values of αM,max for different metals showed little difference among major taxa (invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates). For Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn (the four metals with most data) there were significant differences among αM,max values for different species, but within-species variabilities were greater. Reasonably similar species sensitivity distributions of standardised αM,max applied to Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn. The average values, over all species, of αM,max increased in the order Al < lanthanides < Zn ∼ UO2 < Ni ∼ Cu < Pb < Cd < Ag. Considering all the αM,max values, there was a strong dependence (r2 = 0.56, p < 0.001) on Pearson's hardness-softness categories, and a slightly stronger relationship (r2 = 0.59) if ionic radius was included in the statistical model, indicating that softer, larger cations are the most effective toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tipping
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom.
| | - A Stockdale
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - S Lofts
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
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Obiakor MO, Tighe M, Wang Z, Ezeonyejiaku CD, Pereg L, Wilson SC. The relative sensitivity of freshwater species to antimony(III): Implications for water quality guidelines and ecological risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25276-25290. [PMID: 28929352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a pollutant in many jurisdictions, yet its threat to aquatic biota is unclear. Water quality guidelines (WQGs) for Sb are not well established and large uncertainty factors are commonly applied in derivation. We constructed freshwater species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for Sb(III) using available acute toxicity data sourced from temperate and tropical regional studies. A tiered ecological risk assessment (ERA) approach using risk quotients (RQs) was applied for characterisation of risks presented by Sb(III) concentrations measured in the freshwater environment. Multiple parametric models were fitted for each SSD, with the optimal model used to derive the 5% hazardous concentration (HC5), defined as protective of 95% of species, and the corresponding predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The HC5 values for whole and temperate SSDs were estimated at 781 and 976 μg L-1 Sb(III), respectively, while the PNECs for both datasets were 156 and 195 μg L-1 Sb(III), respectively. Due to limited tropical data, a temperate-to-tropic extrapolation factor of 10 was used to estimate an interim PNEC for tropical regions of 20 μg L-1 Sb(III). Based on published freshwater Sb(III) concentration values across a range of locations, potential ecological risks posed by Sb(III) in some freshwater systems studied would be classified as medium to high risk, but the majority of locations sampled would fall into the low ecological risk category. Our results facilitate the understanding of toxic effects of Sb(III) to freshwater species but also demonstrate that data for Sb ERA are extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Tighe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhen Wang
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Lily Pereg
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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Simplício NDCS, Muniz DHDF, Rocha FRM, Martins DC, Dias ZMB, Farias BPDC, Oliveira-Filho EC. Comparative Analysis between Ecotoxicity of Nitrogen-, Phosphorus-, and Potassium-Based Fertilizers and Their Active Ingredients. TOXICS 2016; 5:E2. [PMID: 29051434 PMCID: PMC5606677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the ecotoxicity of nitrogen-, phosphorus-, and potassium-based compounds to organisms of two different trophic levels in order to compare the toxic effect between high-purity substances and these substances as components of fertilizers. Dilutions were made with the fertilizers' potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, superphosphate, urea, and their equivalent reagents, to conduct assays to establish the acute lethal concentration for half of the population (LC50). Ten individuals of the benthic snail Biomphalaria glabrata and the fish Danio rerio were exposed to each concentration of tested compounds. As a result, the toxicity levels of potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, and urea were obtained for B. glabrata and D. rerio, with the fish being more susceptible to potassium chloride in the fertilizer and the snail to potassium nitrate and urea, in both commercial and reagent forms. Regarding superphosphate, no significant toxicity was found. This study concluded that among the tested substances, KNO₃ and KCl were the most toxic substances and urea the least toxic. It was not possible to establish the most sensitive species since, for KCl, the fish were more susceptible to the fertilizer and the snail to the reagent, while for KNO₃ the opposite was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan de Castro Soares Simplício
- Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR 020, Km 18, Planaltina DF 73310-970, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde (FACES), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília DF 70790-075, Brazil.
- Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina Área Universitária 01, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernanda Regina Moreira Rocha
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde (FACES), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília DF 70790-075, Brazil.
| | - Denis Cavalcanti Martins
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde (FACES), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília DF 70790-075, Brazil.
| | - Zélia Malena Barreira Dias
- Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina Área Universitária 01, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Pereira da Costa Farias
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde (FACES), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília DF 70790-075, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho
- Embrapa Cerrados, Rodovia BR 020, Km 18, Planaltina DF 73310-970, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde (FACES), Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília DF 70790-075, Brazil.
- Faculdade UnB Planaltina, Campus de Planaltina Área Universitária 01, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Planaltina DF 73345-010, Brazil.
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García-Gómez C, Esteban E, Sánchez-Pardo B, Fernández MD. Assessing the ecotoxicological effects of long-term contaminated mine soils on plants and earthworms: relevance of soil (total and available) and body concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1195-209. [PMID: 24875255 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interactions and relevance of the soil (total and available) concentrations, accumulation, and acute toxicity of several essential and non-essential trace elements were investigated to determine their importance in environmental soil assessment. Three plant species (T. aestivum, R. sativum, and V. sativa) and E. fetida were simultaneously exposed for 21 days to long-term contaminated soils collected from the surroundings of an abandoned pyrite mine. The soils presented different levels of As and metals, mainly Zn and Cu, and were tested at different soil concentrations [12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of contaminated soil/soil (w/w)] to increase the range of total and available soil concentrations necessary for the study. The total concentrations in the soils (of both As and metals) were better predictors of earthworm uptake than were the available concentrations. In plants, the accumulation of metals was related to the available concentrations of Zn and Cu, which could indicate that plants and earthworms accumulate elements from different pools of soil contaminants. Moreover, Zn and Cu, which are essential elements, showed controlled uptake at low concentrations. The external metal concentrations predicted earthworm mortality, whereas in plants, the effects on growth were correlated to the As and metal contents in the plants. In general, the bioaccumulation factors were lower at higher exposure levels, which implies the existence of auto-regulation in the uptake of both essential and non-essential elements by plants and earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción García-Gómez
- Environment Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Aurélien BDH, Sylvie B, Alain D, Jérôme G, Yves P. Ecotoxicological risk assessment linked to the discharge by hospitals of bio-accumulative pharmaceuticals into aquatic media: The case of mitotane. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2365-2372. [PMID: 24063751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The release of hospital wastewater into the urban sewer networks contributes to the general contamination of aquatic media by pharmaceutical residues. These residues include bio-accumulative pharmaceuticals that lead to increased risk for ecosystems because they can concentrate in organisms and food chains, and therefore reach toxic levels. In order to assess the ecotoxicological risks linked to this particular category of residues, we have developed a specific method, by combining a theoretical calculation of pollutant concentrations in organisms to estimate Body Residue (BR), and ecotoxicity biomarkers in fish cell lines, enabling the calculation of a Critical Body Residue (CBR). This method finally results in the calculation of a specific risk quotient (Qb=BR/CBR), characterizing the risk linked to this type of pollutant. This method was applied to mitotane, a bio-accumulative pharmaceutical typically found in hospital wastewater, in the framework of an exposure scenario corresponding to the discharge of all the hospital wastewaters into the Rhone River which flows through the city of Lyon, France. This approach leads to risk quotients (Qb and Qbg) much higher than those found with the classical approach, i.e. Q=PEC/PNEC (Predictive Environmental Concentration/Predictive Non Effect Concentration)=0.0006. This difference in the appreciation of risk is important when using cytotoxicity as the criterion for measuring the toxicity of mitotane (Qb=0.056) and it is even greater when the criterion used is genotoxicity (Qbg=6.8). This study must be now consolidated by taking the biomagnification of the pharmaceuticals into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brackers de Hugo Aurélien
- Université de Lyon, ENTPE, CNRS, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 2 Rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Université de Lyon, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
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10
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Mastrángelo M, Ferrari L. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus juveniles as test organisms in toxicity assessment: cadmium case. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:49-54. [PMID: 23636709 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-0999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The poeciliid Cnesterodon decemmaculatus is one of the native species of southern South America recently recommended for use as a test species in biomonitoring. Therefore, it is important to characterize its responses to stress conditions caused by pollution. The aim of this work was to determine the toxicity of the reference toxicant cadmium (Cd) and to evaluate the lethality response of juveniles of C. decemmaculatus exposed to an environmental sample with a high degree of pollution (Luján River, Buenos Aires, Argentina). The LC₅₀ values at 24 and 96 h were 6.00 and 2.27 mg Cd/L, respectively. The uptake of Cd was significantly greater in the first 24 h in relation to the total time of exposure in the bioassay. The toxicity of the water was in agreement with the level of contamination. A Cd contaminant pulse exerted an important additive effect on the toxicity of the environmental sample. The results provide information regarding the sensitivity of a native species to be used as a test organism in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mastrángelo
- Applied Ecophysiology Program, Basic Sciences Department, Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development-INEDES, National University of Luján, CC 221, B6700ZBA Luján, Argentina
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Li ZH, Zeng JF, Li S, Ji XQ, Wang XC. [Effect of size and number of aerobic granules on nitrification and denitrification]. HUAN JING KE XUE= HUANJING KEXUE 2012; 33:903-909. [PMID: 22624386 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Based on experimental results, a one dimension dynamic model was developed for describing the growth, maintenance and decay processes of microbes using multi substances, and consequently, the effect of size and number of aerobic granules on nitrification and denitrification were investigated. It was found that the consuming of ammonia nitrogen increased with the larger number of granules given the same biomass amount, indicating that the consumption of ammonia was dependent on the surface area of granules. The resulting amount of NO2(-) -N and NO3(-) -N was dependent not only on the amount but also on the diameter of granules, and the effect of the diameter became negligible only when the ammonia concentration was very low, suggesting the penetration depth of oxygen determines the production of NO2(-) -N and NO3(-) -N. Regarding on denitrification, for those granules with the diameter more than 1 000 microm, the denitrification increased with the increase of diameter, however, for those ones less than 1 000 microm the effect of diameter became negligible, indicating that the limitation of oxygen diffusion in granules of big granules more than 1 000 microm could help the process of denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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