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Mills M, Mollenkopf D, Wittum T, Sullivan MP, Lee J. One Health Threat of Treated Wastewater Discharge in Urban Ohio Rivers: Implications for Surface Water and Fish Gut Microbiome and Resistome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39014939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are thought to be a major disseminating source of antibiotic resistance (AR) to the environment, establishing a crucial connection between human and environmental resistome. The objectives of this study were to determine how wastewater effluents impact microbiome and resistome of freshwater and fish, and identify potential AR-carrying clinically relevant pathogens in these matrices. We analyzed wastewater influent and effluent from four WWTPs in three metropolitan areas of Ohio, USA via shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We also sequenced river water and fish guts from three reaches (upstream, at the WWTP outfall, and downstream). Notably, we observed a decline in microbiome diversity and AR gene abundance from wastewater to the receiving river. We also found significant differences by reach and trophic level (diet) in beta-diversity of the fish gut microbiomes. SourceTracker revealed that 0.443 and 0.248 more of the of the fish gut microbiome was sourced from wastewater effluent in fish from the outfall and downstream locations, respectively, compared to upstream fish. Additionally, AR bacteria of public health concern were annotated in effluent and river water samples, indicating potential concern for human exposure. In summary, our findings show the continued role of wastewater as a significant AR reservoir and underscores the considerable impact of wastewater discharge on aquatic wildlife, which highlights the One Health nature of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Mills
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dixie Mollenkopf
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mažeika Patricio Sullivan
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, South Carolina 29442, United States
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Bielen A, Babić I, Vuk Surjan M, Kazazić S, Šimatović A, Lajtner J, Udiković-Kolić N, Mesić Z, Hudina S. Comparison of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA sequencing for identification of environmental bacteria: a case study of cave mussel-associated culturable microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21752-21764. [PMID: 38393570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is routinely used as a rapid and cost-effective method for pathogen identification in clinical settings. In comparison, its performance in other microbiological fields, such as environmental microbiology, is still being tested, although isolates of environmental microbes are essential for in-depth in vivo studies of their biology, including biotechnological applications. We investigated the applicability of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of bacterial isolates from a highly oligotrophic environment - Dinaric Karst caves, which likely harbor specific microorganisms. We cultured bacteria from the shell surface of the endemic mussel Congeria jalzici, one of the three known cave mussels in the world that lives in the Dinaric karst underground. The bacterial isolates were obtained by swabbing the shell surface of mussels living in microhabitats with different amounts of water: 10 air-exposed mussels, 10 submerged mussels, and 10 mussels in the hygropetric zone. A collection of 87 pure culture isolates was obtained, mostly belonging to the phylum Bacillota (72%), followed by Pseudomonadota (16%), Actinomycetota (11%), and Bacteroidota (1%). We compared the results of MALDI-TOF MS identification (Bruker databases DB-5989 and version 11, v11) with the results of 16S rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis, a standard procedure for bacterial identification. Identification to the genus level based on 16S rDNA was possible for all isolates and clearly outperformed the results from MALDI-TOF MS, although the updated MALDI-TOF MS database v11 gave better results than the DB-5989 version (85% versus 62%). However, identification to the species-level by 16S rDNA sequencing was achieved for only 17% of isolates, compared with 14% and 40% for the MALDI-TOF MS databases DB-5989 and v11 database, respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that continued enrichment of MALDI-TOF MS libraries will result with this method soon becoming a rapid, accurate, and efficient tool for assessing the diversity of culturable bacteria from different environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bielen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Vuk Surjan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Šimatović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Lajtner
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Zrinka Mesić
- Oikon Ltd., Trg Senjskih Uskoka 1-2, 10020, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Hudina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
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Lai KP, Tsang CF, Li L, Yu RMK, Kong RYC. Microplastics act as a carrier for wastewater-borne pathogenic bacteria in sewage. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134692. [PMID: 35504476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution, a pressing global environmental problem, has a severe impact on both aquatic ecosystems and public health worldwide. Due to the small size of microplastics, they are able to pass through the filtration systems of municipal wastewater treatment works (WWTWs). In recent years, studies have focused on the environmental abundance and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics, but there are limited studies investigating the colonization of microplastics by bacteria, especially those pathogenic ones. In this study, we examined the colonization and composition of the bacterial communities on polyethylene microbeads after incubation in raw sewage collected from three municipal WWTWs in Hong Kong (Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works, Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works, and Shek Wu Hui Sewage Treatment Works). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that bacterial cells were colonized on the surfaces of the microbeads and formed biofilms after sewage incubation. Metagenomic sequencing data demonstrated an increase in bacterial diversity after 21 days of sewage incubation when compared to shorter incubation periods of 6, 11 and 16 days. Importantly, human and fish pathogens such as Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio areninigrae and Vibrio navarrensis were found in the resident bacterial communities. Taken together, our results demonstrate that microplastics could act as a carrier for wastewater-borne pathogenic bacteria in municipal sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chau Fong Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Richard Man Kit Yu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Gui ZC, Li X, Liu ML, Peng ZD, Yan C, Nasir ZA, Alcega SG, Coulon F. Seasonal variation of quantitative microbial risk assessment for three airborne enteric bacteria from wastewater treatment plant emissions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113689. [PMID: 35636240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Airborne E. coli, fecal coliform, and Enterococcus are all related to sewage worker's syndrome and therefore used as target enteric bioaerosols about researches in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, most of the studies are often inadequately carried out because they lack systematic studies reports bioaerosols emission characteristics and health risk assessments for these three enteric bacteria during seasonal variation. Therefore, quantitative microbial risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation was utilized in this research to assess the seasonal variations of health risks of the three enteric bioaerosols among exposure populations (academic visitors, field engineers, and office staffs) in a WWTP equipped with rotating-disc and microporous aeration modes. The results show that the concentrations of the three airborne bacteria from the rotating-disc aeration mode were 2-7 times higher than the microporous aeration mode. Field engineers had health risks 1.5 times higher than academic visitors due to higher exposure frequency. Health risks of airborne Enterococcus in summer were up to 3 times higher than those in spring and winter. Similarly, health risks associated to E. coli aerosol exposure were 0.3 times higher in summer compared to spring. In contrast, health risks associated with fecal coliform aerosol were between 2 and 19 times lower in summer compared to spring and winter seasons. Data further suggest that wearing of N95 mask could minimize health risks by 1-2 orders of magnitude. This research shed light on seasonal variation of health risks associated with bioaerosol emission from wastewater utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Cheng Gui
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Three Gorges Base Development Co., Ltd., Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Li Liu
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Hubei Water Resource Technical College, Wuhan 430202, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-di Peng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sonia Garcia Alcega
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK6 7AA, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Grilo ML, Amaro G, Chambel L, Marques CS, Marques TA, Gil F, Sousa-Santos C, Robalo JI, Oliveira M. Aeromonas spp. Prevalence, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance in an Ex Situ Program for Threatened Freshwater Fish—A Pilot Study with Protective Measures. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040436. [PMID: 35203144 PMCID: PMC8868083 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge regarding best practices to prevent bacterial disease and antimicrobial resistance acquisition in aquatic ex situ programs is limited. This pilot study aimed to investigate the role of protective measures in the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and virulence signatures of Aeromonas spp. in Portuguese nase (Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum) kept in an ex situ program. Fish were randomly divided into two tanks (i.e., with and without protective measures). Bacterial sampling was performed weekly for 5 weeks, and Aeromonas spp. prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence signatures were compared. We observed an increase in antimicrobial resistance among collected isolates over the experiment duration, with a trend of Aeromonas spp. prevalence and virulence decreasing when using protective measures. This pilot study sheds light on Aeromonas spp. prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence dynamics in aquatic ex situ programs, while constituting a first approach in the determination of the potential use of protective measures in such settings. Abstract Ex situ breeding programs are important conservation tools for endangered freshwater fish. However, developing husbandry techniques that decrease the likelihood of disease, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence determinants acquisition during this process is challenging. In this pilot study, we conducted a captivity experiment with Portuguese nase (Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum), a critically endangered leuciscid species, to investigate the influence of simple protective measures (i.e., material disinfection protocols and animal handling with gloves) on the dynamics of a potential pathogenic genus, Aeromonas, as well as its virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance signatures. Our findings show that antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas spp. collected from I. lusitanicum significantly increased during the extent of the assay (5 weeks), with all isolates collected at the end of the study classified as multidrug-resistant. Additionally, humans handling fishes without protective measures were colonized by Aeromonas spp. The use of protective measures suggested a decreasing trend in Aeromonas spp. prevalence in I. lusitanicum, while bacterial isolates displayed significantly lower virulence index values when virulence phenotypical expression was tested at 22 °C. Despite this study representing an initial trial, which needs support from further research, protective measures tested are considered a simple tool to be applied in ex situ breeding programs for aquatic animals worldwide. Furthermore, current results raise concern regarding antimicrobial resistance amplification and zoonotic transmission of Aeromonas spp. in aquatic ex situ programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L. Grilo
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.G.); (M.O.)
| | - Guadalupe Amaro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lélia Chambel
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Carolina S. Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.M.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Tiago A. Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.M.); (T.A.M.)
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Fátima Gil
- Aquário Vasco da Gama, 1495-718 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal;
| | - Carla Sousa-Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
| | - Joana I. Robalo
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (M.L.G.); (M.O.)
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Colin Y, Berthe T, Molbert N, Guigon E, Vivant AL, Alliot F, Collin S, Goutte A, Petit F. Urbanization Constrains Skin Bacterial Phylogenetic Diversity in Wild Fish Populations and Correlates with the Proliferation of Aeromonads. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:523-536. [PMID: 33415385 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the state of rivers resulting from the activity and expansion of urban areas are likely to affect aquatic populations by increasing stress and disease, with the microbiota playing a potentially important intermediary role. Unraveling the dynamics of microbial flora is therefore essential to better apprehend the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the health of host populations and the ecological integrity of hydrosystems. In this context, the present study simultaneously examined changes in the microbial communities associated with mucosal skin and gut tissues of eight fish species along an urbanization gradient in the Orge River (France). 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding revealed that the structure and composition of the skin microbiota varied substantially along the disturbance gradient and to a lesser extent according to fish taxonomy. Sequences affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria, in particular the genus Aeromonas, prevailed on fish caught in the most urbanized areas, whereas they were nearly absent upstream. This rise of opportunistic taxa was concomitant with a decline in phylogenetic diversity, suggesting more constraining environmental pressures. In comparison, fish gut microbiota varied much more moderately with the degree of urbanization, possibly because this niche might be less directly exposed to environmental stressors. Co-occurrence networks further identified pairs of associated bacterial taxa, co-existing more or less often than expected at random. Few correlations could be identified between skin and gut bacterial taxa, supporting the assumption that these two microbial niches are disconnected and do not suffer from the same vulnerability to anthropic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Colin
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France.
| | - Thierry Berthe
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Noëlie Molbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Elodie Guigon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Anne-Laure Vivant
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Fabienne Petit
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6143 M2C, Rouen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, F-75005, France
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Grilo ML, Isidoro S, Chambel L, Marques CS, Marques TA, Sousa-Santos C, Robalo JI, Oliveira M. Molecular Epidemiology, Virulence Traits and Antimicrobial Resistance Signatures of Aeromonas spp. in the Critically Endangered Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum Follow Geographical and Seasonal Patterns. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:759. [PMID: 34206643 PMCID: PMC8300795 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that freshwater fish populations are experiencing severe declines worldwide, our knowledge on the interaction between endangered populations and pathogenic agents remains scarce. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and structure of Aeromonas communities isolated from the critically endangered Iberochondrostoma lusitanicum, a model species for threatened Iberian leuciscids, as well as health parameters in this species. Additionally, we evaluated the virulence profiles, antimicrobial resistance signatures and genomic relationships of the Aeromonas isolates. Lesion prevalence, extension and body condition were deeply affected by location and seasonality, with poorer performances in the dry season. Aeromonas composition shifted among seasons and was also different across river streams. The pathogenic potential of the isolates significantly increased during the dry season. Additionally, isolates displaying clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance phenotypes (carbapenem and fluroquinolone resistance) were detected. As it inhabits intermittent rivers, often reduced to disconnected pools during the summer, the dry season is a critical period for I. lusitanicum, with lower general health status and a higher potential of infection by Aeromonas spp. Habitat quality seems a determining factor on the sustainable development of this fish species. Also, these individuals act as reservoirs of important antimicrobial resistant bacteria with potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel L. Grilo
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
| | - Sara Isidoro
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lélia Chambel
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Carolina S. Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.M.); (T.A.M.)
| | - Tiago A. Marques
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.M.); (T.A.M.)
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Carla Sousa-Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
| | - Joana I. Robalo
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA—Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.S.-S.); (J.I.R.)
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
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8
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Noskov YA, Kabilov MR, Polenogova OV, Yurchenko YA, Belevich OE, Yaroslavtseva ON, Alikina TY, Byvaltsev AM, Rotskaya UN, Morozova VV, Glupov VV, Kryukov VY. A Neurotoxic Insecticide Promotes Fungal Infection in Aedes aegypti Larvae by Altering the Bacterial Community. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:493-505. [PMID: 32839879 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria have a significant impact on the formation of defensive mechanisms against fungal pathogens and insecticides. The microbiome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti has been well studied; however, there are no data on the influence of insecticides and pathogenic fungi on its structure. The fungus Metarhizium robertsii and a neurotoxic insecticide (avermectin complex) interact synergistically, and the colonization of larvae with hyphal bodies is observed after fungal and combined (conidia + avermectins) treatments. The changes in the bacterial communities (16S rRNA) of Ae. aegypti larvae under the influence of fungal infection, avermectin toxicosis, and their combination were studied. In addition, we studied the interactions between the fungus and the predominant cultivable bacteria in vitro and in vivo after the coinfection of the larvae. Avermectins increased the total bacterial load and diversity. The fungus decreased the diversity and insignificantly increased the bacterial load. Importantly, avermectins reduced the relative abundance of Microbacterium (Actinobacteria), which exhibited a strong antagonistic effect towards the fungus in in vitro and in vivo assays. The avermectin treatment led to an increased abundance of Chryseobacterium (Flavobacteria), which exerted a neutral effect on mycosis development. In addition, avermectin treatment led to an elevation of some subdominant bacteria (Pseudomonas) that interacted synergistically with the fungus. We suggest that avermectins change the bacterial community to favor the development of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Noskov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091.
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
| | - M R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - O V Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - Y A Yurchenko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - O E Belevich
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - O N Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - T Y Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - A M Byvaltsev
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - U N Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - V V Morozova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - V V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
| | - V Y Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630091
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9
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Prevalence of Potentially Pathogenic Antibiotic-Resistant Aeromonas spp. in Treated Urban Wastewater Effluents versus Recipient Riverine Populations: a 3-Year Comparative Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02053-19. [PMID: 31757827 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02053-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance continues to be an emerging threat both in clinical and environmental settings. Among the many causes, the impact of postchlorinated human wastewater on antibiotic resistance has not been well studied. Our study compared antibiotic susceptibility among Aeromonas spp. in postchlorinated effluents to that of the recipient riverine populations for three consecutive years against 12 antibiotics. Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas hydrophila predominated among both aquatic environments, although greater species diversity was evident in treated wastewater. Overall, treated wastewater contained a higher prevalence of nalidixic acid-, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT)-, and tetracycline-resistant isolates, as well as multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates compared to upstream surface water. After selecting for tetracycline-resistant strains, 34.8% of wastewater isolates compared to 8.3% of surface water isolates were multidrug resistant, with nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and SXT being the most common. Among tetracycline-resistant isolates, efflux pump genes tetE and tetA were the most prevalent, though stronger resistance correlated with tetA. Over 50% of river and treated wastewater isolates exhibited cytotoxicity that was significantly correlated with serine protease activity, suggesting many MDR strains from effluent have the potential to be pathogenic. These findings highlight that conventionally treated wastewater remains a reservoir of resistant, potentially pathogenic bacterial populations being introduced into aquatic systems that could pose a threat to both the environment and public health.IMPORTANCE Aeromonads are Gram-negative, asporogenous rod-shaped bacteria that are autochthonous in fresh and brackish waters. Their pathogenic nature in poikilotherms and mammals, including humans, pose serious environmental and public health concerns especially with rising levels of antibiotic resistance. Wastewater treatment facilities serve as major reservoirs for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacterial populations and are, thus, a potential major contributor to resistant populations in aquatic ecosystems. However, few longitudinal studies exist analyzing resistance among human wastewater effluents and their recipient aquatic environments. In this study, considering their ubiquitous nature in aquatic environments, we used Aeromonas spp. as bacterial indicators of environmental antimicrobial resistance, comparing it to that in postchlorinated wastewater effluents over 3 years. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of these resistant populations to be pathogenic, thus elaborating on their potential public health threat.
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Monitoring Opportunistic Pathogens in Domestic Wastewater from a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor to Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation in many developing countries is an increasingly common practice. Regular monitoring of indicators can help to identify potential health risks; therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the presence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in wastewater, as well as plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere. In this study, an anaerobic biofilm reactor (ABR) was developed to treat rural domestic wastewater; the performance of pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria elimination were investigated. Additionally, we also assessed the physicochemical and microbiological profiles of soil and lettuces after wastewater irrigation. Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacteroides sp., Escherichia coli, Legionella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. were monitored in the irrigation water, as well as in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuces. Pathogens like B. cereus, Legionella sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were present in treated effluent with relatively high concentrations, and the levels of A. hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., and E. coli were higher in the phyllosphere. The physicochemical properties of soil and lettuce did not vary significantly. These data indicated that treated wastewater irrigation across a short time period may not alter the soil and crop properties, while the pathogens present in the wastewater may transfer to soil and plant, posing risks to human health.
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Topić Popović N, Kazazić SP, Barišić J, Strunjak-Perović I, Babić S, Bujak M, Kljusurić JG, Čož-Rakovac R. Aquatic bacterial contamination associated with sugarplant sewage outfalls as a microbial hazard for fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:1-8. [PMID: 30802779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare bacterial composition and load in waters and fish related to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), particularly waters and wild fish affected by sugarplant processing (sugar cane and sugar beet). Aeromonads were the most frequently isolated group from water and fish. A. hydrophila was a prevailing species in isolates from water, followed by A. veronii, Rheinheimera soli and Ochrobactrum anthropi. Of indicator bacteria for aquatic contamination from fish tissues, the most prominent were V. cholerae, Enterobacter cloacae and E. sakazakii. Sugar cane processing contributed to high viable cell counts at 37 °C while sugar beet processing contributed to high bacterial counts at 22 °C. Heterotrophs from gills of effluent fish were highest during sugar cane processing. Counts retrieved from fish skin were more uniform between effluent fish and fish from downstream waters. Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from water was high against amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, flumequine, norfloxacin and oxolinic acid in samples from the inflow of raw municipal wastewaters to WWTP, while resistance found in bacteria from the inflow of sugarplant mostly related to sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin. The PCA analysis associated the occurrence of high heterotroph counts, P. aeruginosa, and intestinal enterococci on skin and gills with sugar cane, and yeasts and molds with sugar beet processing. Fish living in treated wastewaters and related water bodies could pose a microbial hazard if fished for human consumption, possibly causing infection when being handled and processed, as a risk of human pathogens penetrating fish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Snježana P Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Barišić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maro Bujak
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Suzuki Y, Niina K, Matsuwaki T, Nukazawa K, Iguchi A. Bacterial flora analysis of coliforms in sewage, river water, and ground water using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:160-173. [PMID: 29148919 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1383128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to rapidly and effectively analyze coliforms, which are the most fundamental indicators of water quality for fecal pollution, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Coliform bacteria were isolated from municipal sewage, river water, and groundwater. For each sample, 100 isolates were determined by MALDI-TOF MS. In addition, these same 100 isolates were also identified via 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Obtained MALDI-TOF MS data were compared with the 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, and the validity of MALDI-TOF MS for classification of coliform bacteria was examined. The concordance rate of bacterial identification for the 100 isolates obtained by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for sewage, river water, and ground water were 96%, 74%, and 62% at the genus level, respectively. Among the sewage, river water, and ground water samples, the coliform bacterial flora were distinct. The dominant genus of coliforms in sewage, river water, and groundwater were Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., and Serratia spp., respectively. We determined that MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid and accurate tool that can be used to identify coliforms. Therefore, without using conventional 16S rRNA sequencing, it is possible to rapidly and effectively classify coliforms in water using MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Suzuki
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Kouki Niina
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Tomonori Matsuwaki
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Kei Nukazawa
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- b Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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Chaix G, Roger F, Berthe T, Lamy B, Jumas-Bilak E, Lafite R, Forget-Leray J, Petit F. Distinct Aeromonas Populations in Water Column and Associated with Copepods from Estuarine Environment (Seine, France). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1259. [PMID: 28744262 PMCID: PMC5504101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous bacteria primarily recovered from aquatic ecosystems. They are found in fresh water as well as estuarine and marine waters, and in association with numerous autochthonous aquatic organisms in these environments. However, aeromonads are also etiologic agents of fish diseases and are now recognized as emerging pathogens in humans. The estuary is therefore a key environment, harboring autochthonous aeromonads, and aeromonads originating from humans and animals, mainly released by treated WWTP effluent or watershed run-off via tributaries. The present study compares the abundance and the diversity of Aeromonas populations. Over 2 years of monitoring (eight campaigns from February 2013 to November 2015), the occurrence of Aeromonas was investigated within the water column (water and fluid mud) and in association with copepods. Moreover, the diversity of Aeromonas populations was ascertained by analyzing gyrB and radA sequences, and the antibiotic-resistance phenotypes were determined using the disk diffusion method. This study shows, for the first time, the presence of Aeromonas spp. in water (1.1 × 102 to 1.2 ± 0.3 × 103 CFU.100 mL-1), fluid mud (2.6 ± 2.6 × 102 to 9.8 ± 0.9 × 103 CFU.g-1) and in association with living copepods (1.9 ± 0.7 × 102 to >1.1 × 104 CFU.g-1) in the Seine estuary. Moreover, the diversity study, conducted on 36 strains isolated from the water column and 47 strains isolated from copepods, indicates distinct populations within these two compartments. Strains distributed in five clusters corresponding to A. bestiarum (n = 6; 5.45%), A. encheleia (n = 1; 0.91%), A. media (n = 22; 20.0%), A. rivipollensis (n = 34; 30.91%) and A. salmonicida (n = 47; 42.73%). A. salmonicida is the most abundant species associated with Eurytemora affinis (n = 35; 74.47%). In contrast, A. salmonicida accounts for only 30.56% (n = 11) of isolates in the water column. This study shows the coexistence of distinct populations of Aeromonas in the oligohaline area of an anthropized estuary. Moreover, A. media, a putative human pathogen, present in the water column and abundant in the WWTP samples, was not detected in association with living copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Chaix
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Normandie UniversitéRouen, France
| | - Frédéric Roger
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Normandie UniversitéRouen, France
| | - Thierry Berthe
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Normandie UniversitéRouen, France
| | - Brigitte Lamy
- CNRS 5569 HSM, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de NiceNice, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- CNRS 5569 HSM, Équipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé Environnements, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France.,Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHRU de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Robert Lafite
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Normandie UniversitéRouen, France
| | | | - Fabienne Petit
- UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, M2C, Normandie UniversitéRouen, France.,UPMC, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne UniversitésParis, France
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Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. Mass Spectrometry for the Study of Microbial Communities in Environmental Waters. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL POLLUTION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apmp.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Popović NT, Kazazić SP, Strunjak-Perović I, Čož-Rakovac R. Differentiation of environmental aquatic bacterial isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:7-16. [PMID: 27741451 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification of bacteria in aquatic and environmental applications, for monitoring purposes and research, for health assessments and therapy considerations of farmed and free-living aquatic organisms, still relies on conventional phenotypic and biochemical protocols. Although molecular techniques based on DNA amplification and sequencing are finding ways into diagnostic laboratories, they are time-consuming, costly and difficult in the case of multiplex assays. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and accurate proteomic method reliable for identification of unknown bacteria to the genus and species level. Upon extension of databases, it will certainly find its position in environmental sciences. The paper presents an overview of the principle of the method, its effectiveness in comparison with conventional and molecular identification procedures, and applicability on environmental and aquatic isolates, discussing its advantages and shortcomings, as well as possible future implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana P Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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Topić Popović N, Strunjak-Perović I, Barišić J, Kepec S, Jadan M, Beer-Ljubić B, Matijatko V, Palić D, Klobučar G, Babić S, Gajdoš Kljusurić J, Čož-Rakovac R. Native Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) health status, biochemical and histological responses to treated wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:689-701. [PMID: 27524256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of treated wastewaters on native wild Prussian carp inhabiting effluent-receiving waters (ERC) receiving municipal and sugar plant treated wastewaters, further downstream waters (DW), and a detached canal unaffected by the WWTP activities. To that end, general fish health status was determined, including plasma biochemical, haematological, oxidative stress and tissue histopathological indices, over three seasons. The greatest tissue alterations were in fall in ERC during sugar beet processing, as hypertrophy of gill epithelial and interlamellar cells, necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of renal tubules, distention of hepatic sinusoids. In fall the lowest leukocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes (2467 ± 565, 1333 ± 264, 1133 ± 488 cells/μL respectively), as well as highest plasma ALP (52.7 ± 19.39 U/L) were measured. ERC in fall had the highest ammonium (20 mg/L), nitrite (1.48 mg/L), nitrate (13.4 mg/L), and lowest dissolved O2 (1.23 mg/L). Gill, kidney and liver alterations, and the highest plasma cholesterol (9.1 ± 1.98 mmol/L) were noted in DW fish in fall. Tissue morphology during sugar cane processing seems a consequence of cellular and structural tissue integrity loss. Structural heterogeneity of gills and spleen was enhanced with increasing concentrations of heavy metals and correlated with oxidative stress (SOD 392.5 ± 77.28 U/L). Monogenean infestation was moderate in ERC fish in all seasons compared with DW fish. Prussian carp biological responses to multiple stressors, measured by the effects of WWTP on blood and tissue parameters, reached far downstream and were not of localized nature. This study demonstrated that in aquatic environments impacted with complex contaminants acting synergistically, causal relationships between biological responses and environmental stressors should be interpreted. Integrated histopathological, haematological and biochemical findings are valuable biomarkers for native fish adaptive patterns and monitoring of water quality/pollution of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Barišić
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavko Kepec
- Virkom d.o.o, Public Water Supply and Wastewater Services, Kralja Petra Krešimira IV 30, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Margita Jadan
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer-Ljubić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Matijatko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dušan Palić
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | - Goran Klobučar
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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