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Nowroz F, Hasanuzzaman M, Siddika A, Parvin K, Caparros PG, Nahar K, Prasad PV. Elevated tropospheric ozone and crop production: potential negative effects and plant defense mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1244515. [PMID: 38264020 PMCID: PMC10803661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels on Earth are increasing because of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Ozone enters plants through the leaves, leading to the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mesophyll and guard cell walls. ROS can damage chloroplast ultrastructure and block photosynthetic electron transport. Ozone can lead to stomatal closure and alter stomatal conductance, thereby hindering carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation. Ozone-induced leaf chlorosis is common. All of these factors lead to a reduction in photosynthesis under O3 stress. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of O3 disrupts plant physiological processes, including water and nutrient uptake, respiration, and translocation of assimilates and metabolites. As a result, plant growth and reproductive performance are negatively affected. Thus, reduction in crop yield and deterioration of crop quality are the greatest effects of O3 stress on plants. Increased rates of hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and ion leakage are the common indicators of oxidative damage in plants exposed to O3 stress. Ozone disrupts the antioxidant defense system of plants by disturbing enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant content. Improving photosynthetic pathways, various physiological processes, antioxidant defense, and phytohormone regulation, which can be achieved through various approaches, have been reported as vital strategies for improving O3 stress tolerance in plants. In plants, O3 stress can be mitigated in several ways. However, improvements in crop management practices, CO2 fertilization, using chemical elicitors, nutrient management, and the selection of tolerant crop varieties have been documented to mitigate O3 stress in different plant species. In this review, the responses of O3-exposed plants are summarized, and different mitigation strategies to decrease O3 stress-induced damage and crop losses are discussed. Further research should be conducted to determine methods to mitigate crop loss, enhance plant antioxidant defenses, modify physiological characteristics, and apply protectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Nowroz
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Siddika
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khursheda Parvin
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pedro Garcia Caparros
- Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P.V. Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Singh P, Ansari N, Rai SP, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Effect of elevated ozone on the antioxidant response, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in three species of Abelmoschus having different ploidy levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59401-59423. [PMID: 37004611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The majority of polyploids can withstand many stresses better than their monoploid counterparts; however, there is no proven mechanism that can fully explain the level of tolerance at the biochemical and molecular levels. Here, we make an effort to provide an explanation for this intriguing but perplexing issue using the antioxidant responses, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in relation to ploidy level under the elevated level of ozone in Abelmoschus cytotypes. The outcome of this study inferred that the elevated ozone causes an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and DNA de-methylation in all the Abelmoschus cytotypes. The monoploid cytotype of Abelmoschus, that is Abelmoschus moschatus L., experienced the highest oxidative stress under elevated O3, resulting in maximum DNA damage and DNA de-methylation leading to the maximum reduction in yield. While the diploid (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and triploid (Abelmoschus caillei A. Chev.) cytotypes of Abelmoschus with lower oxidative stress result in lesser DNA damage and DNA de-methylation which ultimately leads to lower yield reduction. The result of this experiment explicitly revealed that polyploidy confers better adaptability in the case of Abelmoschus cytotypes under ozone stress. This study can further be used as a base to understand the mechanism behind the ploidy-induced stress tolerance in other plants mediated by gene dosage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naushad Ansari
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Pandey Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Centre of Advance Study in Botany, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Gupta A, Yadav DS, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Sensitivity of agricultural crops to tropospheric ozone: a review of Indian researches. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:894. [PMID: 36242703 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a long-range transboundary secondary air pollutant, causing significant damage to agricultural crops worldwide. There are substantial spatial variations in O3 concentration in different areas of India due to seasonal and geographical variations. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region is one of the most crop productive and air-polluted regions in India. The concentration of tropospheric O3 over the IGP is increasing by 6-7.2% per decade. The annual trend of increase is 0.4 ± 0.25% year-1 over the Northeastern IGP. High O3 concentrations were reported during the summer, while they were at their minimum during the monsoon months. To explore future potential impacts of O3 on major crop plants, the responses of different crops grown under ambient and elevated O3 concentrations were compared. The studies clearly showed that O3 is an important stress factor, negatively affecting the yield of crops. In this review, we have discussed yield losses in agricultural crops due to rising O3 pollution and variations in O3 sensitivity among cultivars and species. The use of ethylene diurea (EDU) as a research tool in assessing the losses in yield under ambient and elevated O3 levels also discussed. Besides, an overview of interactive effects of O3 and nitrogen on crop productivity has been included. Several recommendations are made for future research and policy development on rising concentration of O3 in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Durgesh Singh Yadav
- Department of Botany, Government Raza P.G. College, Rampur, U.P. 244901, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Gautam M, Pandey B, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Stabilization of metals in sludge-amended soil using red mud and its effects on yield and oil quality of Brassica juncea cultivar Kranti. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:1431-1450. [PMID: 34820730 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged application of sewage-sludge may cause excessive accumulation of metal(oid)s in soil, leading to phytotoxic effects. Spread of contaminants in soil can probably be hindered by using an effective metal(oid) stabilizer. Pot experiment in open field conditions was conducted for five months to evaluate the metal(oid) (Al, Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr) stabilization potential of red mud (RM) in sludge-amended soil and its effects on growth, yield, oil quality parameters and metal(oid) accumulations in Brassica juncea cultivar Kranti. The test plant was grown at different RM concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15% w/w) in sludge-amended soil (soil/sludge: 2:1 w/w). As the total and phytoavailable metal(oid) concentrations in sludge were high, its application increased their concentrations in soil compared to the control (no RM and sludge). Increasing RM concentrations in sludge-amended soil effectively stabilized Cd followed by Cr, Cu, Zn and Al, leading to their reduced contents in plants coupled with enhanced growth performance and yield. Maximum plant (root and shoot) biomass (14.9%) and seed yield (40.4%) were found in 10% RM treatment, whereas oil content showed substantial increase with increasing RM treatments in sludge-amended soil. Mustard oil showed low rancidification, high long-chain fatty acids, saturated and polyunsaturated (ω-3 and ω-6) fatty acids within FAO ranges for edible oils under varying RM treatments compared to sludge-amended soil. Furthermore, high oleic and low erucic acid contents in mustard oil indicated a better oil quality under different RM treatments. Metal(oid) contents in seeds under different red mud treatments were within FAO/WHO limits for consumption. Thus, RM applications preferably 5 and 10% (w/w) in sludge-amended soil might be effective in stabilization of metal(oid)s using B. juncea cultivar Kranti coupled with better yield, improved oil quality and metal(oid)s within limits for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Gautam
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Bhanu Pandey
- Natural Resources and Environmental Management, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Barware Road, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Ansari N, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. An assessment of growth, floral morphology, and metabolites of a medicinal plant Sida cordifolia L. under the influence of elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:832-845. [PMID: 32820442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major secondary air pollutant and greenhouse gas, and its impact on growth, yield, and its quality is well established in the case of crop plants. However, the effects of tropospheric O3 have not been comprehensively studied on medicinal plants. Therefore, a field study was planned on a medicinally important Sida cordifolia L. plant (commonly known as country mallow or Bala) to assess the expected changes on the morphology, growth, and leaf injury under elevated O3 (ambient + 20 ppb) by using open-top chambers (OTCs) at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment (DAT), while leaf and root metabolites were observed at 60 DAT. At all the growth stages, significant leaf damage was recorded as foliar injury symptoms. Most of the growth parameters also showed significant reductions at all the growth stages. Plants under elevated O3 showed a significant negative impact on most of the reproductive parts of the plant. Leaf weight ratio (LWR) showed significant increment at early stages while reduced at 90 DAT; however, root shoot ratio (RSR) showed a significant reduction at 60 DAT. The majority of the steroid metabolites showed an increase in root and leaves under elevated O3, while terpenes showed variable response. Due to O3 stress, most of the major metabolites showed an increase possibly due to their role in defense and other metabolic activities. Based on the outcomes, it is concluded that the future increase in the levels of tropospheric O3 will impact a significant effect on important metabolites of medicinal plants growing in tropical countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ansari
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Tripathi R, Rai K, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Role of supplemental UV-B in changing the level of ozone toxicity in two cultivars of sunflower: growth, seed yield and oil quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:277-293. [PMID: 30761429 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is inherent part of solar spectrum and tropospheric ozone (O3) is a potent secondary air pollutant. Therefore the present study was conducted to evaluate the responses of Helianthus annuus L. cvs DRSF 108 and Sungold (sunflower) to supplemental UV-B (sUV-B; ambient + 7.2 kJ m-2 d-1) and elevated ozone (O3; ambient + 10 ppb), given singly and in combination under field conditions using open-top chambers. The individual and interactive effects of O3 and sUV-B induced varying changes in both the cultivars of sunflower ranging from ultrastructural variations to growth, biomass, yield and oil composition. Reduction in leaf area of Sungold acted as a protective feature which minimized the perception of sUV-B as well as uptake of O3 thus led to lesser carbon loss compared to DRSF 108. Number- and weight of heads plant-1 decreased although more in Sungold with decline of oil content. Both the stresses when given singly and combination induced rancidification of oil and thus made the oil less suitable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kshama Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Singh AA, Agrawal SB, Shahi JP, Agrawal M. Yield and kernel nutritional quality in normal maize and quality protein maize cultivars exposed to ozone. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2205-2214. [PMID: 30315574 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is phytotoxic and therefore impacts global food security. In the present study yield responses and kernel quality traits of two maize cultivars [DHM117: normal maize (NM)] and [HQPM1: quality protein maize (QPM)] are investigated. Cultivars were exposed to two doses of elevated O3 , namely NFC + 15 and NFC + 30 ppb O3 above ambient level (NFC, non-filtered chambers) while filtered chambers served as control. RESULTS Test weight (thousand kernel weight), weight of kernels per square meter and kernel starch content reduced more in NM than QPM due to elevated O3 exposure. Total soluble and reducing sugars increased in both the cultivars being more in NM. Though, endosperm protein showed comparatively more increase in QPM than NM, decline in essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine was higher in QPM. Majority of nutrient elements increased after O3 treatment, while reductions in oil content as well as saturated fatty acids were observed in both test cultivars. Of the two essential fatty acids, omega 3 fatty acid reduced while omega 6 fatty acid contents increased in QPM. Oil became more unsaturated (increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids) upon O3 exposure, thus increasing its reactivity and hence became more prone to auto-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Elevated O3 caused losses in yield of maize cultivars and NM showed higher sensitivity than QPM. Kernel quality analysis revealed significant changes in nutritional parameters. Carbohydrate content reduced more in NM, while essential amino acids and saturated fatty acids showed more decline in QPM. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya-Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jay P Shahi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Singh AA, Agrawal SB. Tropospheric ozone pollution in India: effects on crop yield and product quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4367-4382. [PMID: 27943144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) in troposphere is the most critical secondary air pollutant, and being phytotoxic causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Its increasing concentration in India particularly in Indo-Gangetic plains is an issue of major concern as it is posing a threat to agriculture. In view of the issue of rising surface level of O3 in India, the aim of this compilation is to present the past and the prevailing concentrations of O3 and its important precursor (oxides of nitrogen) over the Indian region. The resulting magnitude of reductions in crop productivity as well as alteration in the quality of the product attributable to tropospheric O3 has also been taken up. Studies in relation to yield measurements have been conducted predominantly in open top chambers (OTCs) and also assessed by using antiozonant ethylene diurea (EDU). There is a substantial spatial difference in O3 distribution at different places displaying variable O3 concentrations due to seasonal and geographical variations. This review further recognizes the major information lacuna and also highlights future perspectives to get the grips with rising trend of ground level O3 pollution and also to formulate the policies to check the emissions of O3 precursors in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Liu Z, Chen W, He X, Fu S, Lu T. Regulatory Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Growth and Biochemical Responses to Ozone Stress in Chinese Pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:793-797. [PMID: 27798722 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether carbon dioxide (CO2) might alleviate ozone (O3) injury to the dominant coniferous forest species of northern China, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. After 90 days O3 exposure, biomass and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased significantly by 24.44 % and 42.89 % compared with the control. A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) was shown, suggesting cell membrane damage and oxidative stress. However, the positive responses of biomass dry weight, antioxidative enzymes and soluble sugar contents under elevated CO2 alone and the combination of elevated CO2 and O3 were observed, indicating that CO2 could ameliorate O3-induced injury. The study provided increasing evidence that moderately elevated CO2 levels may have a beneficial effect on the forest ecosystem to respond to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xingyuan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
| | - Shilei Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Tao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
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Namazkar S, Stockmarr A, Frenck G, Egsgaard H, Terkelsen T, Mikkelsen T, Ingvordsen CH, Jørgensen RB. Concurrent elevation of CO2, O3 and temperature severely affects oil quality and quantity in rapeseed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4117-25. [PMID: 27222513 PMCID: PMC5301921 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant oil is an essential dietary and bio-energy resource. Despite this, the effects of climate change on plant oil quality remain to be elucidated. The present study is the first to show changes in oil quality and quantity of four rapeseed cultivars in climate scenarios with elevated [CO2], [O3] and temperature (T) combined and as single factors. The combination of environmental factors resembled IPCC's 'business as usual' emission scenario predicted for late this century. Generally, the climate scenarios reduced the average amounts of the six fatty acids (FAs) analysed, though in some treatments single FAs remained unchanged or even increased. Most reduced was the FA essential for human nutrition, C18:3-ω3, which decreased by 39% and 45% in the combined scenarios with elevated [CO2]+T+[O3] and [CO2]+T, respectively. Average oil content decreased 3-17%. When [CO2] and T were elevated concurrently, the seed biomass was reduced by half, doubling the losses in FAs and oil content. This corresponded to a 58% reduction in the oil yield per hectare, and C18:3-ω3 decreased by 77%. Furthermore, the polyunsaturated FAs were significantly decreased. The results indicate undesirable consequences for production and health benefits of rapeseed oil with future climate change. The results also showed strong interactive effects of CO2, T and O3 on oil quality, demonstrating why prediction of climate effects requires experiments with combined factors and should not be based on extrapolation from single factor experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Namazkar
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Stockmarr
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Georg Frenck
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helge Egsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thilde Terkelsen
- Danish Cancer Society, Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Teis Mikkelsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Heinz Ingvordsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark CSIRO, Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rikke Bagger Jørgensen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Mishra AK, Agrawal SB. Biochemical and physiological characteristics of tropical mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars against chronic ozone stress: an insight to cultivar-specific response. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:797-811. [PMID: 25326391 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-level ozone (O3) has been regarded as one of the most significant phytotoxic pollutants worldwide. Investigations addressing adverse impacts of elevated O3 on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), an important leguminous crop of the Indian subcontinent, are still limited. The present study analyzed the differences on the foliar injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidative defense system, physiology, and foliar protein profile of two tropical mung bean cultivars (HUM-2 and HUM-6) exposed to elevated O3 under near-natural conditions. Both cultivars were negatively affected by the pollutant, but the response was cultivar-specific. Results revealed that elevated O3 induced higher levels of ROS (O2 (·-) and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation leading to greater foliar injury in HUM-2 compared to HUM-6. Photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photochemical efficiency reduced under elevated O3 exposure and the extent of reduction was higher in HUM-2. Principal component analysis revealed that photosynthetic performance and quantum yield were drastically affected in HUM-2 as compared to HUM-6. Activities of antioxidative enzymes were also stimulated, suggesting generation of oxidative stress under elevated O3. HUM-6 showed higher induction of antioxidative enzymes than HUM-2. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis showed drastic reductions in the abundantly present ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) large and small subunits and the decrease was higher in HUM-2. Altogether, results suggested that higher accumulation of ROS and limited induction of antioxidant defense system led to more leaf injury and impairment of photosynthesis in HUM-2 than HUM-6 depicting its higher sensitivity towards elevated O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India,
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Tetteh R, Yamaguchi M, Wada Y, Funada R, Izuta T. Effects of ozone on growth, net photosynthesis and yield of two African varieties of Vigna unguiculata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:230-238. [PMID: 25463718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of O(3)on growth, net photosynthesis and yield of two African varieties of cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.), Blackeye and Asontem were exposed as potted plants to air that was either filtered to remove O(3) (FA), non-filtered air (NF), non-filtered with added O3 of approximately 50 nL L(-1) (ppb) from 11:00 to 16:00 (NF + O(3)) for 88 days in open-top chambers. The mean O(3) concentration (11:00-16:00) during the exposure period had a range from 16 ppb in the FA treatment to 118 ppb in the NF + O(3) treatment. Net photosynthetic rate and leaf area per plant were significantly reduced by exposure to O(3), reducing the growth of both varieties. Exposure to O(3) significantly reduced the 100-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. As a result, cowpea yield was significantly reduced by long-term exposure to O(3), with no difference in sensitivity between the varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashied Tetteh
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Singh AA, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Assessment of ethylene diurea-induced protection in plants against ozone phytotoxicity. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 233:129-184. [PMID: 25367135 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, industrialization and unsustainable utilization of natural resources have made tropospheric ozone (03) one of the world's most significant air pollutants. Past studies reveal that 0 3 is a phytotoxic air pollutant that causes or enhances food insecurity across the globe. Plant sensitivity, tolerance and resistance to 0 3 involve a wide array of responses that range from growth to the physiological, biochemical and molecular. Although plants have an array of defense systems to combat oxidative stress from 0 3 exposure, they still suffer sizable yield reductions. In recent years, the ground-level 0 3 concentrations to which crop plants have been exposed have caused yield loses that are economically damaging. Several types of chemicals have been applied or used to mitigate the effects produced by 0 3 on plants. These include agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators), natural antioxidants, and others. Such treatments have been effective to one degree to another, in ameliorating Or generated stress in plants. Ethylene diurea (EDU) has been the most effective protectant used and has also served as a monitoring agent for assessing plant yield losses from 0 3 exposure. In this review, we summarize the data on how EDU has been used, the treatment methods tested, and application doses found to be both protective and toxic in plants. We have also summarized data that address the nature and modes of action (biophysical and biochemical) of EDU. In general, the literature discloses that EDU is effective in reducing ozone damage to plants, and indicates that EDU should be more widely used on 0 3 sensitive plants as a tool for biomonitoring of 0 3 concentrations. Biomonitoring studies that utilize EDU are very useful for rural and remote areas and in developing countries where 0 3 monitoring is constrained from unavailability of electricity. The mechanism(s) by which EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity in plants is still not completely known. EDU possesses great utility for screening plant sensitivity under field conditions in areas that experience high 0 3 concentrations, because EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity only in 0 3 sensitive plants. Ozone-resistant plants do not respond positively to EDU applications. However, EDU application dose and frequency must be standardized before it can be effectively and widely used for screening 0 3 sensitivity in plants. EDU acts primarily by enhancing biochemical plant defense and delaying Or induced senescence, thereby reducing chlorophyll loss, and maintaining physiological efficiency and primary metabolites; these actions enhance growth, biomass and yield of plants. We believe that future studies are needed to better address the EDU dose response relationship for many plant species, and to screen for new cultivars that can resist 0 3 stress. Although some research on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of EDU have been performed, the new 'omics' tools have not been utilized to evaluate EDUs mechanism of action. Such data are needed, as is gene expression and proteome profiling studies on EDU-treated and -untreated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Lab of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Ecology Research Circle, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Singh AA, Agrawal SB, Shahi JP, Agrawal M. Investigating the response of tropical maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars against elevated levels of O3 at two developmental stages. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1447-1463. [PMID: 25023387 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations are rising in Indo-Gangetic plains of India, causing potential threat to agricultural productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important staple crop at global level after rice and wheat. Two high yielding cultivars of Indian maize (HQPM1-quality protein maize and DHM117-normal/non quality protein maize) were exposed to two levels of elevated O3 above the ambient level (NFC) viz. NFC + 15 ppb O3 (NFC + 15) and NFC + 30 ppb O3 (NFC + 30) using open top chambers under field conditions. The study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical responses of two cultivars at different developmental stages leading to change in yield responses. Initially at lower O3 dose, photosynthetic pigments showed an increase but reduction at later stage, while higher dose caused a decline at both the stages of sampling. Levels of superoxide radical (O2 (-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly increased and contributed to lipid peroxidation at elevated O3. Histochemical localization assay of O2 (-) and H2O2 showed that guard cells of stomata and cells around trichomes took deeper stain at elevated O3 reflecting more formation of reactive oxygen species. Secondary metabolites like total phenol, flavonoids and anthocyanin pigments also increased in plants under O3 stress. Enzymatic antioxidants were triggered in both the cultivars due to elevated O3, while induction of non-enzymatic antioxidants was more in HQPM1. Native PAGE analysis also showed that SOD, POX, CAT, APX and GPX were stimulated at elevated O3 concentrations compared to NFC. SDS-PAGE showed reductions of major photosynthetic proteins with higher decrease in DHM117. Principal Component Analysis showed that both the cultivars showed differential response against O3 at two developmental stages. HQPM1 maintained the analogous defense strategy at both the sampling stages while DHM117 showed variable response. Overall metabolic induction of antioxidants related to defense was more in DHM117 than HQPM1. This suggests that DHM117 utilized more assimilates in maintaining the homeostasis against imposed oxidative stress, causing less translocation of assimilates to reproductive parts and thus affecting the final yield. In terms of yield it is suggested that performance of HQPM1 (quality protein maize) was better than the DHM117 (non quality protein maize).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India,
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Chaudhary N, Agrawal SB. Intraspecific responses of six Indian clover cultivars under ambient and elevated levels of ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5318-5329. [PMID: 23389856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in six cultivars of clover Trifolium alexandrinum L., (Bundel, Wardan, JHB-146, Saidi, Fahli, and Mescavi) has been studied with ambient and elevated O3 (ambient + 10 ppb O3) in open top chambers. Significant effect of elevated O3 was detected on different morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters depicting differential response among the test cultivars. Results showed that the magnitude of O3 induced foliar injury symptoms varied in all the cultivars. Ozone significantly depressed photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic efficiency, although variations were cultivar specific. Ozone treatment diminished total biomass of all the cultivars; reduction was highest in Wardan with least O3 resistance followed by Bundel, JHB-146, Saidi, Mescavi, and Fahli. According to the cumulative sensitive index, variations in the sensitivity showed that two cultivars (Wardan and Bundel) were sensitive to elevated O3, while other three cultivars (Fahli, Saidi, and Mescavi) were resistant, and JHB-146 showed intermediate sensitivity. Therefore, the present study supported the selection of sensitive cultivar of clover as a bioindicator for O3 under Indian conditions for the areas experiencing higher concentrations of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chaudhary
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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