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Bianco KA, Martini CN, Tejedor MJ, Paredes MG, Kristoff G. Multi-biomarker approach to evaluate the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (active ingredient and a commercial formulation) on different stages of Biomphalaria straminea. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109923. [PMID: 38615808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Biomphalaria straminea is a freshwater gastropod native to South America and used in toxicological assessments. Our aim was to estimate 48 h-LC50 and sub-chronic effects after the exposure to low concentrations of chlorpyrifos as commercial formulation (CF) and active ingredient (AI) on B. straminea adult, embryos and juveniles. Concentrations between 1 and 5000 μg L-1 were chosen for acute exposures and 0.1 and 1 μg L-1 for the sub-chronic one. After 14 days biochemical parameters, viability and sub-populations of hemocytes, reproductive parameters, embryotoxicity and offspring' survival were studied. Egg masses laid between day 12 and 14 were separated to continue the exposure and the embryos were examined daily. Offspring' survival and morphological changes were registered for 14 days after hatching. 48 h-LC50, NOEC and LOEC were similar between CF and AI, however the CF caused more sub-lethal effects. CF but not the AI decreased carboxylesterases, catalase and the proportion of hyalinocytes with respect to the total hemocytes, and increased superoxide dismutase and the % of granulocytes with pseudopods. Also CF caused embryotoxicity probably due to the increase of embryos' membrane permeability. Acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, hemocytes sub-populations, the time and rate of hatching and juveniles' survival were the most sensitive biomarkers. We emphasize the importance of the assessment of a battery of biomarkers as a useful tool for toxicity studies including reproduction parameters and immunological responses. Also, we highlight the relevance of incorporating the evaluation of formulations in order to not underestimate the effects of pesticides on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Alesia Bianco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Noemí Martini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Tejedor
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gimena Paredes
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua Invertebrados Nativos y otros Modelos (EEAINM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Liu J, Chen X, Zhang J, Yao F, Shi Z, Chen Y, Chen Q, Qin Z. Effect of Metaldehyde on Survival, Enzyme Activities, and Histopathology of the Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822). BIOLOGY 2024; 13:428. [PMID: 38927309 PMCID: PMC11200788 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive exotic species in Asia, can adversely affect crop yields, eco-environment, and human health. Application of molluscicides containing metaldehyde is one effective method for controlling P. canaliculata. In order to investigate the effects of metaldehyde on adult snails, we conducted acute toxicological experiments to investigate the changes in enzyme activities and histopathology after 24 h and 48 h of metaldehyde action. The results showed that the median lethal concentrations (LC) of metaldehyde on P. canaliculata were 3.792, 2.195, 1.833, and 1.706 mg/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Treatment and time significantly affected acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity, with sex significantly affecting AChE, GST, and TAC activity and time significantly affecting carboxylesterase (CarE). In addition, the interaction of treatment and time significantly affected the activity of GST, CarE and TAC. In addition, histopathological changes occurred in the digestive glands, gills and gastropods of apple snail exposed to metaldehyde. Histological examination of the digestive glands included atrophy of the digestive cells, widening of the hemolymph gap, and an increase in basophils. In treated snails, the hemolymph gap in the gills was widely dilated, the columnar cells were disorganized or even necrotic, and the columnar muscle cells in the ventral foot were loosely arranged and the muscle fibers reduced. The findings of this study can provide some references for controlling the toxicity mechanism of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Jiaen Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fucheng Yao
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhaoji Shi
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Yingtong Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Zhong Qin
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (X.C.); (F.Y.); (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (Q.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Bianco KA, Bernal-Rey DL, Menendez-Helman RJ, Kristoff G. Lethality and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition in a Native Invertebrate Species Exposed to Water Samples of an Impacted Stream (Reconquista River Basin, Argentina). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:108. [PMID: 37284983 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of multiple biomarkers in bioindicator species is a useful tool to evaluate water quality in addition to physicochemical analysis. The aim of this work was to study the toxicity of water samples from two sites with different anthropogenic impacts (R: near a residential area and FP: close to horticultural farms and industrial waste treatment plants) from Las Catonas sub-basin (Reconquista River basin) in the native gastropod Biomphalaria straminea. Some physicochemical parameters and chlorpyrifos concentration were measured in water samples. Snails were exposed in laboratory conditions 48 h to the water samples and neurotoxicity, behavior, lethality and acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and catalase activities were measured. In water from FP, chlorpyrifos was detected and conductivity and pH were higher than in R. Lethality (60%) and a decrease (30%) in acetylcholinesterase were observed in snails exposed to FP indicating that water contamination causes high toxicity in B. straminea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Bianco
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua: Invertebrados Nativos Y Otros Modelos (EEAINM), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daissy L Bernal-Rey
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo Y Metabolismo (LEEM), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renata J Menendez-Helman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo Y Metabolismo (LEEM), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua: Invertebrados Nativos Y Otros Modelos (EEAINM), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wu L, Liang Y, Chen Y, Fu S, Huang Y, Chen Z, Chang X. Biomonitoring trace metal contamination in Guangzhou urban parks using Asian tramp snails (Bradybaena similaris). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:138960. [PMID: 37201607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have caused environmental metal contamination in urban areas. Biomonitoring using organisms such as invertebrates can evaluate metal pollution, supplementing chemical monitoring, which cannot comprehensively reflect how metals influence organisms in the urban environment. To assess metal contamination in Guangzhou urban parks and its source, Asian tramp snails (Bradybaena similaris) were collected from ten parks in Guangzhou in 2021. The metal concentrations (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were measured by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. We evaluated the metal distribution characteristics and correlations among metals. The probable sources of metals were determined by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The metal pollution levels were analysed using the pollution index and the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index. The mean metal concentrations were ranked Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Cd > Pb; metal accumulation in the snails was ranked Al > Mn > CuFe > Cd > Zn > Pb. Pb-Zn-Al-Fe-Mn and Cd-Cu-Zn were positively correlated in all samples. Six major metal sources were identified: an Al-Fe factor corresponding to crustal rock and dust, an Al factor related to Al-containing products, a Pb factor indicative of traffic and industries, a Cu-Zn-Cd factor dominated by the electroplating industry and vehicle sources, an Mn factor reflecting fossil fuel combustion, and a Cd-Zn factor related to agricultural product use. The pollution evaluation suggested heavy Al pollution, moderate Mn pollution, and light Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn pollution in the snails. Dafushan Forest Park was heavily polluted; Chentian Garden and Huadu Lake National Wetland Park were not widely contaminated. The results indicated that B. similaris snails can be used as effective biomarkers for monitoring and evaluating environmental metal pollution in megacity urban areas. The findings show that snail biomonitoring provides a valuable understanding of the migration and accumulation pathways of anthropogenic metal pollutants in soil‒plant-snail food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Research Center for Ecology, Scientific Naturalist Institute, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Yexi Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Research Center for Ecology, Scientific Naturalist Institute, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Yi'an Chen
- Research Center for Ecology, Scientific Naturalist Institute, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China; School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Shanming Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanjun Huang
- Research Center for Ecology, Scientific Naturalist Institute, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China; School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhenxin Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiangyang Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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Aguilar L, Moreno-Ortiz G, Caamal-Monsreal C, Rosas C, Noreña-Barroso E, Gómez-Maldonado MC, Rodríguez-Fuentes G. Effects of Phenanthrene Exposure on the B-esterases Activities of Octopus maya (Voss and Solís Ramírez, 1996) Embryos. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:63. [PMID: 36917264 PMCID: PMC10014768 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
No ecotoxicological information exists on phenanthrene (Phe) exposure in cephalopods, animals of commercial and ecological importance. This study investigated the effect of Phe on two B-esterases, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Carboxylesterases (CbE), in Octopus maya embryos. Octopus embryos were exposed to different treatments: control (seawater), solvent control (seawater and DMSO 0.01%), 10 and 100 µg/L of Phe. AChE and CbE activities were measured at different developmental stages (blastula, organogenesis, and growth). B-esterase activities increased in control and solvent control as the embryos developed, showing no statistically significant differences between them. On the other hand, the embryos exposed to Phe had significant differences from controls, and between the high and low concentrations. Our results indicate that B-esterases are sensitive biomarkers of exposure to Phe in O. maya. Still, complementary studies are needed to unravel the toxicodynamics of Phe and the implications of the found inhibitory effect in hatched organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Aguilar
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gissela Moreno-Ortiz
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Claudia Caamal-Monsreal
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Elsa Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gómez-Maldonado
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico.
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Av. Colón # 503 F X 62 y Reforma Colonia Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Caixeta MB, Araújo PS, Pereira AC, Tallarico LDF, Rocha TL. Biomphalaria embryotoxicity test (BET): 60 years of research crossing boundaries for developing standard protocols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155211. [PMID: 35421466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Snail's embryotoxicity test is a suitable approach for toxicity assay of traditional and emerging pollutants, environmental risk assessment, as well as screening and development of new molluscicides. Among the snail species, Biomphalaria spp. has been indicated as a promising model system for developing standardized test protocols for assessing the chemical toxicity using early developmental stages. Thus, the current study aimed to review the data available in the scientific literature concerning the experimental approach, type of chemicals and the response of multiple biomarkers (survival, hatching rate, development delays, morphological and behavior changes) in snail embryos applied in toxicity tests. Revised data showed that the use of Biomphalaria embryos to assess chemical toxicity began in 1962. Snail's embryotoxicity test was applied mainly for analyzing the toxicity and development of new molluscicides, while its use in ecotoxicological studies is emerging. Biomphalaria glabrata was the main species analyzed. Embryos exposed to chemicals showed bioaccumulation, mortality, hatching inhibition, development delays, and morphological malformations, which were classified into four categories (hydropic, shell, cephalic and unspecified malformations). Besides, research gaps and recommendations for future research are indicated. Overall, the results showed that the Biomphalaria embryotoxicity test (BET) is a suitable tool for toxicity and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Batista Caixeta
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Paula Sampaio Araújo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aryelle Canedo Pereira
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Ibrahim AM, Hussein AAA. Toxicological impact of organophosphorus Chlorpyrifos 48%EC pesticide on hemocytes, biochemical disruption, and molecular changes in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105154. [PMID: 35973759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides like Chlorpyrifos 48%EC were widely used to control agricultural pests. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on B. alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. After exposure of snails to serial concentrations to determine the LC50, thirty snails for each sublethal concentration (LC10 2.1 and LC25 5.6 mg/l) in each group were exposed for 24 h followed by another 24 h for recovery. After recovery random samples were collected from hemolymph and tissue to measure the impacts on Phagocytic index, histological, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The current results showed a toxic effect of Chlorpyrifos 48%EC on adult B. alexandrina snails after 24 h of exposure at LC50 9.6 mg/l. After exposure to the sub-lethal concentrations of this pesticide, it decreased the total number of hemocytes and the percentage of small cells, while increased the percentage of hyalinocytes. The granulocyte percentage was increased after exposure to LC10, while after LC25, it was decreased compared to the control group. Also, the light microscopical examination showed that some granulocytes have plenty of granules, vacuoles and filopodia. Some hyalinocytes were contained shrinked nuclei, incomplete cell division and forming pseudopodia. Besides, the phagocytic index of hemocytes was significantly increased than control in all treated groups. Also, these sub-lethal concentrations increased MDA and SOD activities, while, tissue NO, GST and TAC contents were significantly decreased after exposure. Levels of Testosterone (T) and Estradiol (E) were increased significantly after exposure compared with control group. The present results showed that the concentration of DNA and RNA was highly decreased after exposure to LC10, 25 than the control group. Therefore, B. alexandrina snails could be used as a bio monitor of the chemical pollution. Besides, this pesticide could reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis as it altered the biological system of these snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Ibrahim
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A A Hussein
- Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
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Paredes MG, Bianco KA, Menéndez-Helman RJ, Kristoff G. Aquatic Contamination in Lugano Lake (Lugano Lake Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Cause Negative Effects on the Reproduction and Juvenile Survival of the Native Gastropod Biomphalaria straminea. Front Physiol 2022; 13:954868. [PMID: 35910565 PMCID: PMC9329693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.954868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lugano Lake is located in an Ecological Reserve of Buenos Aires City. Biomonitoring of its water quality is essential due to its importance as a place for recreation and protection of native species. Biomphalaria straminea is a native hermaphrodite aquatic gastropod that inhabits different freshwater bodies of Argentina and was recently selected as a potential bioindicator. We propose this study as a first approach to assessing specific organisms’ use in biomonitoring of urban wild reserves, and the usefulness of reproduction assays. B. straminea survival, behavior, reproduction success and offspring survival after the exposure to water samples from Lugano Lake (L1, L2, and L3) were evaluated. Temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were registered in situ. Samples were transported to the laboratory and chemical analysis and bioassays were performed using 20 snails per site. A control group with tap water was added. Egg masses were separated, exposed individually and observed daily using a stereoscopic microscope. After hatching, juveniles were placed in tap water and offspring survival was registered at the first, second, third and fourth months after the beginning of the assay. High levels of conductivity, turbidity and nutrients were obtained. Ammonium and nitrite were higher than the guideline level for the protection of aquatic life. During the bioassay 20% of the snails (L2 and L3) showed abnormally protruding of the head-food region. The number of eggs and embryonated eggs per mass did not differ between treatments. Egg masses exposed to water samples from the lake presented overlapping and abnormal eggs and arrested embryos. Besides, low % of hatching (L1: 33%, L2: 42%, and L3: 16%) and juvenile survival after the first (L1:14%; L2:78%) and second month (L1: 60%) were noted. In the control group, 85% of hatching and 100%–90% of survival were observed. Our results suggests the presence of pollutant in the lake. B. straminea seems to be a sensitive local species. Biomphalaria spp. reproduction assays can provide a valuable endpoint for toxicity and risk assessments and a usefulness tool for biomonitoring water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gimena Paredes
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua: Invertebrados Nativos y Otros Modelos, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Alesia Bianco
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua: Invertebrados Nativos y Otros Modelos, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renata J. Menéndez-Helman
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo y Metabolismo, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Ecotoxicológica del Agua: Invertebrados Nativos y Otros Modelos, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Gisela Kristoff,
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Herbert LT, Cossi PF, Painefilú JC, Mengoni Goñalons C, Luquet CM, Kristoff G. Acute neurotoxicity evaluation of two anticholinesterasic insecticides, independently and in mixtures, and a neonicotinoid on a freshwater gastropod. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129107. [PMID: 33288284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic insecticides are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, frequently as part of complex mixtures. Freshwater gastropods are generally underrepresented in neurotoxicity evaluations and cumulative toxicity testing. This study investigates the behavioural and biochemical effects of acute exposures to the carbamate carbaryl, the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid on the freshwater gastropod Chilina gibbosa. First, we evaluated behavioural neurotoxicity and cholinesterase (ChE), carboxylesterase (CE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in acute (48h) single-chemical exposures to increasing concentrations of carbaryl (0.5-500 μg L-1), chlorpyrifos (10-7500 μg L-1), and acetamiprid (1-10000 μg L-1). We then studied the effects of acute (48h) exposures to binary mixtures of carbaryl and chlorpyrifos equivalent to 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ChE 48h-IC50. None of the insecticides caused severe behavioural neurotoxicity, except for a significant lack of adherence by 5000 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos. Carbaryl caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ChEs (NOEC 5 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 45 μg L-1) and CEs with p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate (NOEC 5 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 37 μg L-1). Chlorpyrifos caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ChEs (NOEC 50 μg L-1; 48h-IC50 946 μg L-1) but did not affect CEs (NOEC ≥7500 μg L-1). Carbaryl-chlorpyrifos mixtures inhibited ChEs additively, inhibited CEs with p-nitrophenyl butyrate, and did not affect behaviour. GST activity was not affected by single or mixture exposures. Acute exposure to acetamiprid did not affect any of the endpoints evaluated. This study provides new information on carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and acetamiprid toxicity on C. gibbosa, relevant to improve gastropod representation in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Thomsett Herbert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Fanny Cossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Julio César Painefilú
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática (INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET)-CEAN, Junín de Los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | | | - Carlos Marcelo Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática (INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET)-CEAN, Junín de Los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Fraysse CP, Boy CC, Becker YA, Calcagno JA, Pérez AF. Brooding in the Southern Ocean: The Case of the Pterasterid Sea Star Diplopteraster verrucosus (Sladen, 1882). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2020; 239:1-12. [PMID: 32812811 DOI: 10.1086/709664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diplopteraster verrucosus is a sea star that incubates its offspring in nidamental chambers. The offspring rely exclusively on maternally provided nutrition. The retention of the embryonic stages allows the allocation of nutritional supplies from the female to the brooded juveniles during the brooding period. The main objectives of this study are, first, to quantify the reproductive investment of D. verrucosus and, second, to describe the morphology, energetics, and oxidative metabolism throughout early ontogenetic stages. A skewed sex ratio of 2:1 females:males was found, and 17 of 39 females were brooding. Both brooding and non-brooding females showed higher energy density and total antioxidant capacity in their gonads than males. We identified three cohorts of offspring being retained within the female body simultaneously. Energy density and reactive oxygen species increased significantly with the offspring's volume throughout ontogeny. Moreover, we found evidence of at least two key events during ontogeny. First, the depletion of antioxidants, the increase of reactive oxygen species, and the development of a complete digestive system appear to trigger feeding on the mothers's pyloric caeca. Second, another oxidative imbalance appears to be associated with the release of the brooded juveniles to the environment. Therefore, oxidative balance and energetic variances may be associated with development of autonomous feeding and juvenile release in D. verrucosus.
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Cossi PF, Herbert LT, Yusseppone MS, Pérez AF, Kristoff G. Toxicity evaluation of the active ingredient acetamiprid and a commercial formulation (Assail® 70) on the non-target gastropod Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110248. [PMID: 32036096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids emerged as an environmentally safe alternative to previous generations of insecticides becoming one of the most widely applied in modern agriculture. Nevertheless, they have been reported to affect several non-target organisms. Most toxicity studies focus on the effects on pollinators or terrestrial invertebrates and evaluate either the active ingredient or the commercial formulation. In the present study, we aimed to assess the long-term effects of the active ingredient acetamiprid and a broadly used commercial formulation (Assail® 70) on the non-target freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria straminea using a battery of biomarkers. A 14 day-exposure of adult organisms to both active ingredient and commercial formulation increased carboxylesterase activity and glutathione content, inhibited superoxide dismutase activity and decreased reactive oxygen species levels. The commercial formulation additionally increased glutathione S-transferase activity and inhibited catalase activity. The results indicate a greater toxicity of the commercial formulation than that of the active ingredient alone. Cholinesterase activity, development and offspring survival of B. straminea were not impaired. We conclude that the toxicity of acetamiprid on this gastropod species is mainly related to effects on detoxification and oxidative metabolism responses. This study provides novel information about the adverse effects of the active ingredient and a commercial formulation of a widely used neonicotinoid on a non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fanny Cossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Maimónides, CEBBAD, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Thomsett Herbert
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Yusseppone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo, y Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Fernanda Pérez
- Universidad Maimónides, CEBBAD, Laboratorio de Invertebrados Marinos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de La Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Aziz N, Butt A, Elsheikha HM. Antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers of Cu and Pb exposure in the ground spiders Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110054. [PMID: 31864121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal exposure induces oxidative stress in terrestrial organisms, which they counteract via activation of antioxidant biomarkers. The present study investigated the effects of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GR), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in two spider species, namely Lycosa terrestris and Pardosa birmanica. The spiders were exposed to Cu and Pb separately (10 ppm) or in combination (10 ppm each) via two different exposure routes (i.e. food and soil) for 10, 20 and 40 days. The results showed that metal accumulation and antioxidant biomarker responses in spiders were metal- and species-dependent. Also, the levels of all antioxidant biomarkers increased significantly with increasing exposure time and metal load in the bodies of spiders via both exposure routes. The significant inhibition of TAC and antioxidant enzyme activities was only observed in single Pb treatment through soil exposure. In L. terrestris, the activities of detoxification enzymes and TAC were significantly enhanced on single Cu exposure than Pb via both exposure routes. However, in P. birmanica consistent variation among antioxidant parameters were observed depending on the metal load and exposure routes. The combined metal exposure caused more pronounced increase in the level of antioxidants compared to single metal exposure in both species, mainly via food exposure. These results suggest that the antioxidant enzymes and TAC are sensitive to single and combined metal exposure via both uptake routes. These data show that antioxidant parameters can be used potential biomarkers of oxidative stress associated with metal exposure and for monitoring environmental health using spiders as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Aziz
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Abdel-Halim KY, Mona MH, Giesy JP, Shouker FA, Osman SR. Cytotoxic effects of persistent organic pollutants on the freshwater snail (Lanistes carinatus) in Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:699. [PMID: 31667650 PMCID: PMC6821668 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of industrial and municipal wastewaters on the freshwater snail, Lanistes carinatus, were evaluated. Concentrations of some chemicals in some effluents were greater than permissible limits promulgated internationally by various jurisdictions. Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) observed in tissues of snails collected during summer were greater than those measured in snails collected during winter. Catalase activities observed during autumn were greater than those observed during other seasons. Activities of catalase were greater at all sites near sources of contamination than in snails from the reference site (S6). Lactate dehydrogenase activity was also greater at all sites relative to the location designated as the reference (S6), at which activities did not exceed 8.10 U/L. Patterns of genomic DNA in snails, as determined by use of OPA-02 primer, were significantly different among sites. Location S1 (Belshay village) exhibited 11 bands, followed by S2 (El-Demer zone) and S5 (Rosetta branch) which exhibited 6 bands. In contrast, all sites exhibited greater numbers of bands when the OPA-08 primer was used. Thus, DNA fingerprinting, lactate dehydrogenase, and catalase offer useful biomarkers in ecotoxicology and risk assessment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Abdel-Halim
- Mammalian & Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - M H Mona
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - J P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F A Shouker
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - S R Osman
- Mammalian & Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
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Amoatey P, Baawain MS. Effects of pollution on freshwater aquatic organisms. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1272-1287. [PMID: 31486195 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the reviews of scientific papers published in 2018 issues on the effects of anthropogenic pollution on the aquatic organisms dwelling in freshwater ecosystem at global scale. The first part of the study provides the summary of relevant literature reviews followed by field and survey based studies. The second part is based on categories of different classes/sources of pollutants which affect freshwater organism. This is composed of several sections including metals and metalloids, wastewater and effluents, sediments, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs, emerging contaminants, pesticides, herbicides, and endocrine disruptors. The final part of the study highlights the reviews of published research work on new pollutants such as microplastics and engineered nanoparticles which affect the freshwater organisms. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Heavy metals concentrations should be assessed at nano-scale in aquatic environment. Air pollutants could have long-term effects on freshwater ecosystem. Future studies should focus on bioremediations of freshwater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Amoatey
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahad Said Baawain
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Agrelo M, Rivadeneira PR, Cossi PF, Cacciatore LC, Kristoff G. Azinphos-methyl causes in Planorbarius corneus toxic effects on reproduction, offspring survival and B-esterases depending on the exposure time. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 217:114-121. [PMID: 30528701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study in the freshwater gastropod Planorbarius corneus the effects of acute (2 days) and subchronic (14 days) exposures to an environmental concentration of the organophosphate azinphos-methyl on different reproductive parameters, offspring survival and B-esterase activities in gonads and in the whole organism soft tissue. The acute exposure inhibited only carboxylesterase activity in both tissues while the subchronic exposure also inhibited cholinesterase activity, decreased the number of hatched-eggs and increased offspring lethality (92%). On the other hand, B-esterases in gonads were more effective biomarkers than B-esterases in the whole organism due their inhibition appeared earlier in time (cholinesterase activity) and their activity remained inhibited for a longer time (carboxylesterase activity) when recovery studies were performed. We concluded that B-esterases and reproductive parameters can be used as effect biomarkers of aquatic contamination with azinphos-methyl. Our studies showed that a 14 days exposure to an environmental concentration of azinphos-methyl produced severe signs of toxicity in adult organisms, egg masses and juveniles that could cause negative effects at the population level in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Agrelo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Pamela R Rivadeneira
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula F Cossi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis C Cacciatore
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisela Kristoff
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática: Invertebrados Nativos (EAIN), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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