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Binet MT, Golding LA, Adams MS, Robertson T, Elsdon TS. Advantages of model averaging of species sensitivity distributions used for regulating produced water discharges. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:498-517. [PMID: 37466036 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) generated by Australian offshore oil and gas activities is typically discharged to the ocean after treatment. These complex mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds can pose significant environmental risk to receiving waters, if not managed appropriately. Oil and gas operators in Australia are required to demonstrate that environmental impacts of their activity are managed to levels that are as low as reasonably practicable, for example, through risk assessments comparing predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) with predicted environmental concentrations of PW. Probabilistic species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approaches are increasingly being used to derive PW PNECs and subsequently calculating dilutions of PW (termed "safe" dilutions) required to protect a nominated percentage of species in the receiving environment (e.g., 95% and 99% or PC95 and PC99, respectively). Limitations associated with SSDs include fitting a single model to small (six to eight species) data sets, resulting in large uncertainty (very wide 95% confidence limits) in the region associated with PC99 and PC95 results. Recent advances in SSD methodology, in the form of model averaging, claim to overcome some of these limitations by applying the average model fit of multiple models to a data set. We assessed the advantages and limitations of four different SSD software packages for determining PNECs for five PWs from a gas and condensate platform off the North West Shelf of Australia. Model averaging reduced occurrences of extreme uncertainty around PC95 and PC99 values compared with single model fitting and was less prone to the derivation of overly conservative PC99 and PC95 values that resulted from lack of fit to single models. Our results support the use of model averaging for improved robustness in derived PNEC and subsequent "safe" dilution values for PW discharge management and risk assessment. In addition, we present and discuss the toxicity of PW considering the paucity of such information in peer-reviewed literature. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:498-517. © 2023 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tim Robertson
- Chevron Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Travis S Elsdon
- Chevron Energy Technology Pty. Ltd., Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Iyagbaye L, Reichelt-Brushett A, Benkendorff K. Manganese uptake and partitioning between the tissue of the anemone host Exaiptasia pallida and Symbiodinium spp., including assessment of stress and recovery. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133895. [PMID: 35143868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is essential for global steel and Mn-iron (Fe) alloy production. The human health effects of elevated Mn concentrations have been well established, but studies on its impact on marine invertebrates are limited. This study is the first to investigate Mn uptake in the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida after chronic exposure (0.5, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) for 24-d. Following exposure, E. pallida were transferred to ambient seawater for 6-d to assess Mn depuration. Mn accumulation and partitioning in host tissue and symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.), tentacle retraction, and symbiont cell density were measured during exposure and depuration. Mn concentrations were substantially higher in symbionts than tissue in all treatments after 24-d. No significant difference was observed for symbiont cell density after Mn exposure. Tentacle retractions were significantly higher in all Mn exposed treatments than controls at all time points. Mn depuration was observed for both tissue and symbionts but was more rapid in symbionts. This study reveals that Symbiodinium spp. can play a role in Mn uptake and depuration in anemones, but Mn loading does not affect cell density. These results help understand metal uptake and depuration in complex relationships between Symbiodinium spp. and other host taxa like corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Iyagbaye
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, NSW, Australia
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3
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Saili KS, Cardwell AS, Stubblefield WA. Chronic Toxicity of Cobalt to Marine Organisms: Application of a Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach to Develop International Water Quality Standards. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1405-1418. [PMID: 33507602 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water quality standards for cobalt (Co) have yet to be developed for the European Union or the United States. The primary objective of the present study was to produce a data set comprising marine Co toxicity data that could be used by both the European Union and the United States to determine a predicted-no-effect concentration and ambient water quality criteria, respectively. Ten marine species, ranging from algae to fish, were subjected to chronic Co toxicity tests that were designed to meet international water quality testing standards. Chronic 10% effect concentration values ranged from a low of 1.23 µg dissolved Co/L for red algae (Champia parvula) to a high of 31 800 µg dissolved Co/L for sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). The species sensitivity ranking for chronic marine Co exposure was as follows (from most to least sensitive): C. parvula > Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaete) > Americamysis bahia (mysid shrimp) > Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom) > Dendraster excentricus (sand dollar) > Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) > Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) > Crassostrea gigas (oyster) > Dunaliella tertiolecta (marine flagellate) > C. variegatus. Chronic test results indicated that invertebrate and plant species were substantially more sensitive to Co exposure than fish. The chronic toxicity data were used to calculate a species sensitivity distribution, from which a hazardous concentration 5th percentile of 7.09 µg dissolved Co/L (95% CI 0.025-47.3 µg Co/L) was derived. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1405-1418. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerine S Saili
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Allison S Cardwell
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Stubblefield
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Ianna ML, Reichelt-Brushett A, Howe PL, Brushett D. Application of a behavioural and biochemical endpoint in ecotoxicity testing with Exaiptasia pallida. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127240. [PMID: 32516670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exaiptasia pallida has been applied as a cnidarian model to assess the toxicity of various contaminants using endpoints related to growth, reproduction and mortality. However, increasingly accepted behavioural and biochemical endpoints are underrepresented in ecotoxicity testing with cnidarian species. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of tentacle retraction and superoxide dismutase activity as behavioural and biochemical endpoints for ecotoxicity testing with E. pallida. A concentration-dependent, tentacle retraction response was found in sub-lethal toxicity testing for anemones exposed to 1-65 μg L-1 Cu and 2-630 μg L-1 Zn for 24 and 96 h. Semi-quantitative and quantitative approaches to tentacle retraction analysis showed a difference in response sensitivity, however, both methods resulted in similar 24- and 96-h EC50 values for Cu and Zn. Additionally, tentacle retraction analysis provided the benefit of identifying recovery in anemones previously exposed to 359 μg L-1 Zn following a 96-h recovery period. Conversely, no significant difference in superoxide dismutase activity was detected in anemones exposed to the Cu and Zn solutions compared with controls, after either 24- or 96-h exposures. These findings support the ease of application and sensitivity of tentacle retraction as an endpoint in ecotoxicity testing with E. pallida and recommend its suitability for use in acute, sub-lethal toxicity testing. Moreover, evidence of recovery in E. pallida following exposure suggests that recovery should be incorporated into future toxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Louise Ianna
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Amanda Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
| | - Pelli Louise Howe
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Donald Brushett
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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Summer K, Reichelt-Brushett A, Howe P. Toxicity of manganese to various life stages of selected marine cnidarian species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:83-94. [PMID: 30312889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) pollution in marine waters is increasing and sensitivities to this metal vary widely among marine species. The aims of this study were to characterise Mn chemistry in seawater, and evaluate the toxic effects of Mn on various life stages of two scleractinian corals - the branching sp. Acropora spathulata and massive sp. Platygyra daedalea, and the anemone Exaiptasia pallida. Analytical and theoretical characterisation experiments showed that 97-100% of Mn (II) additions ≤ 200 mg/L in seawater were soluble over 72 h and largely assumed labile complexes. Concentrations estimated to reduce coral fertilisation success by 50% (5.5-h EC50) were 237 mg/L for A. spathulata and 164 mg/L for P. daedalea. A relatively low 72-h LC50 of 7 mg/L was calculated for A. spathulata larvae. In a pilot test using fragments of adult A. spathulata, intact coral tissue rapidly sloughed away from the underlying skeleton at very low concentrations with a 48-h EC50 of just 0.7 mg/L. For E. pallida, survival, tentacle retraction and reproduction were unaffected by prolonged high exposures (12-d NOEC 54 mg/L). This study provides important data supporting the derivation of separate water quality guidelines for Mn in systems with and without coral - a decision recently considered by Australian and New Zealand authorities. It demonstrates the high sensitivity of coral larvae and adult colonies to Mn and the potential risks associated with relying on other early life stage tests and/or E. pallida as ecotoxicological representatives of critically important scleractinian corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Summer
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Amanda Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Pelli Howe
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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van Dam JW, Trenfield MA, Streten C, Harford AJ, Parry D, van Dam RA. Assessing chronic toxicity of aluminium, gallium and molybdenum in tropical marine waters using a novel bioassay for larvae of the hermit crab Coenobita variabilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:349-356. [PMID: 30216893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel bioassay is presented that allows for the estimation of the chronic toxicity of contaminants in receiving tropical marine environments. Relevant procedures to identify contaminants of concern and evaluate hazards associated with contamination in these environments have long remained inadequate. The 6-day bioassay is conducted using freshly hatched planktonic larvae of the hermit crab Coenobita variabilis and is targeted at generating environmentally relevant, chronic toxicity data. The developmental endpoint demonstrated consistently high control performance and was validated through the use of copper as a reference toxicant. In addition, the biological effects of aluminium, gallium and molybdenum were assessed. The endpoint expressed high sensitivity to copper (EC10 = 24 µg L-1) and moderate sensitivity to aluminium (EC10 = 312 µg L-1), whereas gallium and molybdenum elicited no obvious effects, even at high concentrations (EC10 > 6000 µg L-1), providing valuable information on the toxicity of these elements in tropical marine waters for derivation of water quality guidelines or testing of compliance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost W van Dam
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 41775, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia.
| | - Melanie A Trenfield
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.
| | - Claire Streten
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 41775, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia; Charles Darwin University, PO Box 40146, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia.
| | - David Parry
- Charles Darwin University, PO Box 40146, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia; Rio Tinto Aluminium, GPO Box 153, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Rick A van Dam
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia.
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van Dam JW, Trenfield MA, Streten C, Harford AJ, Parry D, van Dam RA. Water quality guideline values for aluminium, gallium and molybdenum in marine environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26592-26602. [PMID: 29998444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Revised water quality guideline values (WQGVs) are presented for the metals aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga) and molybdenum (Mo) in receiving marine environments. These elements are commonly found in elevated concentrations in alumina refinery waste streams, yet current WQGVs fail to accurately assess the environmental risk. Here, chronic biological effects data we have generated over the course of several years were combined with toxicity data from the open literature to construct species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) which enabled the computation of revised WQGVs for Al, Ga and Mo in marine environments. These procedures are in accordance with internationally recommended derivation procedures, and newly computed WQGVs may be incorporated in regulatory frameworks aimed at sustainable exploitation of environmental resources and ongoing protection of the marine estate. Where the available datasets allowed such distinction, separate SSDs were constructed for temperate and tropical environments and zone-specific WQGVs derived. Extrapolated from the SSDs, WQGVs of 56 μg Al L-1, 800 μg Ga L-1 and 3.88 mg Mo L-1 (in the 0.45-μm filtered fraction) for 95% species protection were recommended for implementation in both temperate and tropical receiving environments. Currently, there is insufficient validation to separate the tropical from the temperate data and in most cases, application of the generic WQGVs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost W van Dam
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 41775, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia.
| | - Melanie A Trenfield
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - Claire Streten
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PO Box 41775, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
- Charles Darwin University, PO Box 40146, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - David Parry
- Charles Darwin University, PO Box 40146, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
- Rio Tinto Aluminium, GPO Box 153, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Rick A van Dam
- Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
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Morgan MB, Edge SE, Venn AA, Jones RJ. Developing transcriptional profiles in Orbicella franksi exposed to copper: Characterizing responses associated with a spectrum of laboratory-controlled environmental conditions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:60-76. [PMID: 28599170 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 2277 Martha Berry Hwy, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA.
| | - Sara E Edge
- Hawaii Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Hwy, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department et Laboratoire International Associé 647 "BIOSENSIB", Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC98000, Monaco
| | - Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Perth, 6009, Australia
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Zarnescu O, Petrescu AM, Gaspar A, Craciunescu O. Effect of Sublethal Nickel Chloride Exposure on Crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus Ovary: An Ultrastructural, Autometallographic, and Electrophoretic Analyses. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:668-678. [PMID: 28486998 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytological responses in different organs of sentinel organisms have proven to be useful tools for characterizing the health status of those organisms and assessing the impact of environmental contaminants. Our study shows that nickel (II) accumulated in both germ cells (oogonia and developing oocytes) and somatic cells (muscle cells, follicle cells) in the Astacus leptodactylus ovary. Muscle cells from ovarian wall show disorganization and the disruption of cytoplasmic microtubules and pyknosis of the cell nucleus. Follicle cells, both those that surround the developing oocytes and also those that are not associated with the oocytes contained within the cytoplasm vacuoles of different sizes, degenerated mitochondria, myelin bodies, disorganized microtubules, and pyknotic nuclei. The most evident pathological phenomenon was the alteration and disorganization of the basal matrix, which separates the ovarian interstitium from ovarian follicles compartment. Exposure to nickel induces cytoplasmic vacuolation in oogonia and developing oocytes, structural alteration of the developing yolk granules and condensation of the nucleoli. Ultrastructural autometallography has shown grains of silver-enhanced nickel inside the cytoplasm of the muscle cells with altered morphology, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and basal matrix of the follicle cells, and in intracisternal granules and developing yolk granules of the oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Zarnescu
- 1Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology,University of Bucharest,Splaiul Independentei 91-95,Bucharest,R-050095,Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Petrescu
- 1Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology,University of Bucharest,Splaiul Independentei 91-95,Bucharest,R-050095,Romania
| | - Alexandra Gaspar
- 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology,National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences,Splaiul Independentei 296,Bucharest,R-060031,Romania
| | - Oana Craciunescu
- 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology,National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences,Splaiul Independentei 296,Bucharest,R-060031,Romania
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Howe PL, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Clark MW, Seery CR. Toxicity estimates for diuron and atrazine for the tropical marine cnidarian Exaiptasia pallida and in-hospite Symbiodinium spp. using PAM chlorophyll-a fluorometry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 171:125-132. [PMID: 28501690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Effective ecotoxicological risk assessments for herbicides in tropical marine environments are restricted by a lack of toxicity data, sensitive test methods and endpoints for relevant species, and this requires rectification. The symbiotic sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida is a suitable test species, representing the phylum Cnidaria and allowing for assessments of toxicological responses of both the animal host and in-hospite Symbiodinium spp. Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll-a fluorometry is recognised as a valuable ecotoxicological tool, and here newly-developed test methods are presented using PAM fluorometry to measure herbicide effects on photosynthetic efficiency of in-hospite Symbiodinium spp. Additionally, measurements on healthy laboratory-reared E. pallida provide baseline data demonstrating the normal effective quantum yield (EQY) and the maximum electron transport rate (ETRm) for Symbiodinium spp. in the absence of herbicide stress. Concentration-dependant reductions in the EQY and ETRm occurred during diuron and atrazine exposures; a mean 48-h EC50 (effective concentration; 50%) of 8μg/L of diuron was estimated, however atrazine elicited a much lower toxicity. Twelve-day exposures to 10-200μg/L diuron showed that the greatest EQY effect occurred during the first 48h, with little subsequent change. However, longer exposures to the lowest diuron treatment (1μg/L) showed the lowest EQYs after 96h followed by recovery to control levels within 12d. Furthermore, asexual reproduction was inhibited during 12-d exposures to diuron, and 12-d EC50 values of 100 and 132μg/L were estimated to inhibit successful reproduction of pedal lacerates and juveniles by 50% respectively. This study provides much needed data contributions to species sensitivity curves for development of diuron and atrazine water quality guidelines in tropical marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelli Louise Howe
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Amanda Jean Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Malcolm William Clark
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Cliff Ross Seery
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Science, Tenison Woods House, 8 - 20 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Gissi F, Stauber JL, Binet MT, Golding LA, Adams MS, Schlekat CE, Garman ER, Jolley DF. A review of nickel toxicity to marine and estuarine tropical biota with particular reference to the South East Asian and Melanesian region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1308-1323. [PMID: 27622840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The South East Asian Melanesian (SEAM) region contains the world's largest deposits of nickel lateritic ores. Environmental impacts may occur if mining operations are not adequately managed. Effects data for tropical ecosystems are required to assess risks of contaminant exposure and to derive water quality guidelines (WQG) to manage these risks. Currently, risk assessment tools and WQGs for the tropics are limited due to the sparse research on how contaminants impact tropical biota. As part of a larger project to develop appropriate risk assessment tools to ensure sustainable nickel production in SEAM, nickel effects data were required. The aim of this review was to compile data on the effects of nickel on tropical marine, estuarine, pelagic and benthic species, with a particular focus on SEAM. There were limited high quality chronic nickel toxicity data for tropical marine species, and even fewer for those relevant to SEAM. Of the data available, the most sensitive SEAM species to nickel were a sea urchin, copepod and anemone. There is a significant lack of high quality chronic data for several ecologically important taxonomic groups including cnidarians, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, macroalgae and fish. No high quality chronic nickel toxicity data were available for estuarine waters or marine and estuarine sediments. The very sparse toxicity data for tropical species limits our ability to conduct robust ecological risk assessment and may require additional data generation or read-across from similar species in other databases (e.g. temperate) to fill data gaps. Recommendations on testing priorities to fill these data gaps are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gissi
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia; University of Wollongong, School of Chemistry, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | - Lisa A Golding
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - Merrin S Adams
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Emily R Garman
- Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- University of Wollongong, School of Chemistry, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
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Zeeshan M, Murugadas A, Ghaskadbi S, Rajendran RB, Akbarsha MA. ROS dependent copper toxicity in Hydra-biochemical and molecular study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:1-12. [PMID: 26945520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper, an essential microelement, is known to be toxic to aquatic life at concentrations higher than that could be tolerated. Copper-induced oxidative stress has been documented in vitro, yet the in vivo effects of metal-induced oxidative stress have not been extensively studied in the lower invertebrates. The objective of the present study has been to find the effect of ROS-mediated toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of copper at organismal and cellular levels in Hydra magnipapillata. Exposure to copper at sublethal concentrations (0.06 and 0.1mg/L) for 24 or 48h resulted in generation of significant levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We infer that the free radicals here originate predominantly at the lysosomes but partly at the mitochondria also as visualized by H2-DHCFDA staining. Quantitative real-time PCR of RNA extracted from copper-exposed polyps revealed dose-dependent up-regulation of all antioxidant response genes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GST, GR, G6PD). Concurrent increase of Hsp70 and FoxO genes suggests the ability of polyps to respond to stress, which at 48h was not the same as at 24h. Interestingly, the transcript levels of all genes were down-regulated at 48h as compared to 24h incubation period. Comet assay indicated copper as a powerful genotoxicant, and the DNA damage was dose- as well as duration-dependent. Western blotting of proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3) confirmed ROS-mediated mitochondrial cell death in copper-exposed animals. These changes correlated well with changes in morphology, regeneration and aspects of reproduction. Taken together, the results indicate increased production of intracellular ROS in Hydra on copper exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zeeshan
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Anbazhagan Murugadas
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Ramasamy Babu Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Figuerêdo LPD, Nilin J, Silva AQD, Loureiro S, Costa-Lotufo LV. Development of a short-term chronic toxicity test with a tropical mysid. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:104-108. [PMID: 27001717 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to develop reliable methodologies for chronic toxicity testing using tropical species. The present work aimed at developing a suitable short-term chronic toxicity test with Mysidopsis juniae using zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) as model chemicals and growth (length and dry weight), survival, and egg production (number of females with eggs) as endpoints after seven days of exposure. Survival and growth of newborn M. juniae were affected by chronic exposure to zinc, while nickel affected only survival. For zinc, dry weight was the most sensitive endpoint with significant effects even at the lowest tested concentration (75μgZn·L(-1)), whereas for nickel, survival was the most sensitive parameter (LC20 of 26μgNi·L(-1)). Egg production was not affected. M. juniae short-term chronic testing is a sensitive approach to evaluating metal toxicity; further studies are necessary to assess chronic toxicity for others contaminants in the proposed assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Pitombeira de Figuerêdo
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Bairro Meireles, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1524, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeamylle Nilin
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Ecologia, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Bairro Jardim Rosa Elze, CEP 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Allyson Queiroz da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Bairro Meireles, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Letícia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Bairro Meireles, CEP 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Reichelt-Brushett A, Hudspith M. The effects of metals of emerging concern on the fertilization success of gametes of the tropical scleractinian coral Platygyra daedalea. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:398-406. [PMID: 26922614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for nickel and cobalt as important commodities has increased significantly over the past decade and a decline in the global nickel sulphide reserves has resulted in a shift toward the exploitation of the less favourable nickel laterite ores. These deposits, which are found associated with cobalt, are located predominantly in the tropical regions of the world where there is limited understanding of the toxicities of their extracted products and wastes. This study investigated the effects of nickel, cobalt and combinations of nickel and cobalt on the fertilization success of the common and widespread scleractinian coral Platygyra daedalea. We also present the first assessment of the effect of copper on fertilization success of this species. The EC50 value for copper was 33 μg L(-1) (95% confidence limits: 30-37 μg L(-1)) and is consistent with published values for other coral species. Our results provide the first EC50 value for the effect of nickel on fertilization success in a scleractinian coral, with an estimated value of 1420 μg L(-1) (95% confidence limits: 1160-1780 μg L(-1)). Concentrations of cobalt as high as 2500 μg L(-1) did not significantly reduce fertilization success nor did combinations of nickel (500 μg L(-1)) and cobalt (up to 1000 μg L(-1)). These are important findings given the emerging nickel-cobalt mining industry in the tropics and provide much needed toxicity data regarding the early-life histories of ecologically relevant tropical marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - M Hudspith
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Howe PL, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Krassoi R, Micevska T. Comparative sensitivity of the cnidarian Exaiptasia pallida and a standard toxicity test suite: testing whole effluents intended for ocean disposal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13225-13233. [PMID: 25940467 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (formally Aiptasia pulchella) has been identified as a valuable test species for tropical marine ecotoxicology. Here, the sensitivities of newly developed endpoints for E. pallida to two unidentified whole effluents were compared to a standard suite of temperate toxicity test species and endpoints that are commonly used in toxicological risk assessments for tropical marine environments. For whole effluent 1 (WE1), a 96-h lethal concentration 50 % (LC50) of 40 (95 % confidence intervals, 30-54) % v/v and a 12-day LC50 of 12 (9-15) % v/v were estimated for E. pallida, exhibiting a significantly higher sensitivity than standard sub-lethal endpoints in Allorchestes compressa (96-h effective concentration 50 % (EC50) of >100 % v/v for immobilisation) and Hormosira banksii (72-h EC50 of >100 % v/v for germination), and a similar sensitivity to Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis larval development with a 48-h LC50 of 29 (28-30) % v/v. Sub-lethal effects of whole effluent 2 (WE2) on E. pallida pedal lacerate development resulted in an 8-day EC50 of 7 (3-11) % v/v, demonstrating comparable sensitivity of this endpoint to standardised sub-lethal endpoints in H. banksii (72-h EC50 of 11 (10-11) % v/v for germination), M. edulis galloprovincialis (48-h EC50 for larval development of 12 (9-14) % v/v) and Heliocidaris tuberculata (1-h EC50 of 13 (12-14) % v/v for fertilisation; 72-h EC50 of 26 (25-27) % v/v for larval development) and a significantly higher sensitivity than A. compressa immobilisation (96-h EC50 of >100 % v/v). The sensitivity of E. pallida compared to a standard test species suite highlights the value in standardising the newly developed toxicity test methods for inclusion in routine toxicological risk assessment of complex whole effluents. Importantly, this species provides an additional taxonomic group to the test species that are currently available for tropical marine ecotoxicology and, being a cnidarian, may represent important tropical marine environments including coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Howe
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia,
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16
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Hardefeldt JM, Reichelt-Brushett AJ. Unravelling the role of zooxanthellae in the uptake and depuration of an essential metal in Exaiptasia pallida; an experiment using a model cnidarian. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:294-303. [PMID: 25998725 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coral skeletons record historical trace metal levels in the environment, however, the use of coral skeletal records for biomonitoring studies mostly fail to consider the influence of metal regulation by the living components of coral and subsequent incorporation into the skeleton. This study presents Exaiptasia pallida as a representative of the living components of coral and shows metal partitioning between the tissue and zooxanthellae after chronic exposure to Zn. A strong tendency for preferential accumulation in the zooxanthellae occurred after 32 days exposure and Zn concentrations in tissue and zooxanthellae were 123.3±0.7 mg kg(-1) and 294.9±8.5 respectively. This study shows zooxanthellae density plays an important role in controlling Zn loading in whole anemones and must be considered when investigating metal uptake and loading in zooxanthellate organisms. Further studies that investigate links between aragonite deposition rates and zooxanthellae density and incorporation pathways of metals into skeleton are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannah M Hardefeldt
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Amanda J Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
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17
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Black JG, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Clark MW. The effect of copper and temperature on juveniles of the eurybathic brittle star Amphipholis squamata--exploring responses related to motility and the water vascular system. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:32-39. [PMID: 25465949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of test organisms that represent tropical and deeper water environments is a significant concern when assessing the risk of contaminants in these environments. Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje 1828) is a widely distributed brittle star with many phylogenetic clades reported from different latitudes, and it also occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of ∼1300 m. In the present study, the effect of copper on four behavioural responses and mortality of A. squamata were quantified at four different temperatures including 25, 20, 15 and 10°C. At 25°C the four behavioural responses and mortality were relatively sensitive to copper, with 96 h EC50 values of 25 (confidence interval 18-44), 24 (7-26), 32 (24-41), 29 (9-41) μg L(-1) for the measured ability to turn from the oral surface up to oral surface down, curling behaviour, tube foot movement, and tube foot retraction respectively. The average 96-h LC50 value for copper at 25°C was 46 μg L(-1). Some endpoints investigated showed significant effects of reduced temperature compared to the optimal temperature. These effects were enhanced with increasing copper concentrations and significant differences in copper toxicity between temperature treatments were most notable when measuring the ability to turn from the oral surface up to oral surface down where the EC50 changed from 25 (18 to 44) to 6 (-18 to 14) μg L(-1) with a reduction of temperature from 25 to 15°C. The results showed that A. squamata is relatively sensitive to copper and that further investigation into the effects of other stressors on these endpoints is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Geoffrey Black
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Amanda Jean Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
| | - Malcolm W Clark
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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18
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Howe PL, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Clark MW. Effects of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn on asexual reproduction and early development of the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1593-1606. [PMID: 25119449 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently few studies present sub-lethal toxicity data for tropical marine species, and there are no routine toxicity tests using marine cnidarians. The symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella has been identified as a useful species for ecotoxicological risk assessment, and would provide a tropical marine cnidarian representative. Chronic sub-lethal toxicity tests assessing the effects of 28-day trace metal exposure on asexual reproduction in A. pulchella were investigated, and concentration-dependant reductions in the number of offspring that were produced were evident for all metal exposures. Metal concentration estimates causing 50% reductions in the numbers of asexually-reproduced juveniles after 28-day exposures (28-day effect concentrations 50%: EC50s) were 14 µg/L for copper, 63 µg/L for zinc, 107 µg/L for cobalt, 145 µg/L for cadmium, and 369 µg/L for nickel. Slightly higher 28-day EC50s of 16 µg/L for copper, 192 µg/L for zinc, 172 µg/L for cobalt, 185 µg/L for cadmium, and 404 µg/L for nickel exposures and were estimated based on reductions in the total number of live developed and undeveloped offspring. These sensitive and chronic sub-lethal toxicity estimates help fill the knowledge gap related to metal effects on cnidarians over longer exposure periods, and this newly-developed bioassay may provide a much needed tool for ecotoxicological risk assessment relevant to tropical marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelli L Howe
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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