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Lu Z, Cai Q, Lai S, Chen N, Huang L, Liu Y, Lei L, Gan S, Zhang L, Paerl HW, Wang F. Coupling of cylindrospermopsin and pho-harboring Verrucomicrobia supports the formation of Raphidiopsis blooms in low-phosphorus waters. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121010. [PMID: 38142507 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) can induce phytoplankton community to secrete alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which is one of the important strategies for the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis to thrive in extremely low-phosphorus (P) waters. However, how bacterioplankton community, another major contributor to ALPs in waters, couples to Raphidiopsis through CYN, and the role of this coupling in supporting the dominance of Raphidiopsis in nature remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted microcosm experiments to address this knowledge gap, using a combination of differential filtration-based and metagenomics-based methods to identify the sources of ALPs. We found that, compared with algal-derived ALPs, bacteria-derived ALPs exhibited a more pronounced and sensitive response to CYN. This response to CYN was enhanced under low-P conditions. Interestingly, we found that Verrucomicrobia made the largest contribution to the total abundance of pho genes, which encode ALPs. Having high gene abundance of the CYN-sensing PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, Verrucomicrobia's proportion increased with higher concentrations of CYN under low-P conditions, thereby explaining the observed increase in pho gene abundance. Compared with other cyanobacterial genera, Raphidiopsis had a higher abundance of the pst gene. This suggests that Raphidiopsis exhibited a greater capacity to uptake the inorganic P generated by ALPs secreted by other organisms. Overall, our results reveal the mechanism of CYN-induced ALP secretion and its impact on planktonic P-cycling, and provide valuable insights into the role of CYN in supporting the formation of Raphidiopsis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Qijia Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Shuyan Lai
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Lincheng Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China.
| | - Shuchai Gan
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, USA
| | - Faming Wang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
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2
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Teneva I, Velikova V, Belkinova D, Moten D, Dzhambazov B. Allelopathic Potential of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin on Green Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1403. [PMID: 36987092 PMCID: PMC10057654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic interactions are widespread in all aquatic habitats, among all groups of aquatic primary biomass producers, including cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are producers of potent toxins called cyanotoxins, whose biological and ecological roles, including their allelopathic influence, are still incompletely understood. The allelopathic potential of the cyanotoxins microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYL) on green algae (Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus) was established. Time-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth and motility of the green algae exposed to cyanotoxins were detected. Changes in their morphology (cell shape, granulation of the cytoplasm, and loss of flagella) were also observed. The cyanotoxins MC-LR and CYL were found to affect photosynthesis to varying degrees in the green algae Chlamydomonas asymmetrica, Dunaliella salina, and Scenedesmus obtusiusculus, affecting chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ), and the quantum yield of the unregulated energy dissipation Y(NO) in PSII. In the context of ongoing climate change and the associated expectations of the increased frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and released cyanotoxins, our results demonstrated the possible allelopathic role of cyanotoxins on competing autotrophs in the phytoplankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Detelina Belkinova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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3
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Li X, Lin Z, Yuan M, Zhao L, Yin P. The effects of extracellular algicidal compounds of Bacillus sp. B1 on Heterosigma akashiwo: a metabolomics approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35635-35645. [PMID: 36534259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterosigma akashiwo (H. akashiwo), a harmful algal species, has been a global environmental problem. Extracellular algicidal compounds (EACs) extracted from Bacillus sp. B1 exhibited algicidal effects against H. akashiwo. However, little is known about the algicidal mechanism and metabolic process. In this study, metabolomics and physiological analyses were combined to investigate the cellular responses of H. akashiwo when treated with EACs. The results indicated that EACs at 10% (vEACs/vsample) showed more than 90% inhibition of H. akashiwo. EAC treatment resulted in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in algal cells, causing stress responses such as inhibition of photosynthetic pigment synthesis, reduction of sugar synthesis, imbalance of osmotic pressure in the cell membrane, disruption of cell size and morphology, and eventual cell death. The results reveal the underlying mechanism of the algicidal process and provide new insights into algae-bacteria interactions and the application of metabolomics to algal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyue Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehong Lin
- Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd., 364200, Longyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyi Yuan
- School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pinghe Yin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhao G, Hong Y, Li L, Zhang H, Xu R, Hao Y. Selection and characterization of plant-derived alkaloids with strong antialgal inhibition: growth inhibition selectivity and inhibitory mechanism. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 117:102272. [PMID: 35944959 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, researches on microalgae inhibition with plant-derived active substances have attracted much attention. In this study, the inhibition of six plant-derived alkaloids (neferine, isoliensinine, linensinine, nuciferine, capsaicin, and hordenine) on bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. The results showed that neferine and nuciferine had stronger inhibition on the growth of M. aeruginosa compared with the other four alkaloids, and the relative inhibition rate reached 91.27% and 88.70% at the concentration of 4.5 mg/L after 7 d of exposure, respectively. Different from neferine, nuciferine has no inhibition on Chlorella sp. and Tetradesmus obliquus. It also increased the diversity and species homogeneity of phytoplankton in the environmental water samples. Nuciferine decreased the contents of chlorophyll a and β-carotene in M. aeruginosa with the extension of treatment time, which was 59.40% and 31.90% of the control at the concentration of 1.04 mg/L after 48 h, respectively. After 48 h of nuciferine exposure, the values of fluorescence parameters including maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield of PSII (Yield), non-photochemical quenching (qN and NPQ), and electron transport rates (ETR) of M. aeruginosa cells were significantly decreased and photosynthetic capacity was weakened. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbic acid (ASA), and glutathione (GSH) in the cells were significantly reduced, and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents continued to accumulate, causing severe oxidative damage. Therefore, the good biological safety and strong specific inhibition of nuciferine makes it have great application prospects in the inhibition of cyanobacteria blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lihua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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5
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Lei L, Lei M, Cheng N, Chen Z, Xiao L, Han BP, Lin Q. Nutrient Regulation of Relative Dominance of Cylindrospermopsin-Producing and Non-cylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:793544. [PMID: 34899674 PMCID: PMC8664406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii (previously Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) can produce cylindrospermopsin (CYN) which is of great concern due to its considerable toxicity to human and animals. Its CYN-producing (toxic) and non-CYN-producing (non-toxic) strains co-exist commonly in natural water bodies, while how their relative dominance is regulated has not been addressed. In this study, we combined field investigation with laboratory experiments to assessed the relationship between toxic and non-toxic R. raciborskii abundances under different nutrient levels. The rpoC1- and cyrJ-based qPCR was applied for quantifying total and toxic R. raciborskii abundances, respectively. The field survey showed that toxic R. raciborskii was detected in 97 of 115 reservoirs where its proportion ranged from 0.3% to 39.7% within the R. raciborskii population. Both total and toxic R. raciborskii abundances increased significantly with trophic level of these reservoirs, consistent with our monoculture and co-culture experiments showing in an increase in R. raciborskii growth with increasing nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) concentrations. In the monoculture experiments, growth rates of non-toxic and toxic strains from Australia or China were not significantly different under the same culture conditions. On the other hand, in the co-culture experiments, the toxic strains displayed a significantly faster growth than non-toxic strains under nutrient-replete conditions, resulting in an obvious shift toward the dominance by toxic strains from day 3 to the end of the experiments, regardless of the strain originating from Australia or China. The reverse was found under N- or P-limited conditions. Our results indicated that the toxic strains of R. raciborskii have a competitive advantage relative to the non-toxic strains in a more eutrophic world. In parallel to an increase in dominance, both toxic strains grown in the mixed population significantly increased CYN production under nutrient-replete conditions as compared to nutrient-limited conditions, suggesting that CYN may be of significance for ecological advantage of toxic R. raciborskii. These results highlight the importance of nutrient availability in regulating abundances and strain dominance of two genotypes of R. raciborskii. Our findings demonstrated that elevated nutrients would favor the growth of CYN-producing R. raciborskii and CYN production, leading to more blooms with higher toxicity at global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Lei
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minting Lei
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Cheng
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijiang Chen
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Xiao
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Ping Han
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuqi Lin
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Lu Z, Lei L, Lu Y, Peng L, Han B. Phosphorus deficiency stimulates dominance of Cylindrospermopsis through facilitating cylindrospermopsin-induced alkaline phosphatase secretion: Integrating field and laboratory-based evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117946. [PMID: 34425369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii blooms are of emerging concerns, as its scale is spreading from tropical regions to high latitudes, increasing the risk of aquatic biota being exposed to cylindrospermopsin (CYN). So far, CYN-producing C. raciborskii strains have only been reported in tropical waters which are commonly phosphorus (P)-deficient, where they can dominate phytoplankton communities. However, the influence of CYN on phytoplankton communities under different P status remains unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the summer observations of 120 tropical reservoirs in Guangdong Province. The proportion of potential CYN-producers was significantly higher in P-deficient and CYN-present reservoirs than that in P-sufficient or CYN-absent ones. This suggested that in P-deficient condition, the potential CYN producers might gain more advantages by the help of CYN. Then, in laboratory experiments we found that upon P deprivation, CYN did not inhibit the cell growth of other algal cells, but significantly stimulates them to secret more alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than in P-sufficient condition. Through transcriptomics, we further revealed that under such P-deficient condition, CYN remarkably induced intracellular nitrogen allocation and protein export system by activating the PIK3/Akt-cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in Scenedesmus bijugatus, thus enhancing its ALP secretion. Our study implies that CYN-induced ALP secretion is facilitated upon P deficiency, thus supporting the dominance of its producers C. raciborskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Boping Han
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Xu S, Zhang L, Lin K, Bai M, Wang Y, Xu M, Zhang M, Zhang C, Shi Y, Zhou H. Effects of light and water disturbance on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and the release of algal toxins. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2958-2970. [PMID: 34551458 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of water constitutes a serious threat to global water quality. Light intensity and water disturbance are important factors affecting the growth of algae and the release of algal toxins. In this study, algal growth indicators, algal enzyme systems, and algal toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa under different light intensities and water disturbances were determined. The results showed that 2500 lx and 120 rpm were the optimal conditions for the growth of M. aeruginosa. The growth of algal cells was inhibited by high light intensity and high water disturbance. However, the optimal conditions for algal growth were not favorable conditions for the release of algal toxin. The highest concentration of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), observed at 4500 lx and 80 rpm, was 198.1 μg/L, whereas the highest single cell toxin production reached up to 10.49 × 10-9 μg/cell at 7000 lx and 120 rpm. Redundancy analysis results showed that the concentration of MC-LR was positively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and negatively correlated with the total nitrogen and total phosphorus consumption rates and MDA. Single cell toxin production was negatively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activity but positively correlated with MDA content. PRACTITIONER POINTS: There was an optimal water disturbance condition for algae growth affected by the light intensity. Optimal conditions for algae cell growth are not necessarily the optimal conditions for algal toxin release. Enzyme indicators have correlation with the release of algae toxins and the growth of algae cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyue Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaizong Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Bai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhou
- Marketing and Sales Department, Beijing Yizhuang Water Company, Beijing, China
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8
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Omidi A, Pflugmacher S, Kaplan A, Kim YJ, Esterhuizen M. Reviewing Interspecies Interactions as a Driving Force Affecting the Community Structure in Lakes via Cyanotoxins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1583. [PMID: 34442662 PMCID: PMC8401979 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The escalating occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms worldwide is a matter of concern. Global warming and eutrophication play a major role in the regularity of cyanobacterial blooms, which has noticeably shifted towards the predomination of toxic populations. Therefore, understanding the effects of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic ecosystems and their advantages to the producers are of growing interest. In this paper, the current literature is critically reviewed to provide further insights into the ecological contribution of cyanotoxins in the variation of the lake community diversity and structure through interspecies interplay. The most commonly detected and studied cyanobacterial toxins, namely the microcystins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, and their ecotoxicity on various trophic levels are discussed. This work addresses the environmental characterization of pure toxins, toxin-containing crude extracts and filtrates of single and mixed cultures in interspecies interactions by inducing different physiological and metabolic responses. More data on these interactions under natural conditions and laboratory-based studies using direct co-cultivation approaches will provide more substantial information on the consequences of cyanotoxins in the natural ecosystem. This review is beneficial for understanding cyanotoxin-mediated interspecies interactions, developing bloom mitigation technologies and robustly assessing the hazards posed by toxin-producing cyanobacteria to humans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Omidi
- Chair Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Wallace Bldg., 125 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Campus 7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
- Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Otogo RA, Chia MA, Uyovbisere EE, Iortsuun DN, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC. Effect of ultraviolet radiation (type B) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the interspecific interaction between Microcystis flos-aquae and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146561. [PMID: 34030274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have led to the depletion of the ultraviolet radiation screening ozone layer, exposing aquatic biota to its harmful effects. Also, the rising applications of nanotechnology are resulting in the release and contamination of aquatic ecosystems with engineered nanometals like titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2). The rise in ultraviolet radiation interacts with nanometals, increasing their bioactivities to susceptible aquatic organisms such as algae and cyanobacteria. The effect of ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) and nTiO2 on Microcystis flos-aquae and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata during inter-specific interaction was investigated. The specific growth rate (d-1) of M. flos-aquae exposed to nTiO2 increased significantly under monoculture conditions but was suppressed during co-culture with P. subcapitata. Contrarily, UVB stimulated the growth of the cyanobacterium regardless of the presence or absence of the green microalgae. However, there was a general decline in the growth of P. subcapitata following cultivation with M. flos-aquae and exposure to UVB and nTiO2. The chlorophyll-a and total chlorophyll content of the monocultures of M. flos-aquae exposed to nTiO2 increased while other co-culture treatments significantly decreased these parameters. The experimental treatments, UVB, nTiO2, and UVB + nTiO2 had differential effects on the pigment content of P. subcapitata. The total protein content, intracellular H2O2, peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity of both M. flos-aquae and P. subcapitata increased at varying degrees as a function of the treatment condition. Microcystin content was highest in co-cultures exposed to UVB. The results of this study suggest that increasing levels of nTiO2 and UVB significantly alter the growth and cellular metabolic activity of M. flos-aquae and P. subcapitata, but the cyanobacterium will probably be favored by increasing UVB levels and its interaction with nanometals like nTiO2 in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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10
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Chia MA, Ameh I, Agee JT, Otogo RA, Shaba AF, Bashir H, Umar F, Yisa AG, Uyovbisere EE, Sha'aba RI. Effects of the antimalarial lumefantrine on Lemna minor, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:103635. [PMID: 33716093 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lumefantrine is used to treat uncomplicated malaria caused by pure or mixed Plasmodium falciparum infections and as a prophylactic against recrudescence following artemether therapy. However, the pharmaceutical is released into the aquatic environment from industrial effluents, hospital discharges, and human excretion. This study assessed the effects of lumefantrine on the growth and physiological responses of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly known as Selenastrum capricornutum and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. The microalgae and macrophyte were exposed to 200-10000 μg l-1 and 16-10000 μg l-1 lumefantrine, respectively. Lumefantrine had a variable effect on the growth of the aquatic plants investigated. There was a decline in the growth of R. subcapitata and L. minor post-exposure to the drug. Contrarily, there was stimulation in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris. All experimental plants had a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, which was accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde content. Peroxidase activity of L. minor increased only at low lumefantrine concentrations, while the opposite occurred at higher levels of the drug. Incubation in lumefantrine contaminated medium significantly up-regulated the activity of R. subcapitata cultures. Glutathione S-transferase of L. minor exposed to lumefantrine treatments had substantially higher activities than the controls. Our findings suggest lumefantrine could have adverse but variable effects on the growth and physiology of the studied aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilu Ameh
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jerry Tersoo Agee
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Hadiza Bashir
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Umar
- Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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11
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Chia MA, Lorenzi AS, Ameh I, Dauda S, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Agee JT, Okpanachi IY, Adesalu AT. Susceptibility of phytoplankton to the increasing presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the aquatic environment: A review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105809. [PMID: 33780670 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals either in the form of un-metabolized, incompletely metabolized, and metabolized drugs are increasingly present in aquatic ecosystems. These active pharmaceutical ingredients from pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, agricultural, and domestic discharges find their way into water systems - where they adversely affect non-target organisms like phytoplankton. Different aspects of phytoplankton life; ranging from growth, reproduction, morphology, physiology, biochemical composition, oxidative response, proteomics, and transcriptomics are altered by pharmaceuticals. This review discusses the currently available information on the susceptibility of phytoplankton to the ever-increasing presence of pharmaceutical products in the aquatic environment by focusing on the effect of APIs on the physiology, metabolome, and proteome profiles of phytoplankton. We also highlight gaps in literature concerning the salient underlining biochemical interactions between phytoplankton communities and pharmaceuticals that require an in-depth investigation. This is all in a bid to understand the imminent dangers of the contamination of water bodies with pharmaceutical products and how this process unfavorably affects aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ilu Ameh
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Suleiman Dauda
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis km 235. Zip Code 13.565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Zip Code 13.418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jerry Tersoo Agee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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12
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Brêda-Alves F, de Oliveira Fernandes V, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA. The combined effect of clethodim (herbicide) and nitrogen variation on allelopathic interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11528-11539. [PMID: 33128150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of herbicides deteriorates water quality and threatens aquatic biodiversity. Unfortunately, there are few studies on the ecological effects of herbicides on toxin-producing strains of cyanobacteria under changing nutrient conditions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the herbicide clethodim and nitrogen variation on the allelopathic interactions and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa BCCUSP232 and Raphidiopsis raciborskii (formerly known as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) ITEPA1. M. aeruginosa had increased cell density when exposed to the clethodim (H +) (23.55 mg/L), whereas the highest cell density of R. raciborskii was observed in the treatment with clethodim plus limited nitrogen. Also, the cell-free exudate of R. raciborskii significantly stimulated the growth of M. aeruginosa on day 3 of the experiment. The concentration of chlorophyll-a in M. aeruginosa cultures generally increased in all the treatments, while in R. raciborskii cultures, the opposite occurred. Total microcystins (MCs) content of M. aeruginosa in the mixed cultures was 68% higher in nitrogen-enriched conditions than the control. A similar increase in MC content occurred in M. aeruginosa unialgal culture treated with R. raciborskii exudate. Total saxitoxin concentration was 81% higher in mixed cultures of R. raciborskii simultaneously exposed to high nitrogen and clethodim. Similarly, unialgal cultures of R. raciborskii exposed to either high nitrogen or clethodim had higher saxitoxins concentrations than the control. The intracellular H2O2 content of M. aeruginosa cultures decreased, whereas, in R. raciborskii cultures, it increased during exposure to high nitrogen and clethodim. Only R. raciborskii had a significant variation in peroxidase activity. The activities of glutathione S-transferase of both strains were higher in the presence of clethodim. These results revealed that nitrogen enrichment and the presence of clethodim might lead to the excessive proliferation of M. aeruginosa and R. raciborskii and increased production of cyanotoxins in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brêda-Alves
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Ecologia de Algas Continentais, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av., Fernando Ferrari, Vitoria, 29075-015, Brasil.
| | - Valéria de Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratório de Taxonomia e Ecologia de Algas Continentais, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av., Fernando Ferrari, Vitoria, 29075-015, Brasil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810001, Nigeria
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Physiological and antioxidant responses of Euryale ferox salisb seedlings to microcystins. Toxicon 2020; 190:50-57. [PMID: 33338447 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake located in eastern China. In recent years, it has experienced extensive cyanobacterial (Microcystis spp.) blooms that produce toxic microcystins (MCs), which may have acute and chronic hepatotoxic effects in animals and humans. Although the impact of MCs on both terrestrial and aquatic plants is well documented, the effects and underlying mechanisms of the harmful toxin MC-LR on Euryale ferox Salisb seedlings have rarely been reported. Thus, herein, the antioxidant response mechanisms and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites during the exposure of E. ferox Salisb seedlings to varying MC-LR concentrations (0.05, 0.2, 1, and 5 μg/L) were thoroughly investigated after exposure periods (7, 14, 21 d). Our study revealed that the seedling growth was inhibited with increasing MC-LR exposure concentration that significantly induced at 1 μg/L and reached a maximum level at 5 μg/L, whereas the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) in the seedling cells increased gradually with increasing MC-LR concentration and longer exposure time. The maximum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was 4.3-fold higher than that of the control group under an MC-LR concentration of 5.0 μg/L after 7 days of exposure treatment. The study of the seedling detoxification mechanism revealed that the content of total glutathione (tGSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of GSH sparse transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), increased to varying degrees and reached a maximum level at 1 μg/L. Therefore, the exposure to MC-LR can promote the accumulation of secondary metabolites and increase the activities of secondary metabolic enzymes in the seedlings. Further investigation of these antioxidative mechanisms will provide additional information for the identification and development of bio-indicators to evaluate the environmental impact of MCs on aquatic ecosystems.
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Kadiri MO, Isagba S, Ogbebor JU, Omoruyi OA, Unusiotame-Owolagba TE, Lorenzi AS, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Chia MA. The presence of microcystins in the coastal waters of Nigeria, from the Bights of Bonny and Benin, Gulf of Guinea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:35284-35293. [PMID: 32592053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies worldwide. However, they are poorly documented in coastal waters in several parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the composition of cyanobacteria and the presence of microcystins (MCs) in several coastal aquatic ecosystems of Nigeria. Direct morphological analysis revealed that members of the genus Oscillatoria were dominant with five species, followed by Trichodesmium with two species in Nigerian coastal waters. Oso Ibanilo had the highest cyanobacterial biomass (998 × 103 cells/L), followed by Rivers Ocean (156 × 103 cells/L). Except for the Cross River Ocean, cyanobacteria were present in all the investigated aquatic ecosystems. Ten (10) out of twenty water bodies examined had detectable levels of MCs. Furthermore, genomic DNA analysis for the mcyE gene of microcystin synthetase (mcy) cluster showed identities higher than 86% (query coverage > 96%) with toxic strains of cyanobacteria in all the samples analyzed. Also, the sequences of samples matched those of uncultured cyanobacteria from recreational lakes in Southern Germany. Our findings indicate that the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in coastal waters of Nigeria is of public and environmental health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina O Kadiri
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Isagba
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Jeffrey U Ogbebor
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Osasere A Omoruyi
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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15
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Brêda-Alves F, Militão FP, de Alvarenga BF, Miranda PF, de Oliveira Fernandes V, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Chia MA. Clethodim (herbicide) alters the growth and toxins content of Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125318. [PMID: 31995862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased agricultural intensification goes with the widespread use of herbicides that adversely affect aquatic biodiversity. The effects of herbicides on toxin-producing cyanobacteria have been poorly studied. The present study aimed to investigate the toxicological and physiological effects of the herbicide clethodim on Raphidiopsis raciborskii (a.k.a. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) ITEPA1 and Microcystis aeruginosa BCCUSP232. On day four of the experiment, the exposure to 25 mg/L clethodim resulted in the highest cell density of R. raciborskii. Similarly, exposure to the 1, 5, 20, and 50 mg/L clethodim treatments resulted in the highest cell densities of M. aeruginosa on day 4 of the experiment. Medium effect concentrations (EC50) after 96 h of exposure of both strains to clethodim were 192.98 mg/L and 168.73 mg/L for R. raciborskii and M. aeruginosa, respectively. The presence of clethodim significantly increased the total microcystin content of M. aeruginosa compared to the control cultures. At 400 mg/L, total saxitoxins content of R. raciborskii was 27% higher than that of the control cultures on day 4. In contrast, cultures exposed to 100 mg/L clethodim had the lowest saxitoxins levels per cell quota. There was an increase in the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide in both species during exposure to clethodim, which was followed by significant changes (p < 0.05) in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. These results revealed that the presence of low levels of clethodim in the aquatic environment might lead to the excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria and alteration of their cyanotoxins content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brêda-Alves
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil.
| | - Frederico Pacheco Militão
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Brener Freitas de Alvarenga
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Pamela Ferreira Miranda
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Taxonomy and Ecology of Algae Continents, Department of Botany, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 29075-015, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810001, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Mecina GF, Chia MA, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Varela RM, Torres A, González Molinillo JM, Macías FA, da Silva RMG. Effect of flavonoids isolated from Tridax procumbens on the growth and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:81-91. [PMID: 30954847 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The excessive proliferation of toxin producing cyanobacteria constitutes a significant health risk to the environment and humans. This is due to the contamination of potable water and accumulation of cyanotoxins in plant and animal tissues. As a means of controlling bloom forming cyanobacteria, secondary metabolites with pro-oxidative activities from plants are used to treat water bodies contaminated with cyanobacterial blooms and their associated toxins. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanism of action of extract, fractions and isolated flavonoids of Tridax procumbens L. on Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing. by monitoring changes in growth, oxidative stress, antioxidant response, and cyanatoxin microcystins (MCs) production. The extract, fraction 3 and the isolated flavonoids significantly reduced the cell density of the cyanobacterium. Furthermore, the extract and fraction 3 increased the production of reactive oxygen species, induced lipid peroxidation, and altered antioxidant enzyme activities of M. aeruginosa. The total MCs content of the cyanobacterium was negatively affected by the presence of the extract, fractions and isolated flavonoids. The present study show that T. procumbens has secondary metabolites that are capable of interfering with the physiology and microcystins production of M. aeruginosa. These characteristics are promising for the control of this noxious cyanobacterium in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Franciscatti Mecina
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages Assis, Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products, Avenida Dom Antônio 2100, CEP: 19806-900, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, CEP: 14800-060, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810001 Nigeria
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Varela
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional 6 (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ascensión Torres
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional 6 (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - José María González Molinillo
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional 6 (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Antonio Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional 6 (ceiA3), School of Science, University of Cadiz, C/República Saharaui 7, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages Assis, Department of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products, Avenida Dom Antônio 2100, CEP: 19806-900, Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, CEP: 14800-060, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Chia MA, Kramer BJ, Jankowiak JG, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Gobler CJ. The Individual and Combined Effects of the Cyanotoxins, Anatoxin-a and Microcystin-LR, on the Growth, Toxin Production, and Nitrogen Fixation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E43. [PMID: 30650515 PMCID: PMC6357180 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, eutrophication and warming of aquatic ecosystems has increased the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms and their associated toxins, with the simultaneous detection of multiple cyanotoxins often occurring. Despite the co-occurrence of cyanotoxins such as microcystins and anatoxin-a (ATX) in water bodies, their effects on phytoplankton communities are poorly understood. The individual and combined effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and ATX on the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp., and Anabaena variabilis (a.k.a. Trichormus variabilis), and the chlorophyte, Selenastrum capricornutum were investigated in the present study. Cell density, chlorophyll-a content, and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of Microcystis cells were generally lowered after exposure to ATX or MC-LR, while the combined treatment with MC-LR and ATX synergistically reduced the chlorophyll-a concentration of Microcystis strain LE-3. Intracellular levels of microcystin in Microcystis LE-3 significantly increased following exposure to MC-LR + ATX. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II of Anabaena strain UTEX B377 declined during exposure to the cyanotoxins. Nitrogen fixation by Anabaena UTEX B377 was significantly inhibited by exposure to ATX, but was unaffected by MC-LR. In contrast, the combination of both cyanotoxins (MC-LR + ATX) caused a synergistic increase in the growth of S. capricornutum. While the toxins caused an increase in the activity of enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species in cyanobacteria, enzyme activity was unchanged or decreased in S. capricornutum. Collectively this study demonstrates that MC-LR and ATX can selectively promote and inhibit the growth and performance of green algae and cyanobacteria, respectively, and that the combined effect of these cyanotoxins was often more intense than their individual effects on some strains. This suggests that the release of multiple cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems, following the collapse of blooms, may influence the succession of plankton communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria.
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Benjamin J Kramer
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Jankowiak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
| | - Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA.
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18
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Pereira AL, Santos C, Azevedo J, Martins TP, Castelo-Branco R, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Srinivasan R, Mageswari A, Subramanian P, Suganthi C, Chaitanyakumar A, Aswini V, Gothandam KM. Bicarbonate supplementation enhances growth and biochemical composition of Dunaliella salina V-101 by reducing oxidative stress induced during macronutrient deficit conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6972. [PMID: 29725085 PMCID: PMC5934444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular marine alga Dunaliella salina is a most interesting green cell factory for the production of carotenes and lipids under extreme environment conditions. However, the culture conditions and their productivity are the major challenges faced by researchers which still need to be addressed. In this study, we investigated the effect of bicarbonate amendment on biomass, photosynthetic activity, biochemical constituents, nutrient uptake and antioxidant response of D. salina during macronutrient deficit conditions (N−, P− and S−). Under nutrient deficit conditions, addition of sodium bicarbonate (100 mM) significantly increased the biomass, carotenoids including β-carotene and lutein, lipid, and fatty acid content with concurrent enhancement of the activities of nutrient assimilatory and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. Maximum accumulation of carotenoid especially β-carotene (192.8 ± 2.11 µg/100 mg) and lipids (53.9%) was observed on addition of bicarbonate during nitrate deficiency compared to phosphate and sulphate deficiency. Supplementation of bicarbonate reduced the oxidative stress caused by ROS, lowered lipid peroxidation damage and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX) in D. salina cultures under nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Srinivasan
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anbazhagan Mageswari
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology (Metabolic Engineering Division), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandrasekaran Suganthi
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amballa Chaitanyakumar
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velmurugan Aswini
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Peng G, Lin S, Fan Z, Wang X. Transcriptional and Physiological Responses to Nutrient Loading on Toxin Formation and Photosynthesis in Microcystis Aeruginosa FACHB-905. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050168. [PMID: 28513574 PMCID: PMC5450716 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An important goal of understanding harmful algae blooms is to determine how environmental factors affect the growth and toxin formation of toxin-producing species. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional responses of toxin formation gene (mcyB) and key photosynthesis genes (psaB, psbD and rbcL) of Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 in different nutrient loading conditions using real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Three physio-biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)) were also evaluated to provide insight into the physiological responses of Microcystis cells. We observed an upregulation of mcyB gene in nutrient-deficient conditions, especially in nitrogen (N) limitation condition, and the transcript abundance declined after the nutrient were resupplied. Differently, high transcription levels were seen in phosphorus (P) deficient treatments for key photosynthesis genes throughout the culture period, while those in N-deficient cells varied with time, suggesting an adaptive regulation of Microsystis cells to nutrient stress. Increased contents of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH) were seen in both N and P-deficient conditions, suggesting the presence of excess amount of free radical generation caused by nutrient stress. The amount of SOD and GSH continued to increase even after the nutrient was reintroduced and a strong correlation was seen between the MDA and enzyme activities, indicating the robust effort of rebalancing the redox system in Microcystis cells. Based on these transcriptional and physiological responses of M. aeruginosa to nutrient loading, these results could provide more insight into Microcystis blooms management and toxin formation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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