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López-Velázquez K, Guzmán-Mar JL, Saldarriaga-Noreña HA, Murillo-Tovar MA, Villanueva-Rodríguez M. Ecological risk assessment associated with five endocrine-disrupting compounds in wastewater treatment plants of Northeast Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:30714-30726. [PMID: 36441306 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk associated with five endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) was studied in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Monterrey, Mexico. The EDCs, 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4TOP) were determined by SPE/GC-MS method, where EE2 and 4TOP were the most abundant in effluents at levels from 1.6 - 26.8 ng/L (EE2) and < LOD - 5.0 ng/L (4TOP), which corroborate that the wastewater discharges represent critical sources of EDCs to the aquatic environments. In this study, the potential risk associated with selected EDCs was assessed through the risk quotients (RQs) and by estimating the estrogenic activity (expressed as EEQ). This study also constitutes the first approach for the ecological risk assessment in effluents of WWTPs in Northeast Mexico. The results demonstrated that the effluents of the WWTPs represent a high risk for the organisms living in the receiving water bodies because the residual estrogens effect E2 and EE2 with RQ values up to 49.1 and 1165.2. EEQ values between 6.3 and 24.6 ngEE2/L were considered the most hazardous compounds among the target EDCs, capable of causing some alterations in the endocrine system of aquatic and terrestrial organisms due to chronic exposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khirbet López-Velázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Carretera Tapachula - Puerto Madero Km. 24 + 300, Chiapas, 30830, Tapachula, México
| | - Jorge L Guzmán-Mar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Hugo A Saldarriaga-Noreña
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Mario A Murillo-Tovar
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuevo León, 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.
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du Plessis M, Fourie C, Stone W, Engelbrecht AM. The impact of endocrine disrupting compounds and carcinogens in wastewater: Implications for breast cancer. Biochimie 2023; 209:103-115. [PMID: 36775066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer is often associated with geographic variation which indicates that a person's surrounding environment can be an important etiological factor in cancer development. Environmental risk factors can include exposure to sewage- or wastewater, which consist of a complex mixture of pathogens, mutagens and carcinogens. Wastewater contains primarily carbonaceous, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds, however it can also contain trace amounts of chemical pollutants including toxic metal cations, hydrocarbons and pesticides. More importantly, the contamination of drinking water by wastewater is a potential source of exposure to mammary carcinogens and endocrine disrupting compounds. Organic solvents and other pollutants often found in wastewater have been detected in various tissues, including breast and adipose tissues. Furthermore, these pollutants such as phenolic compounds in some detergents and plastics, as well as parabens and pesticides can mimic estrogen. High estrogen levels are a well-established risk factor for estrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Therefore, exposure to wastewater is a risk factor for the initiation, progression and metastasis of breast cancer. Carcinogens present in wastewater can promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms, including the formation of DNA adducts, gene mutations and oxidative stress. Lastly, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater can have negative implications for ER-positive breast cancers, where these molecules can activate ERα to promote cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such, strategies should be implemented to limit exposure, such as providing funding into treatment technologies and implementation of regulations that limit the production and use of these potentially harmful chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Carla Fourie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Wendy Stone
- Stellenbosch University Water Institute, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa; African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
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Wang H, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Zeng F, Zhang J, Dang Z. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and main source identification of ten bisphenol analogues in the dry season of the Pearl River, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27352-27365. [PMID: 34978033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) including bisphenol a (BPA) have been broadly utilized as industrial feedstocks and unavoidably discharged into water bodies. However, there is little published data on the occurrence, distribution, and environmental risks of other BPs in surface water. In this study, ten BPs besides BPA were analyzed in surface water from the Pearl River, South China. Among these detected BPs, BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were the most frequently detected compounds. The median concentrations of the measured BPs were ranked in the order of BPA (34.9 ng/L) > BPS (24.8 ng/L) > BPAF (10.1 ng/L) > bisphenol F (BPF) (9.0 ng/L) > bisphenol B (BPB) (7.6 ng/L) > bisphenol C (BPC) (1.2 ng/L). Among them, BPA and BPS were predominant BPs, contributing 68% of the total ten BPs in surface water of the Pearl River. These results demonstrated that BPA and BPS were the most extensively utilized and manufactured BPs in this region. The source analysis of BPs suggested that the BPs may be originated from domestic wastewater, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and the leaching of microplastic in surface water of the Pearl River. The calculated BP-derived estrogenic activity exhibited low to medium risks in surface water, but their combined estrogenic effects with other endocrine disrupting compounds should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Ezechiáš M. The agonistic bioanalytical equivalent concentration: A novel tool for assessing the endocrine activity of environmental mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103781. [PMID: 34871798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based bioassays are very sensitive and allow integrative effect screening of the whole environmental sample, which is usually composed of a mixture of agonists and antagonists. Measured toxicity is usually expressed as a bioanalytical equivalent concentration. So far, it is not possible to distinguish which part of this value is caused by the agonists and which by the antagonists. In this article, we present a simple method to analyze the dose-response curve of a mixture and to determine an agonistic bioanalytical equivalent concentration: a concentration of a reference chemical that would elicit the same effect as do only agonists in an unknown mixture. The method has been validated using several artificially prepared mixtures of agonists and competitive antagonists measured in a recombinant yeast assay. No difference was observed between the calculated equivalent concentrations and the used concentrations of the agonist in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ezechiáš
- The Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
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Zhu P, Zhu K, Puzey R, Ren X. Degradation analysis of A 2 /O combined with AgNO 3 + K 2 FeO 4 on coking wastewater. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smol M, Włóka D, Włodarczyk-Makuła M. Influence of Integrated Membrane Treatment on the Phytotoxicity of Wastewater from the Coke Industry. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2018; 229:154. [PMID: 29755149 PMCID: PMC5928171 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-018-3794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, coke wastewater that had passed through biological and integrated membrane processes (filtration on sand bed-reverse osmosis) was chosen to assess the phytotoxicity of selected industrial wastewater with regard to the test plant-Vicia faba. An innovative research technique in vitro test was conducted in a large scale phytothrone chamber on two matrices: cotton and Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MSBM). The toxicity of wastewater was evaluated for samples: (1) treated in the treatment plant by biological processes, (2) filtrated through a sand bed and filtrated (3) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The results showed that there is a noticeable correlation between increasing concentrations of wastewater and seed germination of the test plant. Although the wastewater collected from the coke plant was treated biologically, it showed very high levels of germination inhibition (90-98% for cotton matrix and 92-100% for MSBM matrix) and strong toxic effects. The wastewater collected from the coke plant showed a significantly greater phytotoxic effect compared with those obtained from the effluent treated on a sand bed and in RO. However, wastewater, even after treatment on a sand bed (reduction of COD-39%, TN-46%, TOC-42%, TC-47%, SS-50%, 16PAHs-53%), was still toxic and germination inhibition was in the range of 24-48% for the cotton matrix and 14-54% for the MSBM matrix. The toxicity of wastewater treated in the membrane process was the lowest (reduction of COD-85%, TN-95%, TOC-85%, TC-86%, SS-98%, 16PAHs-67%). The germination inhibition was in the range of 4-10% for the cotton matrix and 2-12% for the MSBM matrix. These samples are classified as non-toxic or slightly toxic to the model plant. The present study highlights the necessity of monitoring not only the basic physical and chemical indicators (including the level of toxic substances as PAHs), but also their effect on the test organisms in wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Smol
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Włóka
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastrcture and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Maria Włodarczyk-Makuła
- Department of Chemistry, Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Infrastrcture and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Song N, Guo R, Chen M, Mai D, Yan Z, Han Z, Chen J. Occurrence, distribution and sources of bisphenol analogues in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implications for ecological and human health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1090-1098. [PMID: 28511354 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the production and use of BPA were regulated in China around 2008, several bisphenol analogues were widely used to substitute BPA in the manufacture of polycarbonates, epoxy resins, and plastics. However, there is limited understanding of the spatial distribution, potential sources and risk assessment for those bisphenol analogues. In this study, seven bisphenol analogues were investigated in water and sediment samples from Taihu Lake, China. Compared to the same lake in 2013 (range: 5.4-87ng/L for waters and 0.37-8.3ng/g dw for sediments), the samples from Taihu Lake contained comparatively higher BPs (2.0×102-9.5×102ng/L and 23-4.3×102ng/gdw) in 2016, indicating that the BPs levels in Taihu Lake have aggravated recently. In waters, BPAF has become the predominant congener in Taihu Lake, suggesting that BPAF was the most widely used substitute of BPA, recently. In sediments, BPA was the most abundant compound. Moderate or strong correlations between some individual BPs indicated that those BPs may have the common sources and/or similar environmental behavior. The strongly positive correlation between ∑BPs and TOC content indicated that TOC content was one of the major factors controlled the distribution of ∑BPs in the sediment. The risk assessment at the sampling sites showed no high eco-toxicity or estrogenic risk in Taihu Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Meihong Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Dina Mai
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Yan K, Wu S, Han Z, Guo R, Chen M, Yang Q, Zhang S, Chen J. Bisphenol analogues in surface water and sediment from the shallow Chinese freshwater lakes: Occurrence, distribution, source apportionment, and ecological and human health risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:318-328. [PMID: 28601665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Compared to Bisphenol A (BPA), current knowledge on the spatial distribution, potential sources and environmental risk assessment of other bisphenol analogues (BPs) remains limited. The occurrence, distribution and sources of seven BPs were investigated in the surface water and sediment from Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake, which are the Chinese shallow freshwater lakes. Because there are many industries and living areas around Taihu Lake, the total concentrations of ∑BPs were much higher than that in Luoma Lake, which is away from the industry-intensive areas. For the two lakes, BPA was still the dominant BPs in both surface water and sediment, followed by BPF and BPS. The spatial distribution and principal component analysis showed that BPs in Luoma Lake was relatively homogeneous and the potential sources were relatively simple than that in Taihu Lake. The spatial distribution of BPs in sediment of Taihu Lake indicated that ∑BPs positively correlated with the TOC content. For both Taihu Lake and Luoma Lake, the risk assessment at the sampling sites showed that no high risk in surface water and sediment (RQt < 1.0, and EEQt < 1.0 ng E2/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shengmin Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Meihong Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Shi L, Wang D, Cao D, Na C, Quan X, Zhang Y. Is A/A/O process effective in toxicity removal? Case study with coking wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:363-368. [PMID: 28437728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A/A/O) process is the commonly used biological wastewater treatment process, especially for the coking wastewater. However, limit is known about its ability in bio-toxicity removal from wastewater. In this study, we evaluated the performance of A/A/O process in bio-toxicity removal from the coking wastewater, using two test species (i.e. crustacean (Daphnia magna) and zebra fish (Danio rerio)) in respect of acute toxicity, oxidative damage and genotoxicity. Our results showed that the acute toxicity of raw influent was reduced gradually along with A/A/O process and the effluent presented no acute toxicity to Daphnia magna (D. magna) and zebra fish. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in D. magna and zebra fish was promoted by the effluent from each tank of A/A/O process, showing that coking wastewater induced oxidative damage. Herein, the oxidative damage to D. magna was mitigated in the oxic tank, while the toxicity to zebra fish was reduced in the anoxic tank. The comet assays showed that genotoxicity to zebra fish was removed stepwise by A/A/O process, although the final effluent still presented genotoxicity to zebra fish. Our results indicated that the A/A/O process was efficient in acute toxicity removal, but not so effective in the removal of other toxicity (e.g. oxidative damage and genotoxicity). Considering the potential risks of wastewater discharge, further advanced toxicity mitigation technology should be applied in the conventional biological treatment process, and the toxicity index should be introduced in the regulation system of wastewater discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Di Cao
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunhong Na
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Chen WL, Xie Z, Wolschke H, Gandrass J, Kötke D, Winkelmann M, Ebinghaus R. Quantitative determination of ultra-trace carbazoles in sediments in the coastal environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:586-595. [PMID: 26919804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole and some of its derivatives may possess dioxin-like toxicity and could be persistent in the environment, but information on their distribution and environmental fate is limited. This study developed and validated an ultra-trace targeted-analysis method for the determination of carbazole, 1,2-benzocarbazole, and 13 halogenated carbazoles in sediments from the river, coast, and North Sea. An 8-g sediment sample was extracted using accelerated solvent extraction combined with in-cell cleanup and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sensitive and reliable with method detection limits ranging from 4.54 to 52.9 pg/g, and most of the quantification biases and relative standard deviations were <20 and <15%, respectively. Carbazole and 1,2-benzocarbazole were the predominant substances in the sediments (median 565 and 369 pg/g, respectively) followed by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (median 196 pg/g). The detection frequencies of carbazole, benzo-, 3-chloro-, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were >75%, while those of 3,6-dibromo-, 1-bromo-3,6-dichloro-, and 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole were approximately 50%. Brominated carbazoles occurred more frequently in marine than river-influenced sediments, which could indicate halogenation after discharge into the river. This is the first study regarding these substances in coastal environments without apparent contamination history. The ubiquity and bioaccumulative potential of these substances needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Juergen Gandrass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Danijela Kötke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Magnus Winkelmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany.
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Omoruyi IM, Pohjanvirta R. Estrogenic activity of wastewater, bottled waters and tap water in Finland as assessed by a yeast bio-reporter assay. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:770-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494815591686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Environmental pollutants appearing in wastewater, bottled mineral water, tap water, and bottled drinking water are potential, but yet poorly characterized, sources of human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals globally. Here, we investigated the current situation in the most densely populated region in Finland. Methods: Influent and effluent bi-monthly samples from a major wastewater treatment plant in Helsinki were obtained over a preceding 2-year period at two time-points (in 2011 and 2014). Equivalent samples from a household water purification plant (located in the same region) were also analyzed, together with various brands of bottled still and mineral water as well as tap water from residential buildings. Samples were obtained in one liter sterile containers, extracted by solid-phase extraction method, and their estrogenic potential determined by a yeast bioluminescent assay. Results: The estrogenic activities of influent samples from the wastewater treatment plant in Helsinki were generally low (from less than limit of detection to 0.7 ng/L estrogen equivalent quantities (EEQ)), except in March and August 2011, when relatively high levels (14.0 and 7.8 ng/L EEQ, respectively) were obtained. Meanwhile, no estrogenic activity was recorded in any of the treated effluent samples from the wastewater treatment plant, influent and effluent samples from the drinking water plant, as well as tap water, bottled still, and mineral waters. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the purification method applied in Helsinki wastewater treatment plant, activated sludge with mechanical, chemical and biological purification steps, is effective in reducing estrogenic activity, and that tap or bottled waters are not a significant source of these compounds to the population in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyekhoetin Matthew Omoruyi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo Pohjanvirta
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Food and Environmental Toxicology Unit), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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