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Das S, Sengupta S, Patra PK, Dey P. Limestone and yellow gypsum can reduce cadmium accumulation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea): A study from a three-decade old landfill site. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141645. [PMID: 38452977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has cropped up as an important menace in the soil-plant system. The use of industrial by-products to immobilise Cd in situ in polluted soils is an interesting remediation strategy. In the current investigation, two immobilizing amendments of Cd viz., Limestone (traditionally used) and Yellow gypsum (industrial by-product) have been used through a green-house pot culture experiment. Soil samples were collected from four locations based on four graded levels of DTPA extractable Cd as Site 1 (0.43 mg kg-1), Site 2 (0.92 mg kg-1), Site 3 (1.77 mg kg-1) and Site 4 (4.48 mg kg-1). The experiment was laid out in a thrice replicated Factorial Complete Randomized Design, with one factor as limestone (0, 250, 500 mg kg-1) and the other being yellow gypsum (0, 250, 500 mg kg-1) on the collected soils and groundnut was grown as a test crop. Results revealed that the DTPA-extractable Cd content in soil and Cd concentration in plants decreased significantly with the increasing doses of amendments irrespective of initial soil available Cd and types of amendment used. The effect of amendment was soil specific and in case of Site 1 (low initial Cd) the effect was more prominent. The reduction in DTPA-extractable Cd in combined application of limestone and yellow gypsum @500 mg kg-1 over the absolute control in soil under groundnut for the sites was by far the highest with the values of 83.72%, 77.17%, 48.59% and 40.63% respectively. With the combined application, Target Cancer Risk (TCR) of Cd was also reduced. Hence, combined application of limestone and yellow gypsum can be beneficial in the long run for mitigating Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Das
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India; ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI) Kolkata, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700097, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudip Sengupta
- School of Agriculture, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, 700121, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Patra
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Dey
- ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI) Kolkata, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700097, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Kim HS, Lee YK, Park BJ, Lee JE, Jeong SS, Kim KR, Kim SC, Kirkham MB, Yang JE, Kim KH, Yoon JH. Alginate-encapsulated biochar as an effective soil ameliorant for reducing Pb phytoavailability to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22802-22813. [PMID: 38411914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The alginate-biochar formulation for metal removal from aquatic environments has been widely tried but its use for lowering phytoavailability of metals in the soil-crop continuum is limited. Biochar has been increasingly used as a soil amendment due to its potential for soil carbon sequestration and sorption capacity. Handling of powdery biochar as a soil top-dressing material is, however, cumbersome and vulnerable to loss by water and wind. In this experiment, biochar powder, which was pyrolyzed from oak trees, was encapsulated into beads with alginate, which is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in brown algae. Both batch and pot experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the alginate-encapsulated biochar beads (BB), as compared to its original biochar powdery form (BP), on the Pb adsorption capacity and phytoavailability of soil Pb to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The BB treatment improved reactivity about six times due to a higher surface area (287 m2 g-1) and five times due to a higher cation exchange capacity (50 cmolc kg-1) as compared to the BP treatment. The maximum sorption capacity of Pb was increased to 152 from 81 mg g-1 because of surface chemosorption. Adsorption of Pb onto BB followed multiple first-order kinetics and comprised fast and slow steps. More than 60% of the Pb was adsorbed in the fast step, i.e., within 3 h. Also, the BB treatment, up to the 5% level (w/w), increased soil pH from 5.4 to 6.5 and lowered the phytoavailable fraction of Pb in soil from 5.7 to 0.3 mg kg-1. The Pb concentrations in lettuce cultivated at 5% for the BP and BB treatments were similar but 63 and 66% lower, respectively, than those of the control soil. The results showed that the encapsulation of biochar with alginate enhanced adsorption by the biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyu Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jun Park
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Soon Jeong
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Rae Kim
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506-0110, USA
| | - Jae E Yang
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye-Hoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Xu W, Chen S, Song L, Jin H, Pu F, Su W, Lou Z, Xu X. Mechanochemical synthesis of cysteine-gum acacia intermolecular complex for multiple metal(loid) sequestration from herbal extracts. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139612. [PMID: 37482312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) contamination has triggered great concern about food safety, while sequestration and separation of trace HMs from herbal extracts still calls for appropriate sorbent materials. In this work, gum acacia was modified by cysteine to form a cysteine-acacia intermolecular complex (Cys-GA complex) via facile mechanochemical synthesis, aiming at capturing multiple HMs simultaneously. Preliminary screening confirms the superiority of Cys-CA complex for both cationic and anionic HMs, and determines an optimum Cys/GA mass ratio of 9:1 to achieve high removal capacities for Pb(II) (938 mg g-1), Cd(II) (834 mg g-1), As(V) (496 mg g-1), and Cr(VI) (647 mg g-1) in simulated aqueous solution. The analysis on HMs-exhausted Cys-GA complex indicates that Pb(II), As(V), and Cr(VI) tend to be removed through chelation, electrostatic attraction, and reduction, while Cd(II) can only be chelated or adsorbed by electrostatic interaction. The batch experiments on commercial herbal (e.g. Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Sophora flavescens, Gardenia jasminoides, Cyclocarya paliurus, and Bamboo leaf) extracts indicate that Cys-GA complex can reduce HMs concentration to attain acceptable level that comply with International Organization for Standardization, with negligible negative effect on its active ingredients. This work provides a practical and convenient strategy to purify HMs-contaminated foods without introducing secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ludi Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Huachang Jin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Faxiang Pu
- Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Suichang Limin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Suichang, 323300, China
| | - Weike Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zimo Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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4
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Peera Sheikh Kulsum PG, Khanam R, Das S, Nayak AK, Tack FMG, Meers E, Vithanage M, Shahid M, Kumar A, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya T, Biswas JK. A state-of-the-art review on cadmium uptake, toxicity, and tolerance in rice: From physiological response to remediation process. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115098. [PMID: 36586716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a major contaminant of concern, has been extensively reviewed and debated for its anthropogenic global shifts. Cadmium levels in rice grains raise wide food safety concerns. The aim of this review is therefore to capture the dynamics of Cd in paddy soil, translocation pathways of Cd from soil to consumption rice, and assess its bio-accessibility in human consumption. In crop plants, Cd reduces absorption of nutrients and water, triggers oxidative stress, and inhibits plant metabolism. Understanding the mechanisms and behaviour of Cd in paddy soil and rice allows to explain, predict and intervene in Cd transferability from soil to grains and human exposure. Factors affecting Cd movement in soil, and further to rice grain, are elucidated. Recently, physiological and molecular understanding of Cd transport in rice plants have been advanced. Morphological-biochemical characteristics and Cd transporters of plants in such a movement were also highlighted. Ecologically viable remediation approaches, including low input cost agronomic methods, phytoremediation and microbial bioremediation methods, are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubina Khanam
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Nayak
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Meers
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Anjani Kumar
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Tanushree Bhattacharya
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies &International Centre for Ecological Engineering, Universityof Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India.
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5
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Kim YN, Lee KA, Lee M, Kim KR. Synergetic effect of complex soil amendments to improve soil quality and alleviate toxicity of heavy metal(loid)s in contaminated arable soil: toward securing crop food safety and productivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:87555-87567. [PMID: 35818018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, various types of soil amendments have been used to improve the fertility and quality of soils in agricultural lands. In heavy metal(loid) (HM)-contaminated land, the soil amendments can also act as an immobilizing agent, thereby detoxifying HMs. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three different complex amendments, including T1 (gypsum + peat moss + steel slag; GPMSS), T2 (GPMSS + lime), and T3 (GPMSS + lime + sulfate), on biogeochemical properties of the HM-contaminated arable soils, including Soil A and Soil B, and the magnitude of HM uptake by Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) for 6 weeks. All the examined complex amendments improved soils' physical and biological properties by increasing the water-stable aggregate (WSA) ratio by 18-54% and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 300-1333 mg triphenyl formazan (TPF) kg-1 24 h-1 in comparison to control soils. The concentrations of HMs accumulated in B. rapa appeared to decrease tremendously, attributed to effectively immobilizing the HMs in soils by incorporating complex amendments mediated by soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and complexation with the components of amendments. All these positive changes in soil properties resulted in the elevation of B. rapa productivity. For instance, T1 treatment induced an increase of plant dry weight (DW) by 3.7-3.9 times compared to the controls. Suppose there are no typical differences in the efficiency among the treatments. In that case, our findings still suggest that using complex amendments for the HM-contaminated arable soils would be beneficial by bringing a synergetic effect on improving soil biogeochemical properties and alleviating HM toxicity, which eventually can enhance plant growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Nam Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Ah Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agro-Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute , Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Rae Kim
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute , Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Jachimowicz K, Kwiecień M, Krusiński R, Kislova S, Sowińska L, Zasadna Z, Yanovych D. The Content of Cd and Pb in Herbs and Single-Component Spices Used in Polish Cuisine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3567-3581. [PMID: 36205876 PMCID: PMC10160165 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spices and herbs play an important role in the human diet, mostly due to the presence of essential oils and high antioxidant activity. Therefore, the toxicity of metals raises concerns about the safety of consumption of spices and herbs. This paper examines the content of Cd and Pb in fresh and dried herbs and single-component spices that are the most popular in Polish cuisine: 100 samples of nine kinds of dried herbs, 184 samples of 15 kinds of fresh herbs and 148 samples of 14 kinds of loose single-component spices. The level of Cd and Pb was determined using the GF AAS method. The safety of herbs and spices for consumption was estimated based on the percentage intake of Cd and Pb compared with the tolerable intake (% TWI, % BMDL), chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and comparisons of the results of chemical analyses with the maximum admissible levels of Cd and Pb in Poland and in the European Union. Calculated per fresh weight of the product, dried herbs on average contained 0.134 ± 0.168 mg of Cd and 0.548 ± 0.161 mg of Pb per kg-1, fresh herbs on average contained 0.004 ± 0.007 mg of Cd and 0.039 ± 0.033 mg of Pb per kg-1, and the mean content of Cd in spices was 0.017 ± 0.019 mg per kg-1 and 0.064 ± 0.050 mg of Pb. The % TWI, % BMDL, CDI, THQ and HI (Cd + Pb) for all the analysed products were lower than 1. The results do not imply a risk due to the supply of Cd and Pb with the diet to the human body, primarily due to the small intake of these products. However, it should be highlighted that the content of Cd in dried coriander and estragon and that of Pb in watercress, jiaogulan, celery, basil and dill exceeded the acceptable limit. Thus, their consumption for people from particularly sensitive groups such as babies, pregnant and breastfeeding women and people should be carefully limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Krusiński
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Svitlana Kislova
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Sowińska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zvenyslava Zasadna
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Yanovych
- State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
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Popović K, Nikolić MA, Dražić B, Jovanović D, Tanasković S. Assessment of the Quality of Herbal Teas from Šabac, Serbia in Terms of the Content of Heavy Metals. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:827-837. [PMID: 36193231 PMCID: PMC9520112 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical components of teas have received great interest because they are related to health. In this work, data on the determination of foreign matter, loss on drying/water content, total ash and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid are presented. The content of seven heavy metals including Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in samples of several herbal teas: Matricariae flos, Thymi herba, Menthae piperitae folium, Betulae folium, Quercus cortex, Gentianae radix, Frangulae cortex, Althaeae radix, Uvae ursi folium and Glycyrrhizae radix collected from Šabac's market, Serbia. The sample preparation procedure involved dry digestion and dissolution of the ash in 6M HCl and then in 0.1 M HNO3. Herbal teas showed the concentration of heavy metals Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni in the range: 2.9 ± 0.1 - 22.2 ± 0.9 mg/kg, 118.5 ± 1.1 - 755.5 ± 2.5 mg/kg, 19.0 ± 5.8 - 561.0 ± 1.9 mg/kg, 6.5 ± 0.4 - 242.5 ± 1.4 mg/kg and 2.5 ± 0.1 - 10 ± 1.1 mg/kg, respectively. The level of copper in all samples was uniform. The highest content of Fe was in Thymi herba, while Mn and Zn were at maximum in Betulae folium. The levels of toxic heavy metals Cd and Pb were below the detection limit. The obtained values were compared with data available from literature. The herbal tea samples analyzed contained essential heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and probably essential in trace (Ni), and could obey the daily dietary requirements. Noncancer health risk assessment detected that the herbal teas of Betulae folium and Frangulae cortex can manifest some health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosana Popović
- Academy of Applied Studies Šabac, Department for Medical, Business and Technological Studies, Šabac, Serbia
| | | | - Branka Dražić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Dragoljub Jovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. Oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Slađana Tanasković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
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Luo L, Wang B, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Huang Q, Yu Z, Li H, Zhang J, Wei J, Yang C, Zhang H, Dong L, Chen S. Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines: Determination, Comprehensive Risk Assessments, and Solutions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:595335. [PMID: 33597875 PMCID: PMC7883644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in herbal medicines is a global threat to human beings especially at levels above known threshold concentrations. The concentrations of five heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and copper (Cu) were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with 1773 samples around the world. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 30.51% (541) samples were detected with at least one over-limit metal. The over-limit ratio for Pb was 5.75% (102), Cd at 4.96% (88), As at 4.17% (74), Hg at 3.78% (67), and of Cu, 1.75% (31). For exposure assessment, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg have resulted in higher than acceptable risks in 25 kinds of herbs. The maximal Estimated Daily Intake of Pb in seven herbs, of Cd in five, of Hg in four, and As in three exceeded their corresponding Provisional Tolerable Daily Intakes. In total 25 kinds of herbs present an unacceptable risk as assessed with the Hazard Quotient or Hazard Index. Additionally, the carcinogenic risks were all under acceptable limits. Notably, As posed the highest risk in all indicators including Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Index, and carcinogenic risks. Therefore further study on enrichment effect of different states of As and special attention to monitoring shall be placed on As related contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Martin Fitzgerald
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- College of Medical Information and Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiqing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Chenyuyan Yang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Akupunktur Akademiet, Hovedgaard, Denmark
| | - Linlin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Kim HS, Seo BH, Owens G, Kim YN, Lee JH, Lee M, Kim KR. Phytoavailability-based threshold values for cadmium in soil for safer crop production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110866. [PMID: 32554205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phytoavailability of heavy metals in soils is important for both food safety and environmental management. Hence soil metal phytoavailability threshold values need to be established based on a firm scientific basis. In this study, optimal Cd phytoavailability threshold values, were determined for bean, rice and sesame cultivated in 100 soils varying widely in soil chemical characteristics by comparing the soil Cd phytoavailability obtained using three commonly used extraction procedures. Subsequently, the transfer functions derived in this study, were used to establish soil Cd phytoavailability threshold value standard limits for each specific crop. In addition, independent experimental data were used to supplement the obtained soil phytoavailable Cd threshold value for rice. Soil phytoavailable Cd concentrations extracted by 1 M NH4NO3, 0.05 M EDTA and Mehlich3 solutions were each more significantly correlated with plant Cd concentrations than total soil Cd concentrations. Thus, the soil Cd phytoavailability threshold values proposed in this study provide a more effective means of ensuring safer agricultural food production. Therefore, it is recommended that current agricultural soil heavy metal management policy; which is based on total concentrations; should be changed to embrace soil metal phytoavailability for safer agricultural food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hwan Seo
- Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Young-Nam Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, The University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, The University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Lee
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Rae Kim
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Hamid Y, Tang L, Sohail MI, Cao X, Hussain B, Aziz MZ, Usman M, He ZL, Yang X. An explanation of soil amendments to reduce cadmium phytoavailability and transfer to food chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:80-96. [PMID: 30639721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium contamination in soil, water and food has become a global problem since last century's industrial and agricultural revolution. It is a highly toxic metal with serious consequences on human and animal health. Different natural and anthropogenic sources are responsible for Cd release in the soil which ultimately leads to the food chain. Cd persists in soil for long durations due to its minimal microbial or chemical loss. There are various physical, chemical or biological techniques which are helpful to minimize Cd risk in food chain. Among them, in-situ immobilization with organic, inorganic or clay amendments is a cost-effective and an environment friendly strategy to remediate Cd polluted sites. Lime, biochar, organic wastes, phosphorus fertilizers, sepiolite, zeolite, hydroxyapatite and bentonite are commonly used amendments for amelioration of Cd contaminated soils. These amendments reduce Cd uptake and enhance immobilization by adsorption, complexation, and precipitation processes. This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive note on Cd toxicity in humans and environment, its immobilization by different agents through variety of processes, and comparison of technologies for Cd removal from contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan Sohail
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, 38080 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xuerui Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bilal Hussain
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Zahir Aziz
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, 38080 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, 38080 Faisalabad, Pakistan; Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhen-Li He
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida 34945, USA
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Li F, Zhang J, Liu W, Liu J, Huang J, Zeng G. An exploration of an integrated stochastic-fuzzy pollution assessment for heavy metals in urban topsoil based on metal enrichment and bioaccessibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:649-660. [PMID: 29990913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An integrated stochastic-fuzzy pollution assessment method (ISFPAM) for soil heavy metal was established based on geo-accumulation index (Igeo), stochastic-fuzzy theory and double weight system under synthetical consideration of metal ecotoxicity and bioaccessibility. The pollution characteristics of the topsoil heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr) in Xiangjiang New District were evaluated by the widely-used Single factor index (SF), Nemerow index (NI), Igeo, Potential ecological index (PERI), Risk assessment code (RAC) and the ISFPAM. The results of SF, NI, Igeo, RI and RAC of the studied metals revealed the following orders: Cd > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb, Cd > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu, Cd > Cr > Cu > Zn > Pb, Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Zn, and Cd > Pb > Cr > Zn > Cu, respectively. The different pollution assessment methods outputted the differentiated conclusions to some extent except the judgment for Cd. Results based on ISFPAM indicated that metal pollution degrees decreased in the order of Cd (5.91, Grade 6) > Cu (2.81, Grade 3) > Pb (2.66, Grade 3) > Cr (1.58, Grade 2) > Zn (0.69, Grade 1). By detailed comparison analysis, the double weight system and stochastic-fuzzy theory made ISFPAM better resolving ability to find out priority heavy metals and areas with relatively higher enrichment, ecotoxicity and bioaccessibility under efficient parameter uncertainty control. Cd, Cu and Pb were regarded as the priority control metals, especially Cd. Simultaneously, the reliabilities of heavy metal pollution corresponding to adjacent pollution grades were quite close in some sites, which recommend recheck for avoid misleading the decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Wenchu Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jiaan Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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12
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Callen C, Bhatia J, Czerkies L, Klish WJ, Gray GM. Challenges and Considerations When Balancing the Risks of Contaminants with the Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables for Infants and Toddlers. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1572. [PMID: 30355970 PMCID: PMC6266946 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits and vegetables are key to a healthy diet, particularly in children; however, parents may be concerned about contaminants found in fruits and vegetables. Making informed food choices for children requires understanding and balancing the risks of contaminant exposure with the importance of providing a healthy diet. The objective of this work is to identify fruits and vegetables commonly consumed by infants and toddlers; identify potential contaminants in fruits and vegetables; and outline considerations in assessing contaminant risks in food categories with a critical role in a healthy diet. METHOD Commonly consumed fruits and vegetables were obtained from the Feeding Infants & Toddlers Study (FITS 2016). The US Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study was reviewed for contaminant occurrence, and multiple experts were consulted on considerations in assessing risk of certain contaminants. RESULTS FITS data show eight fruits and nine vegetables account for over 80% of consumption in infants and toddlers. Several contaminants have been detected in fruits and vegetables. Questions to be addressed prior to establishing contaminant guidance were identified. CONCLUSION Contaminant guidance for fruits and vegetables consumed by infants and toddlers raises several challenges. Expertise from multiple disciplines is required to find an approach that maximizes public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jatinder Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics: Neonatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | | | - William J Klish
- Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - George M Gray
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milkin Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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13
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Kim HS, Seo BH, Kuppusamy S, Lee YB, Lee JH, Yang JE, Owens G, Kim KR. A DOC coagulant, gypsum treatment can simultaneously reduce As, Cd and Pb uptake by medicinal plants grown in contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:615-619. [PMID: 29128822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of gypsum, as a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) coagulator, for the simultaneous immobilization of two heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and one metalloid (As) in agricultural soils near an abandoned mining site was examined. The agricultural soil was defined as long-term contaminated as As (1540mgkg-1), Cd (55mgkg-1) and Pb (1283mgkg-1) concentrations exceeded the Korean guideline values for As (25mgkg-1), Cd (4mgkg-1), and Pb (200mgkg-1). Gypsum was incorporated into the contaminated soil at 3% (w/w). In comparison two commonly using immobilizing agents (lime and compost), together with a mixture (lime+gypsum) were also included in the pot trial for the cultivation of two medical plants (A. gigas and A. macrocephala) and to evaluate the effectiveness of gypsum on As, Cd and Pb immobilization. The results showed that even though pH change-induced immobilizing agents such as lime were more effective than gypsum at immobilizing Cd and Pb, addition of gypsum also effectively reduced heavy metal phytoavailability as indicated by decreases in the concentration of Cd and Pb in medicinal plants. Furthermore, gypsum and gypsum+ lime were also most effective in reducing As concentrations in both plants studied. This was mainly attributed to significant decreases in soil DOC (48-64%) when gypsum and gypsum+lime were applied to the soil. Consequently, it was concluded that enhanced DOC coagulation with gypsum, could be considered as a promising technique for the immobilization of both metals (Cd and Pb) and metalloids (As) in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hwan Seo
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Saranya Kuppusamy
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Technical Review & Quality Management Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Daejeon-si 35260, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-E Yang
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australian, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kwon-Rae Kim
- Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Yang Z, Liu L, Lv Y, Cheng Z, Xu X, Xian J, Zhu X, Yang Y. Metal availability, soil nutrient, and enzyme activity in response to application of organic amendments in Cd-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2425-2435. [PMID: 29124646 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of organic amendments: green tea amendment (GTA) and oil cake amendment (OCA) on Cd bioavailability, soil nutrients, and soil enzyme activity in Cd-contaminated soil. The amendments were added to the soil at the doses of 1, 3, and 5% and were incubated for 45 days. Then, pakchoi cabbage was planted to test the remediation effect of the above two organic amendments. The diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd in GTA and OCA treatments was reduced by 14.69-27.51 and 13.75-68.77%, respectively, compared to no amendment-applied treatment. The application of GTA and OCA notably decreased the proportion of exchangeable fraction of Cd, but increased the percentage of oxide and organic-bound fraction of Cd, thereby suppressing the uptake by pakchoi cabbage. Cd concentration of aboveground parts decreased by 8.21-18.05 and 7.77-35.89% in GTA and OCA treatments, respectively. Relative to the no amendment-applied treatment, both GTA and OCA had enhanced soil nutrients and enzyme activities largely. Redundancy analysis showed that organic matter, total P, available N, and DTPA-extractable Cd significantly affected the enzyme activities. Furthermore, the application of OCA at the dose of 5% was more effective in reducing bioavailable Cd, enhancing soil available nutrients and urease and catalase activities in contaminated soil. These results indicated that oil cake should be used to immobilize metal and improve fertility and quality of Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanbiao Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lixia Liu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yanfeng Lv
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junren Xian
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanxiang Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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15
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Al Mamun S, Lehto NJ, Cavanagh J, McDowell R, Aktar M, Benyas E, Robinson BH. Effects of Lime and Organic Amendments Derived from Varied Source Materials on Cadmium Uptake by Potato. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:836-844. [PMID: 28783779 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.02.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeated applications of Cd-rich phosphate fertilizers have resulted in elevated concentrations of this toxic element in some New Zealand soils. Exceedance of the food safety standard for Cd (0.1 mg kg fresh weight) has been reported for potato ( L.). Composts may efficiently sorb Cd in soil and therefore reduce its phytoavailability, leading to reduced uptake by plants. We aimed to determine the potential of various composts, shredded corn stover, and lime at two different rates to reduce the transfer of Cd from a soil (containing 1.45 mg kg Cd) to potato (var. 'Nadine'). In the control, the peeled tubers, skins, leaves, and stems had Cd concentrations of 0.04, 0.09, 0.26, and 0.53 mg kg dry weight, respectively. There was a 71% reduction in tuber Cd concentrations in potatoes grown in soil amended with 5% (w/w) shredded corn stover, although it significantly decreased potato biomass. Potatoes grown in soil amended with pig manure compost, mushroom compost, sawdust-animal waste compost, and municipal compost at rates of either 2.5 or 5% (w/w) reduced tuber Cd concentrations by 58 to 66%, 46 to 63%, 52 to 53%, and 29 to 49%, respectively. Lime (1.3%) application in soil reduced tuber Cd concentrations by 50%. Composts significantly increased tuber biomass. Further work is warranted to identify the key components of composts that result in reduced Cd uptake by plants.
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16
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Qayyum MF, Rehman MZU, Ali S, Rizwan M, Naeem A, Maqsood MA, Khalid H, Rinklebe J, Ok YS. Residual effects of monoammonium phosphate, gypsum and elemental sulfur on cadmium phytoavailability and translocation from soil to wheat in an effluent irrigated field. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:515-523. [PMID: 28189896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in agricultural soils is one of the major threats to food security. The application of inorganic amendments such as mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), gypsum and elemental sulfur (S) could alleviate the negative effects of Cd in crops. However, their long-term residual effects on decreasing Cd uptake in latter crops remain unclear. A field that had previously been applied with treatments including control and 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% by weight of each MAP, gypsum and S, and grown with wheat and rice and thereafter wheat in the rotation was selected for this study. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in the same field as the third crop without further application of amendments to evaluate the residual effects of the amendments on Cd uptake by wheat. Plants were harvested at maturity and grain, and straw yield along with Cd concentration in soil, straw, and grains was determined. The addition of MAP and gypsum significantly increased wheat growth and yield and decreased Cd accumulation in straw and grains compared to control while the reverse was found in S application. Both MAP and gypsum decreased AB-DTPA extractable Cd in soil while S increased the bioavailable Cd in soil. Both MAP and gypsum increased the Cd immobilization in the soil and S decreased Cd immobilization in a dose-additive manner. We conclude that MAP and gypsum had a significant residual effect on decreasing Cd uptake in wheat. The cost-benefit ratio revealed that gypsum is an effective amendment for decreasing Cd concentration in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Qayyum
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Asif Naeem
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P.O. Box 128, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamer Maqsood
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hinnan Khalid
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center and School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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