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Guo H, Wang X, Li C, Mohamed HF, Li D, Wang L, Chen H, Lin K, Huang S, Pang J, Zhang Y, Krock B, Luo Z. Ignited competition: Impact of bioactive extracellular compounds on organelle functions and photosynthetic systems in harmful algal blooms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39047015 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Prevalent interactions among marine phytoplankton triggered by long-range climatic stressors are well-known environmental disturbers of community structure. Dynamic response of phytoplankton physiology is likely to come from interspecies interactions rather than direct climatic effect on single species. However, studies on enigmatic interactions among interspecies, which are induced by bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs), especially between related harmful algae sharing similar shellfish toxins, are scarce. Here, we investigated how BECs provoke the interactions between two notorious algae, Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, which have similar paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profiles. Using techniques including electron microscopy and transcriptome analysis, marked disruptions in G. catenatum intracellular microenvironment were observed under BECs pressure, encompassing thylakoid membrane deformations, pyrenoid matrix shrinkage and starch sheaths disappearance. In addition, the upregulation of gene clusters responsible for photosystem-I Lhca1/4 and Rubisco were determined, leading to weaken photon captures and CO2 assimilation. The redistribution of lipids and proteins occurred at the subcellular level based on in situ focal plane array FTIR imaging approved the damages. Our findings illuminated an intense but underestimated interspecies interaction triggered by BECs, which is responsible for dysregulating photosynthesis and organelle function in inferior algae and may potentially account for fitness alteration in phytoplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Guo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hala F Mohamed
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, (Girls Branch), Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianghui Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhe Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunning Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuyuan Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinling Pang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanbiao Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Bernd Krock
- Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
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2
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Deich C, Frazão HC, Appelt JS, Li W, Pohlmann T, Waniek JJ. Occurrence and distribution of estrogenic substances in the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145239. [PMID: 33736361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic substances are today among the contaminants of emerging concern. Besides naturally occurring estrogens, other natural and synthetic substances can mimic a hormonal action due to their structural resemblance to hormones, possibly affecting the endocrine system of living organisms. Estrogens have been detected in inland water bodies such as influents and effluents of waste water treatment plants as well as in rivers, but data on their distribution and variability in the marine ecosystem are still limited. Surface water samples obtained during two research cruises on the northern shelf of the South China Sea (SCS) near the Pearl River Estuary, in September 2018 and in August 2019, were investigated for estrogenic substances, namely estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAI) and zearalenone (ZEN). Among the target analytes, the natural hormones E1 and E2, as well as the synthetic EE2, were the most abundant with maximum concentrations of 1.1 ng L-1, 0.7 ng L-1 and 0.6 ng L-1, respectively. Of substances produced by plants and fungi, GEN, DAI and ZEN, only GEN was detected (1.2 ng L-1). High concentrations occurred predominantly close to the coast, which was also reflected in the calculated estradiol equivalent quotients (up to 1.4 ng L-1). In general, the distribution of estrogenic substances observed in both years shows a regional and inter-annual variability consistent with the modeled surface current data for the SCS. Regarding single estrogenic compounds and estradiol equivalents, marine organisms in the northern SCS might be exposed to high potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Deich
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Helena C Frazão
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jana-Sophie Appelt
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wenguo Li
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pohlmann
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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3
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Iwanowicz LR, Smalling KL, Blazer VS, Braham RP, Sanders LR, Boetsma A, Procopio NA, Goodrow S, Buchanan GA, Millemann DR, Ruppel B, Vile J, Henning B, Abatemarco J. Reconnaissance of Surface Water Estrogenicity and the Prevalence of Intersex in Smallmouth Bass ( Micropterus Dolomieu) Inhabiting New Jersey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062024. [PMID: 32204384 PMCID: PMC7142597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The observation of testicular oocytes in male fishes has been utilized as a biomarker of estrogenic endocrine disruption. A reconnaissance project led in the Northeastern United States (US) during the period of 2008–2010 identified a high prevalence of intersex smallmouth bass on or near US Fish & Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuges that included the observation of 100% prevalence in smallmouth bass males collected from the Wallkill River, NJ, USA. To better assess the prevalence of intersex smallmouth bass across the state of New Jersey, a tiered reconnaissance approach was initiated during the fall of 2016. Surface water samples were collected from 101 (85 river, 16 lake/reservoir) sites across the state at base-flow conditions for estrogenicity bioassay screening. Detectable estrogenicity was observed at 90% of the sites and 64% were above the US Environmental Protection Agency trigger level of 1 ng/L. Median surface water estrogenicity was 1.8 ng/L and a maximum of 6.9 ng/L E2EqBLYES was observed. Adult smallmouth bass were collected from nine sites, pre-spawn during the spring of 2017. Intersex was identified in fish at all sites, and the composite intersex prevalence was 93.8%. Prevalence across sites ranged from 70.6% to 100%. In addition to intersex, there was detectable plasma vitellogenin in males at all sites. Total estrogenicity in surface water was determined at these fish collection sites, and notable change over time was observed. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between land use (altered land; urban + agriculture) and surface water estrogenicity. There were no clear associations between land use and organismal metrics of estrogenic endocrine disruption (intersex or vitellogenin). This work establishes a baseline prevalence of intersex in male smallmouth bass in the state of New Jersey at a limited number of locations and identifies a number of waterbodies with estrogenic activity above an effects-based threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Iwanowicz
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (V.S.B.); (R.P.B.); (L.R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 304-724-4550
| | - Kelly L. Smalling
- US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrence, NJ 08648, USA; (K.L.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Vicki S. Blazer
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (V.S.B.); (R.P.B.); (L.R.S.)
| | - Ryan P. Braham
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (V.S.B.); (R.P.B.); (L.R.S.)
| | - Lakyn R. Sanders
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA; (V.S.B.); (R.P.B.); (L.R.S.)
| | - Anna Boetsma
- US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrence, NJ 08648, USA; (K.L.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Nicholas A. Procopio
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (N.A.P.); (S.G.); (G.A.B.); (D.R.M.); (B.R.)
| | - Sandra Goodrow
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (N.A.P.); (S.G.); (G.A.B.); (D.R.M.); (B.R.)
| | - Gary A. Buchanan
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (N.A.P.); (S.G.); (G.A.B.); (D.R.M.); (B.R.)
| | - Daniel R. Millemann
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (N.A.P.); (S.G.); (G.A.B.); (D.R.M.); (B.R.)
| | - Bruce Ruppel
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (N.A.P.); (S.G.); (G.A.B.); (D.R.M.); (B.R.)
| | - John Vile
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Monitoring and Standards, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (J.V.); (B.H.); (J.A.)
| | - Brian Henning
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Monitoring and Standards, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (J.V.); (B.H.); (J.A.)
| | - John Abatemarco
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Monitoring and Standards, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA; (J.V.); (B.H.); (J.A.)
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Deich C, Kanwischer M, Jähne M, Waniek JJ. Patterns of estrogenic activity in the Baltic Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124870. [PMID: 31550586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Compounds such as estradiol and ethinylestradiol belong to contaminants of emerging concern, as they can disrupt the endocrine system of an organism with a hormonal system. The determination of such compounds is still challenging due to required low detection and quantification limits. Bioassays have proved to be sensitive tools for investigating the full potential of all compounds that can elicit an estrogenic response. In this study, surface water samples from different sampling sites and seasons in the Baltic Sea were analyzed for estrogenic activity with the Arxula adeninivorans yeast estrogen screen. Observed estradiol equivalent concentrations were in the range of <LOD - 0.38ngL-1. In general, a seasonal trend was observed, i.e., with an increase in water temperature in late spring, estradiol equivalent concentrations rose suddenly and decreased as abruptly when the temperature declined in autumn. An initial risk assessment shows that observed estradiol equivalent concentrations potentially affect organisms at a medium risk level based on determined risk quotients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Deich
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marion Kanwischer
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Jähne
- QuoData GmbH, Prellerstraße 14, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119, Rostock, Germany
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5
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Xu R, Jiang Y, MacIsaac HJ, Chen L, Li J, Xu J, Wang T, Zi Y, Chang X. Blooming cyanobacteria alter water flea reproduction via exudates of estrogen analogues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133909. [PMID: 31454606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms are increasing globally, with further increases predicted in association with climate change. Recently, some cyanobacteria species have been identified as a source of estrogenic effects in aquatic animals. To explore possible estrogenic effects of Microcystis aeruginosa (an often-dominant cyanobacteria species) on zooplankton, we examined effects of cyanobacteria exudates (MaE, 2 × 104 and 4 × 105 cells/ml) on reproduction in Daphnia magna. We analyzed physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of exposed Daphnia via both chronic and acute exposures. MaE at both low and high cell density enhanced egg number (15.4% and 23.3%, respectively) and reproduction (37.7% and 52.4%, respectively) in D. magna similar to 10 μg/L estradiol exposure. In addition, both MaE of low and high cell densities increased population growth rate (15.8% and 19.6%, respectively) and reproductive potential (60% and 83%, respectively) of D. magna. These exudates promoted D. magna reproduction by stimulating 17β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activity and production of ecdysone and juvenile hormone, and by enhancing vitellogenin biosynthesis via up-regulating expression of Vtg1 and Vtg2. However, increased expression (6.6 times higher than controls) of a detoxification gene (CYP360A8) indicated that MaE might also induce toxicity in D. magna. Reproductive interference of zooplankton by blooming cyanobacteria might negatively affect foodwebs because MaE-induced zooplankton population increase would enhance grazing and reduce abundance of edible algae, thereby adding to the list of known disruptive properties of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbing Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yao Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Trans-boundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yuanyan Zi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
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6
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Jia Y, Chen Q, Crawford SE, Song L, Chen W, Hammers-Wirtz M, Strauss T, Seiler TB, Schäffer A, Hollert H. Cyanobacterial blooms act as sink and source of endocrine disruptors in the third largest freshwater lake in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:408-418. [PMID: 30453139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are of global concern due to the multiple harmful risks they pose towards aquatic ecosystem and human health. However, information on the fate of organic pollutants mediated by cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water remains elusive. In the present study, endocrine disruptive potentials of phytoplankton samples were evaluated throughout a year-long surveillance in a large and eutrophic freshwater lake. Severe cyanobacterial blooms persisted during our sampling campaigns. Estrogenic agonistic, anti-estrogenic, anti-androgenic, and anti-glucocorticogenic effects were observed in the phytoplankton samples using in vitro reporter gene bioassays. 27 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) of different modes of action were detected in the samples via UPLC-MS/MS system. Results from mass balance analysis indicated that the measured estrogenic activities were greater than the predicted estrogenic potencies from chemical analysis, demonstrating that chemical analysis of targeted EDCs is unable to fully explain the compounds responsible for the observed estrogenicities. Results from Spearman's correlation analysis concluded that the concentrations of ten EDCs in phytoplankton samples were negatively correlated with cyanobacterial biomass, suggesting the potential occurrence of biomass bio-dilution effects of EDCs due to the huge biomass of cyanobacteria during bloom seasons. The present study provided complementary information about the potential endocrine disruptive risks of cyanobacterial blooms, which is important for understanding and regulating EDCs in eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jia
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Qiqing Chen
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah E Crawford
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lirong Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Monika Hammers-Wirtz
- Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment, Gaiac, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tido Strauss
- Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment, Gaiac, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen, Germany; Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, China; Tongji University, College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai, China
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7
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Prochazkova T, Sychrova E, Vecerkova J, Javurkova B, Otoupalikova A, Pernica M, Simek Z, Smutna M, Lepsova-Skacelova O, Hilscherova K. Estrogenic activity and contributing compounds in stagnant water bodies with massive occurrence of phytoplankton. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 136:12-21. [PMID: 29486257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stagnant water bodies have generally received little attention regarding the presence of endocrine disruptive compounds, although they can integrate diverse pollutants from multiple different sources. Many compounds of anthropogenic as well as natural origin can contribute to the overall estrogenicity of surface waters and some of them can exhibit adverse effects on aquatic biota even in very low concentrations. This study focused on freshwater ponds and reservoirs affected by water blooms and determined the estrogenic activity of water by in vitro bioassay as well as concentrations of several important groups of estrogenic compounds (estrogenic hormones, alkylphenols, and phytoestrogens) by LC-MS/MS analyses. Estrogenic hormones were found at concentrations up to 7.1 ng.L-1, similarly to flavonoids, whose concentrations did not exceed 12.5 ng.L-1. Among alkylphenols, only bisphenol A and 4-tert-octylphenol were detected in levels reaching 100 ng.L-1 at maximum. Estrogenic activity of water samples varied from below the quantification limit to 1.95 ng.L-1. There does not seem to be any general causal link of the massive phytoplankton occurrence with the estrogenicity of water or concentration of phytoestrogens, since they showed no direct relationship with the phytoplankton abundance or composition across sites. The contribution of the analysed compounds to the estrogenic activity was calculated in three scenarios. In minimum scenario, just the compounds above quantification limit (LOQ) were taken into account and for most samples, only minor part (<6%) of the biological activity could be explained. In the mean and maximum scenarios, we included also compounds below LOQ into the calculations at the level of LOQ/2 and LOQ, respectively. In these cases, a considerable part of the estrogenic activity could be attributed to the possible presence of steroid estrogens below LOQ. However, for the samples with estrogenic activity greater than 1 ng.L-1, more than 50% of the estrogenic activity remained unexplained even in the maximum scenario. Probably other compounds or possible interactions between individual substances cause the estrogenic activity in these types of water bodies and in this case, the results of LC-MS/MS analyses cannot sufficiently predict the biological effects. A complex approach including bioassays is needed when assessing the estrogenicity of these types of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Prochazkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Sychrova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Vecerkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Javurkova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Otoupalikova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Pernica
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Z Simek
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Smutna
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - O Lepsova-Skacelova
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - K Hilscherova
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno, Czech Republic.
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