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Wu J, Jiang Y, He R, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang W, Kong W, Wang G, Wu Y. Adsorption/desorption of enrofloxacin in farmland soil as the effect of pH and coexisting ions: implications for enrofloxacin fate and risk in loess soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:363. [PMID: 39126534 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics have been extensively used in clinical treatments for human and animal diseases. However, their long-term presence in the environment increases the risk of producing resistance genes and creates a potential threat to ecosystems and the health of humans and animals. Batch equilibrium experiments were utilized to investigate the adsorption and retention behavior and mechanism of the quinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) in farmland soil in North China. The adsorption and desorption kinetics of ENR in soil were best fitted by pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.999). Both the adsorption and desorption processes of ENR in soil reached equilibrium in 1 h. The desorption amounts of ENR were significantly lower than the adsorption amounts, with the hysteresis coefficient (HI) being less than 0.7. The adsorption thermodynamic process of ENR followed the Linear and Freundlich models (0.965 < R2 < 0.985). Hydrophobic distribution and heterogeneous multimolecular layer adsorption were identified as critical factors in the adsorption process. The adsorption amount of ENR gradually decreased with increasing temperature and the initial concentration of ENR. The adsorption rate of ENR was above 80%, while the desorption rate remained below 15%, indicating strong retention ability. The adsorption rate of ENR in soil decreased with increasing pH, the adsorption rate reached 98.3% at pH 3.0 but only 31.5% at pH 11. The influence of coexisting ions on adsorption primarily depended on their properties, such as ion radius, ionic strength, and hydrolysis properties, and the inhibition of adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength. These findings contribute to understanding the fate and risk of veterinary antibiotics in loess soil in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Rui He
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhewei Liu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Weichen Kong
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yingqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Fabregat-Palau J, Rigol A, Grathwohl P, Vidal M. Assessing sorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in soils from a K d compilation based on pure organic and mineral components. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116535. [PMID: 38865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The presence of fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics in soils may cause a threat to human health due to overexposure and the generation of antibiotic resistance genes. Understanding their sorption behavior in soils is important to predict subsequent FQ (bio) availability. Here, FQ sorption in pure soil organic (i.e., humic substances) and mineral (i.e., metal oxides; phyllosilicates) components is evaluated through a solid-liquid distribution coefficient (Kd (FQ)) dataset consisting of 243 entries originated from 80 different studies, to elucidate their respective contribution to the overall Kd (FQ) in bulk soils. First, different factors affecting FQ sorption and desorption in each of these soil phases are critically discussed. The strong role of pH in Kd (FQ), due to the simultaneous effect on both FQ speciation and surface charge changes, encouraged the derivation of normalized sorption coefficients for the cationic, zwitterionic and anionic FQ species in humic substances and in different phyllosilicates. Kd (FQ) in metal oxides revealed a key role of metal nature and material specific surface area due to complexation sorption mechanisms at neutral pH. Cumulative distribution functions (CDF) were applied to each dataset to establish a sorption affinity range for each phase and to derive best estimate Kd (FQ) values for those materials where normalized sorption coefficients to FQ species were unavailable. The data analysis conducted in the different soil phases set the basis for a Kd (FQ) prediction model, which combined the respective sorption affinity of each phase for FQ and phase abundance in soil to estimate Kd (FQ) in bulk soils. The model was subsequently validated with sorption data in well characterized soils compiled from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fabregat-Palau
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institut de Recerca de l'Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Miquel Vidal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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3
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Baldasso V, Sayen S, Gomes CAR, Frunzo L, Almeida CMR, Guillon E. Metformin and lamotrigine sorption on a digestate amended soil in presence of trace metal contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133635. [PMID: 38306838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin and antiepileptic drug lamotrigine are contaminants of emerging concern that have been detected in biowaste-derived amendments and in the environment, and their fate must be carefully studied. This work aimed to evaluate their sorption behaviour on soil upon digestate application. Experiments were conducted on soil and digestate-amended soil as a function of time to study kinetic processes, and at equilibrium also regarding the influence of trace metals (Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn) at ratio pharmaceutical/metal 1/1, 1/10, and 1/100. Pharmaceutical desorption experiments were also conducted to assess their potential mobility to groundwater. Results revealed that digestate amendment increased metformin and lamotrigine adsorbed amounts by 210% and 240%, respectively, increasing organic matter content. Metformin adsorption kinetics were best described by Langmuir model and those of lamotrigine by Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. Trace metals did not significantly affect the adsorption of metformin in amended soil while significantly decreased that of lamotrigine by 12-39%, with exception for Cu2+ that increased both pharmaceuticals adsorbed amounts by 5 - 8%. This study highlighted the influence of digestate amendment on pharmaceutical adsorption and fate in soil, which must be considered in the circular economy scenario of waste-to-resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Baldasso
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Molecular Chemistry Institute of Reims, ICMR UMR CNRS 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
| | - Stéphanie Sayen
- Molecular Chemistry Institute of Reims, ICMR UMR CNRS 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
| | - Carlos A R Gomes
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luigi Frunzo
- Department of Mathematics and Applications Renato Caccioppoli, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Guillon
- Molecular Chemistry Institute of Reims, ICMR UMR CNRS 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Zhang L, Bai J, Zhai Y, Zhang K, Wang Y, Tang R, Xiao R, Jorquera MA. Multimedia distribution, partitioning, sources, comprehensive toxicity risk and co-occurrence network characteristics of trace elements in a typical Chinese shallow lake with high antibiotic risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133436. [PMID: 38190795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Although the combined pollution of trace elements and antibiotics has received extensive attention, the fate and toxicity risk of trace elements with high antibiotic risk are still unclear. The multimedia distributions, partitioning, sources, toxicity risks and co-occurrence network characteristics of trace elements in surface water (SW), overlying water (OW), pore water (PW) and sediment (Sedi) samples of 61 sites from Baiyangdian (BYD) Lake were investigated. The trace elements in the SW and OW are derived mainly from traffic and agricultural sources, and those in PW and Sedi samples are primarily from lithogenic and industrial sources. The total toxicity risk index (TRI) of nine trace elements (ΣTRI) in Sedi samples showed a very high toxicity risk (18.35 ± 8.84), and a high combined pollution toxicity risk (ΣΣTRI) was observed in PW (149.17 ± 97.52) and Sedi samples (46.37 ± 24.00). The co-occurrence network from SW to PW became more vulnerable. Generally, total antibiotics and TP may be keystones of trace elements in water and sediment. The high antibiotic risk significantly influenced ΣΣTRI in water samples but not in Sedi samples. The findings provide new implications for the monitoring and control of combined antibiotic-trace element pollution in shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Junhong Bai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kegang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruoxuan Tang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, FuZhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Zhang L, Bai J, Zhai Y, Zhang K, Wang Y, Tang R, Xiao R, Jorquera MA. Pollution levels and potential ecological risks of trace elements in relation to bacterial community in surface water of shallow lakes in northern China before and after ecological water replenishment. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 262:104318. [PMID: 38354450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Ecological water replenishment is a crucial and effective measure to improve the water quality and ecological function of lakes. However, the effects of ecological water replenishment on the pollution characteristics and ecological risks of trace elements and bacterial communities in lake surface water are still kept unclear. We investigated the pollution levels and potential ecological risks for trace elements, as well as variation of the bacterial community in surface water in the BYD lake before and after ecological water replenishment. Our results revealed that higher levels and pollution indexes (Igeo) of trace metals (e.g., As, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni; p < 0.05) after ecological water replenishment were observed than before ecological water replenishment and their total potential ecological risk (∑RI) were increased. In contrast, the network complexity of these trace elements, including nodes, edges, average diameter, modularity, clustering coefficient and average pathlength showed a decrease after ecological water replenishment than before. The diversity (community richness, community diversity and phylogenetic diversity decreased) and community structure of the bacterial community in the surface water (p < 0.05) were greatly changed after ecological water replenishment than before, with the increase in heavy metal-resistant phylum (e.g., Acidobacteriota). Moreover, the concentration of trace elements and ∑RI were significantly correlated with the alpha diversity of bacterial community, as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ORP, after ecological water replenishment. The findings indicate that it is very necessary to continuously monitor trace metal pollution levels and heavy metal-resistant phylum and identify their potential pollution sources for water environment control and lake ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Junhong Bai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yujia Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kegang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruoxuan Tang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, FuZhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Nkoh JN, Shang C, Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Oderinde O, Etafo NO, Mgbechidinma CL, Bakare OC, Meugang EF. Antibiotics soil-solution chemistry: A review of environmental behavior and uptake and transformation by plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120312. [PMID: 38340667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The increased use of antibiotics by humans for various purposes has left the environment polluted. Antibiotic pollution remediation is challenging because antibiotics exist in trace amounts and only highly sensitive detection techniques could be used to quantify them. Nevertheless, their trace quantity is not a hindrance to their transfer along the food chain, causing sensitization and the development of antibiotic resistance. Despite an increase in the literature on antibiotic pollution and the development and transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), little attention has been given to the behavior of antibiotics at the soil-solution interface and how this affects antibiotic adsorption-desorption interactions and subsequent uptake and transformation by plants. Thus, this review critically examines the interactions and possible degradation mechanisms of antibiotics in soil and the link between antibiotic soil-solution chemistry and uptake by plants. Also, different factors influencing antibiotic mobility in soil and the transfer of ARGs from one organism to another were considered. The mechanistic and critical analyses revealed that: (a) the charge characteristics of antibiotics at the soil-root interface determine whether they are adsorbed to soil or taken up by plants; (b) antibiotics that avoid soil colloids and reach soil pore water can be absorbed by plant roots, but their translocation to the stem and leaves depends on the ionic state of the molecule; (c) few studies have explored how plants adapt to antibiotic pollution and the transformation of antibiotics in plants; and (d) the persistence of antibiotics in cropland soils can be influenced by the content of soil organic matter, coexisting ions, and fertilization practices. Future research should focus on the soil/solution-antibiotic-plant interactions to reveal detailed mechanisms of antibiotic transformation by plants and whether plant-transformed antibiotics could be of environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nkoh Nkoh
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chenjing Shang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 China.
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P. O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 211189, China
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nelson Oshogwue Etafo
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ing. J. Cárdenas Valdez S/N Republica, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila Mexico
| | - Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, 200243, Nigeria
| | - Omonike Christianah Bakare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elvira Foka Meugang
- School of Metallurgy & Environment, Central South University, 932 Lushan South Road, Changsha, 410083, China
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Cai W, Navarro DA, Du J, Srivastava P, Cao Z, Ying G, Kookana RS. Effect of heavy metal co-contaminants on the sorption of thirteen anionic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167188. [PMID: 37734606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sorption behavior of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils are essential for assessing their mobility and risk in the environment. Heavy metals often coexist with PFAS depending on the source and history of contamination. In this study, we investigated the effect of heavy metal co-contaminants (Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) on the sorption of 13 anionic PFAS with different perfluorocarbon chain length (C3-C9) in two soils with different properties. Results revealed that Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ had little effect on the sorption of most short-chain compounds, while the presence of these heavy metals enhanced the sorption of long-chain PFAS in two soils. The distribution coefficients (Kd) of several long-chain PFAS linearly increased with increasing concentrations of heavy metal, especially in the presence of Pb2+ (ΔKd/Δ [Pb2+] > 3 for PFOS and PFNA vs <1 for PFPeS and PFHxS). While several mechanisms may have contributed to the enhancement of sorption of PFAS, the heavy metals most likely contributed through enhanced hydrophobic interactions of PFAS by neutralizing the negative charge of adsorption surfaces in soils and thus making it more favorable for their partitioning onto the solid phase. Moreover, the increase in the concentrations of heavy metals led to a decrease in the pH of the system and promoted sorption of long-chain compounds, especially in soil with lower organic carbon content. Overall, this study provides evidence that the presence of co-existing heavy metal cations in soils can significantly enhance the sorption of long-chain PFAS onto soil, thereby potentially limiting their mobility in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Divina A Navarro
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia.
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia
| | | | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
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Khurana P, Pulicharla R, Brar SK. Imipenem-metal complexes: Computational analysis and toxicity studies with wastewater model microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117275. [PMID: 37827363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic residues in diverse water sources has long been acknowledged as a potential health concern due to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. However, there have been limited studies into the presence of antibiotic-metal complexes (AMCs) in real-time wastewater matrices, and their impact on wastewater microbial communities. The present work, in this regard, investigated the stability of Imipenem-metal complexes (Me = Mg (II), Ca (II), Fe (II), Cu (II), and Al (III)) with computational studies, stoichiometry with potentiometric measurements, and their antibacterial activity towards wastewater model microorganisms- Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Escherichia coli (E. Coli) by Colony Forming Unit (CFU) method. The lower energy of Imipenem-metal complexes than the parent antibiotic- Imipenem, during energy optimization using density functional (DFT) methods, revealed that metal interactions of Imipenem stabilize the drug by minimizing its energy. Further, CFU studies indicated that these complexes display higher antimicrobial activity than parent antibiotics. The electron delocalization over the entire chelated system (AMCs) reduces polarity and increases the lipophilicity of the complexes, thereby facilitating stronger interaction between AMCs and the bacterial cell membrane. Results indicate increased antibacterial activity of Imipenem-metal complexes for both E. coli and B. subtilis. The antibacterial activity, was however, more pronounced in B. subtilis, with >97% growth inhibition for metal complexes of Imipenem (at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 20 nM or 6 ppb (i.e., MIC90)), for both the stoichiometric ratios (metal to ligand) ratios (M: L 1: 1 and 2: 1). All around, with increased stability and toxicity, AMCs are emerging as contaminants of concern and demand immediate attention to devise methods for their removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Khurana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Wei M, Wang X, Zhou K, Yang R. Binary Adsorption and Migration Simulation of Levofloxacin with zinc at Concentrations Simulating Wastewater on Silty Clay and The Potential Environmental Risk in Groundwater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136878. [PMID: 36419267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Migration of soil pollutants can cause groundwater pollution, which is dominated by the soil adsorption of pollutants. Heavy metals and fluoroquinolone antibiotics exist in the soil and form compound pollution, with different adsorption behaviors in the soil. It may make the levofloxacin (LVFX) migration and potential risk of LVFX to groundwater change. Therefore, this research on Zinc (Zn/Zn2+) and LVFX studied the binary adsorption on silty clay in the vadose zone using the batch equilibrium adsorption method. Besides, Hydrus-1D simulate vertical migration. As the results show: (1) Silty clay has excellent storage capacity (adsorption rate>90%) for LVFX and is a natural barrier to reducing groundwater risk; (2) Binary adsorption of LVFX with Zn on silty clay had could be influenced by metallic oxide, pH value, and cation species. The metallic oxides adsorption rate decreased by 10.3%; Compared with single adsorption, Zn2+ promoted the adsorption of LVFX on silty clay, with the exception that the pH value was 2.0; Based on the simulated migration, subtle changes in adsorption may lead to a significant difference in migration and impact on the environmental risk of LVFX to groundwater. This paper proposed three aspects of the research should be strengthened to further develop the potential of silty clay in the prevention and control of groundwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxian Wei
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 450003, China.
| | - Xueshuang Wang
- Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an, Shan Xi Province, 710065, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Subterranean Hydrology, WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Rui Yang
- MCC HuaTian Engineering & Technology corporation, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210000, China
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10
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Smith R, Sayen S, Guillon E. Adsorption of Individual and Mixtures of β-Blockers and Copper in Soils and Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2700-2707. [PMID: 35899978 PMCID: PMC9828069 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The (bio)availability of pharmaceuticals at solid/water interfaces is governed by their sorption, which determines their concentrations in groundwaters and surface waters in contact with biota, and can be affected by the presence of other contaminants such as metallic trace elements likely to compete for adsorption sites and form complexes with pharmaceuticals. We studied the adsorption of the pharmaceuticals propranolol and sotalol-two β-blockers-on one soil and one sediment using batch experiments to assess their (bio)availability. The influence of contact time, pH, and concentration was studied. As in the real environment these contaminants are not alone but in mixtures, and they were studied alone, simultaneously added, and in the presence of Cu2+ , which is known to form coordination complexes with propranolol and sotalol, but their presence in mixtures did not alter their adsorption properties. Sotalol was more mobile in water and thus more bioavailable for organisms than propranolol. The mobility in surface waters of both β-blockers and thus their bioavailabity for organisms is more important than their risk of transfer to groundwater during rainwater infiltration and to surface water due to runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2700-2707. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose‐Michelle Smith
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312Université de Reims Champagne‐ArdenneReims Cedex 2France
| | - Stéphanie Sayen
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312Université de Reims Champagne‐ArdenneReims Cedex 2France
| | - Emmanuel Guillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312Université de Reims Champagne‐ArdenneReims Cedex 2France
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11
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Álvarez-Esmorís C, Rodríguez-López L, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Calviño D, Arias-Estévez M. Influence of pH on the adsorption-desorption of doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxypyridazine in soils with variable surface charge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114071. [PMID: 35995223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the adsorption/desorption of the antibiotics doxycycline (DC), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sulfamethoxypyradazine (SMP) was studied in 6 agricultural soils with predominance of variable charge, both before and after removing organic matter by calcination. DC adsorption was high at acidic pH, and decreased at pH values above 8. Removal of organic matter with calcination caused just a slight decrease in adsorption, and even in some soils adsorption was similar to that in non-calcined samples. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were higher for the DC- species compared to DC+, DC0 and DC2-. Regarding DC desorption, the values were very low throughout the pH range covered in the study (2-12), both in the calcined samples and in those not subjected to calcination. ENR showed a similar behavior to DC regarding the effect of pH, since ENR adsorption also decreased at basic pH, but the effect of removing organic matter was different, as it caused a clear decrease in ENR adsorption. The species with the highest Kd was in this case ENR0, although ENR+ is also quantitatively important as regards Kd value in calcined samples. For this antibiotic, no differences in desorption were observed between calcined and non-calcined samples. Finally, SMP adsorption also decreased as pH increased, and, in addition, similarly to what happened with ENR, in general, there was a strong decrease in SMP adsorption when organic matter was removed. The species with the highest Kd in this case was SMP+ in non-calcined samples, but SMP0 and SMP- become more relevant in calcined samples. The percentages of SMP desorption were higher than those for the other two antibiotics, and an increase occurs at intermediate pH values, being higher for calcined samples. These results can be considered relevant in terms of increasing the knowledge as regards the possible evolution and fate of the three antibiotics studied. Specifically, for different pH conditions and with different organic matter contents, when they reach soils and other environmental compartments after being discharged as contaminants. This could have important repercussions on public health and the overall environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Rodríguez-López
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Dept. Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Fac. Sciences, Univ. Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain.
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12
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Wang W, Qi L, Zhang P, Luo J, Li J. Removal of COD in wastewater by magnetic coagulant prepared from modified fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52175-52188. [PMID: 35257349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, magnetic coagulants (Fe-AFA, Fe-BFA) were prepared, by mixing acid-modified fly ash (AFA) and base-modified fly ash (BFA) with magnetic components, as adsorbents for chemical oxygen demand (COD) in desulfurization wastewater and their adsorption kinetics and mechanism are reported. BET, SEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, magnetization intensity, and batch experiments on coagulation kinetic and adsorption isothermal characteristics of magnetic coagulants were carried out. The results show that Fe-AFA has the best COD adsorption performance and superparamagnetism, and the COD removal amounts can reach 5.69 mg/g, which is 112.43% higher than the raw fly ash. It was also found that the quasi-second-order kinetic and Langmuir equation could well describe the COD coagulation process. Thermodynamic tests results showed that the COD removal was a spontaneous, endothermic, and irreversible process. Reusability of magnetic coagulants was investigated. After five cycles, the COD removal amount of Fe-AFA was 2.74 mg/g. These findings provide a feasible method for environmental-benign utilization of fly ash as low-cost adsorbents in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Hebei Key Lab. of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Liqiang Qi
- Hebei Key Lab. of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.
| | - Pan Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab. of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Jichen Luo
- Hebei Key Lab. of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Hebei Key Lab. of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
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Enrofloxacin—The Ruthless Killer of Eukaryotic Cells or the Last Hope in the Fight against Bacterial Infections? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073648. [PMID: 35409007 PMCID: PMC8998546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is a compound that originates from a group of fluoroquinolones that is widely used in veterinary medicine as an antibacterial agent (this antibiotic is not approved for use as a drug in humans). It reveals strong antibiotic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly due to the inhibition of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymatic actions. The high efficacy of this molecule has been demonstrated in the treatment of various animals on farms and other locations. However, the use of enrofloxacin causes severe adverse effects, including skeletal, reproductive, immune, and digestive disorders. In this review article, we present in detail and discuss the advantageous and disadvantageous properties of enrofloxacin, showing the benefits and risks of the use of this compound in veterinary medicine. Animal health and the environmental effects of this stable antibiotic (with half-life as long as 3–9 years in various natural environments) are analyzed, as are the interesting properties of this molecule that are expressed when present in complexes with metals. Recommendations for further research on enrofloxacin are also proposed.
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Khurana P, Pulicharla R, Kaur Brar S. Antibiotic-metal complexes in wastewaters: fate and treatment trajectory. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106863. [PMID: 34534786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unregulated usage, improper disposal, and leakage from pharmaceutical use and manufacturing sites have led to high detection levels of antibiotic residues in wastewater and surface water. The existing water treatment technologies are insufficient for removing trace antibiotics and these residual antibiotics tend to interact with co-existing metal ions and form antibiotic-metal complexes (AMCs) with altered bioactivity profile and physicochemical properties. Typically, antibiotics, including tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulphonamides, interact with heavy metals such as Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, to form AMCs which are more persistent and toxic than parent compounds. Although many studies have reported antibiotics detection, determination, distribution and risks associated with their environmental persistence, very few investigations are published on understanding the chemistry of these complexes in the wastewater and sludge matrix. This review, therefore, summarizes the structural features of both antibiotics and metals that facilitate complexation in wastewater. Further, this work critically appraises the treatment methods employed for antibiotic removal, individually and combined with metals, highlights the knowledge gaps, and delineates future perspectives for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Khurana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Rama Pulicharla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Conde-Cid M, Ferreira-Coelho G, Arias-Estévez M, Fernández-Calvinho D, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ. Adsorption/desorption of three tetracycline antibiotics on different soils in binary competitive systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110337. [PMID: 32250814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account environmental and public health issues due to emerging pollutants, and specifically to antibiotics spread into environmental compartments, this work focused on the competition among three tetracycline antibiotics (tetracycline, CT; oxytetracycline, OTC; and chlortetracycline, CTC) for adsorption sites in six different soils. Batch-type adsorption/desorption tests were carried out, with 24 h as contact time. The six soils were from two different farming areas, and were selected according to pH values and organic matter contents. Binary systems (pairs of antibiotics present simultaneously) were used to study competition, setting the dose of one antibiotic at 200 μmol L-1, and varying the concentration of another from 50 to 600 μmol L-1. In the case of the concentration of 200 μmol L-1, the results of the binary systems were also compared with those obtained in simple and ternary systems. The results showed that those soils with the highest organic matter content (soils 50AL and 71S) adsorbed 100% of the three antibiotics, with desorption being <10% in all cases. The other four soils showed some degree of competition for adsorption sites in binary systems, with adsorption decreasing between 25 and 47% compared to simple systems, and with desorption increasing, especially in soils with higher pH and less organic matter. This competition was even more pronounced in ternary systems, affecting to these same soils, while the effects were very scarce in soils with higher organic matter content. The results indicate that most of the studied soils have high adsorption capacity for tetracycline antibiotics, retaining them with high energy even in the case of multiple systems. It was also shown that hysteresis affected adsorption/desorption processes. These results have relevance at environmental and social levels, given the growing concern regarding antibiotics pollution, and the need of promoting their retention and inactivation when spread in environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Conde-Cid
- Universidade de Vigo, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus univ. Ourense, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ferreira-Coelho
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, campus univ. s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias-Estévez
- Universidade de Vigo, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus univ. Ourense, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Calvinho
- Universidade de Vigo, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus univ. Ourense, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Avelino Núñez-Delgado
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, campus univ. s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, campus univ. s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - María J Fernández-Sanjurjo
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Engineering Polytechnic School, campus univ. s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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16
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Liu H, Huang X, Yu X, Pu C, Sun Y, Luo W. Dissipation and persistence of sulfonamides, quinolones and tetracyclines in anaerobically digested biosolids and compost during short-term storage under natural conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:58-66. [PMID: 31150876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the dissipation and persistence of three groups of residual antibiotics (sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines) in anaerobically digested (AD) biosolids and compost during 28 days of storage under environmental conditions. Results showed that the total dissipation of sulfonamides was above 70%, which was higher than that of quinolones and tetracyclines. Quinolones were more persistent in compost than in AD biosolids. Similar dissipation rates in AD biosolids and compost were observed for tetracyclines. Of the four commonly used models, the availability-adjusted first-order model (AAFO) was the optimal to fit the dissipation of antibiotics, which was mainly governed by their initial concentrations, matrix pH, and the presence of organic matter and microorganisms. The half-lives of sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines in AD biosolids were 6-51 days, 1-136 days, and 15-19 days; while those were 3-21 days, 3-74 days, and 7-27 days in compost, respectively. In particular, enrofloxacin and ofloxacin were the most persistent in AD biosolids and compost, respectively. Moreover, tetracyclines were more prone to cause pseudo-persistent pollution due to their much higher residuals in comparison to sulfonamides and quinolones. Thus, both AD biosolids and compost should be further treated before their farmland applications to control antibiotic introduction to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengjun Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenhai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Cuprys A, Pulicharla R, Brar SK, Drogui P, Verma M, Surampalli RY. Fluoroquinolones metal complexation and its environmental impacts. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Zhao Z, Nie T, Yang Z, Zhou W. The role of soil components in the sorption of tetracycline and heavy metals in soils. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32178-32187. [PMID: 35547492 PMCID: PMC9086232 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06631k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural black soil (BS) was treated to obtain three individual soils to investigate the sorption behaviors of tetracycline (TC) and heavy metals (Cu2+ and Cd2+) and evaluate the role and contribution of different soil components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Tiantian Nie
- Department of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control
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