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Salazar Mercado SA, Correa RDC. Examining the interaction between pesticides and bioindicator plants: an in-depth analysis of their cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34521-1. [PMID: 39120815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Agrochemicals are substances used to prevent, destroy, or mitigate any pest. Their indiscriminate use can cause serious problems in ecosystems, contaminating surface and groundwater and affecting surrounding biota. However, in the environment, various natural processes such as biological degradation and photodegradation can mitigate their persistence and, consequently, their ecotoxicological impact. In this regard, this study aimed to obtain relevant data on the cytotoxic effects produced by pesticides on bioindicator plants. As observed in the literature review, cellular inhibition, nuclear anomalies, and micronucleus index are some of the different impacts commonly known from pesticides. These chemical substances can cause cytogenetic alterations in a plant bioassay. Plant bioindicators such as Allium cepa L, Vicia faba L, Pisum sativum L, Lactuca sativa L, and Lens culinaris Med are very important and effective experimental models for identifying the cytogenotoxicity of pesticides. These have been available for many years. However, they are still used today for their effectiveness in detecting and monitoring chemical substances such as agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
| | - Rubén Darío Carreño Correa
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Universidad Francisco De Paula Santander, Santander, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia
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2
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Ayhan BS, Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Yalçın E, Çavuşoğlu K, Özkan B. A comprehensive analysis of royal jelly protection against cypermethrin-induced toxicity in the model organism Allium cepa L., employing spectral shift and molecular docking approaches. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:105997. [PMID: 39084771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the toxicity of the pesticide cypermethrin and the protective properties of royal jelly against this toxicity were investigated using Allium cepa L., a model organism. Toxicity was evaluated using 6 mg/L cypermethrin, while royal jelly (250 mg/L and 500 mg/L) was used in combination with cypermethrin to test the protective effect. To comprehend toxicity and protective impact, growth, genotoxicity, biochemical, comet assay and anatomical parameters were employed. Royal jelly had no harmful effects when applied alone. On the other hand, following exposure to cypermethrin, there was a reduction in weight increase, root elongation, rooting percentage, mitotic index (MI), and chlorophyll a and b. Cypermethrin elevated the frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs), levels of proline and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity rates of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A spectral change in the DNA spectrum indicated that the interaction of cypermethrin with DNA was one of the reasons for its genotoxicity, and molecular docking investigations suggested that tubulins, histones, and topoisomerases might also interact with this pesticide. Cypermethrin also triggered some critical meristematic cell damage in the root tissue. At the same time, DNA tail results obtained from the comet assay revealed that cypermethrin caused DNA fragmentation. When royal jelly was applied together with cypermethrin, all negatively affected parameters due to the toxicity of cypermethrin were substantially restored. However, even at the maximum studied dose of 500 mg/L of royal jelly, this restoration did not reach the levels of the control group. Thus, the toxicity of cypermethrin and the protective function of royal jelly against this toxicity in A. cepa, the model organism studied, were determined by using many different approaches. Royal jelly is a reliable, well-known and easily accessible protective functional food candidate against the harmful effects of hazardous substances such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, 28400 Giresun, Türkiye.
| | - Oksal Macar
- Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, 28400 Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Emine Yalçın
- Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, 28400 Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Giresun University, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, 28400 Giresun, Türkiye
| | - Burak Özkan
- Giresun University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 28049 Giresun, Türkiye
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Jardim GOC, Oliveira GLDS. Mancozeb induces cytogenotoxicity in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38984405 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2370938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a fungicide of the dithiocarbamate functional group, and it is widely used in agriculture to control various fungal diseases. Thus, studies detailing its toxicological characteristics are necessary, as the population may be exposed through the consumption of food or water contaminated with mancozeb. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potentials of this dithiocarbamate using the Allium cepa L. test system as well as its cytotoxicity in erythrocytes of female rats (Rattus norvegicus). The meristematic roots of A. cepa bulbs were exposed to various concentrations of mancozeb (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h to determine cytotoxicity by evaluating the mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), and nuclear anomalies (NA) for genotoxicity analysis and micronuclei (MN) for mutagenicity analysis. Distilled water and copper sulfate (0.0006 mg/L) were used as the negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), respectively. The MI and the sum of CA and NA of all the mancozeb concentrations showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in relation to the NC, indicating possible cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by mancozeb. Additionally, MN significantly increased with mancozeb concentration from 250 mg/L to 500 mg/L in 24 h when compared to NC. In another study model, mancozeb showed to be cytolytic at concentrations starting from 125 mg/L. Therefore, these results indicate that mancozeb causes cytogenetic alterations and mutagenicity at lower concentrations than those used in agriculture, which emphasizes the need for more care when managing this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Osvair Costa Jardim
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Laboratory of Education and Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (LEPTOX-F), Jaciara, MT, Brazil
| | - George Laylson da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Mato Grosso, Laboratory of Education and Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (LEPTOX-F), Jaciara, MT, Brazil
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Das R, Ray S. Allium cepa tests: Exploring bleomycin induced cyto-genotoxicity and altered cell cycle kinetics in root tips meristematic cells. Mutat Res 2024; 828:111851. [PMID: 38382175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bleomycin, commonly employed in treating Hodgkin's lymphoma and testicular cancer, is associated with significant pulmonary toxicity. While various studies have assessed the toxic impact of chemotherapeutic agents on aquatic and terrestrial environments, limited data exist on bleomycin's effects, especially concerning higher plants. To address this gap, we utilized the Allium cepa assays, renowned for evaluating chemical and biochemical agents' toxic effects, to investigate bleomycin's impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Our study aimed to assess bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tip cells at minimal concentrations (10-40 μg mL-1) and varied exposure durations (2, 4, 6, and 24 h). Analysis of nuclear and mitotic abnormalities in bleomycin-treated A. cepa root tip cells, alongside an acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining assay, illuminated its influence on cell viability. Additionally, agarose gel electrophoresis determined the drug's potential for DNA degradation, unveiling the underlying mechanisms of cyto-genotoxicity. Results also demonstrated a decline in the mitotic index with increased bleomycin concentrations and exposure time, elevated frequencies of various cyto-genotoxic abnormalities, including sticky chromosomes, chromatid breaks, laggards, bridges, polar deviations, nuclear lesions, and hyperchromasia. The study indicated the potential risks of bleomycin even at low concentrations and brief exposures, highlighting its severe adverse effects on genetic material of plant, potentially contributing to cell death. Consequently, this investigation unveils bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on higher plant system, underscoring its threat to terrestrial ecosystems, particularly upon chronic and unmonitored exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Das
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India.
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Gil D, Choi B, Lee JJ, Lee H, Kim KT, Kim C. A colorimetric/ratiometric chemosensor based on an aggregation-induced emission strategy for tracing hypochlorite in vitro and in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114954. [PMID: 37105100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive levels of hypochlorite (ClO-) negatively affect environmental and biological systems. Thus, it is essential to develop sensors that can identify ClO- in various systems such as the environment and living organisms. In this study, we report the development and evaluation of a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) strategy-based colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor 2,2'-(((1E,1'E)-[2,2'-bithiophene]- 5,5'-diylbis(methanylylidene))bis(hydrazin-1-yl-2-ylidene))bis(N,N,N-trimethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium) chloride (BMH-2∙Cl) for detecting ClO-. BMH-2∙Cl enabled highly selective ClO- detection through a color change from yellow to colorless and a fluorescence color change from turquoise to blue in a perfect aqueous solution. BMH-2∙Cl exhibited low limits of detection (2.4 ×10-6 M for colorimetry and 2.9 ×10-7 M for ratiometric fluorescence) for detecting ClO- with a rapid response within 5 s. The detection mechanism for ClO- and an AIE property change of BMH-2∙Cl were demonstrated by 1H NMR titration, ESI-MS, variation of water fraction (fw) and theoretical calculations. In particular, we confirmed not only the practicality of BMH-2∙Cl by using test strips, but also demonstrated the potential for efficient ClO- detection in biological and environmental systems such as real water samples, living zebrafish and bean sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Gil
- Department of New and Renewable Energy Convergence and Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Boeun Choi
- Department of New and Renewable Energy Convergence and Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Department of New and Renewable Energy Convergence and Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Hanseul Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of New and Renewable Energy Convergence and Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea.
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Mercado SAS, Galvis DGV. Paracetamol ecotoxicological bioassay using the bioindicators Lens culinaris Med. and Pisum sativum L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61965-61976. [PMID: 36934188 PMCID: PMC10024602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Paracetamol is one of the most widely used drugs worldwide, yet its environmental presence and hazardous impact on non-target organisms could rapidly increase. In this study, the possible cytotoxic effects of paracetamol were evaluated using two bioindicator plants Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum. Concentrations of 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 25, 5, 1 mg L-1, and a control (distilled water) were used for a total of 10 treatments, which were subsequently applied on seeds of Lens culinaris Med. and Pisum sativum L.; after 72 h of exposure, root growth, mitotic index, percentage of chromosomal abnormalities, and the presence of micronucleus were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect of paracetamol on L. culinaris and P. sativum was demonstrated, reporting the inhibition of root growth, the presence of abnormalities, and a significant micronucleus index at all concentrations used, which shows that this drug has a high degree of toxicity.
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Alavi E, Tajadod G, Jafari Marandi S, Arbabian S. Vicia faba seed: a bioindicator of phytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity of light crude oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21043-21051. [PMID: 36264458 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil contamination is a serious threat to the environment and human health as it can contaminate food chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find efficient tests to monitor soils for crude oil contamination. The present study investigates the efficacy of Vicia faba seeds for monitoring contaminated soils with light crude oil. Vicia faba seeds were planted in 0 (control), 1, 2, and 4 percentages (weight percentage) light crude oil-contaminated soils. The seed germination and root length were measured to evaluate phytotoxicity, while the mitotic index, chromosome aberrations, and micronucleus formation in the root tip cells were examined for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests. The results showed that light crude oil had toxic effects on Vicia faba growth characteristics, even at 1% contamination. The phytotoxicity assay showed that crude oil reduced seed germination and root length by 45% and 61.67%, respectively. In contrast, cellular observations indicated an increase in mitotic index, chromosome aberrations, and micronucleus formation up to 3, 3.59, and 5.6 times, respectively, compared to the control. The light crude oil at 4% induced the simultaneous occurrence of nuclear bud, polyploidy, and micronucleus that may be considered as severe clastogenic and aneugenic effects. Accordingly, Vicia faba can be considered a reliable living system for monitoring light crude oil pollution in soils, even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Alavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Tajadod
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayeh Jafari Marandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Arbabian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Gao X, Liu X, He J, Huang H, Qi X, Hao J. Bactericidal Effect and Associated Properties of Non-Electrolytic Hypochlorite Water on Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244071. [PMID: 36553813 PMCID: PMC9778273 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the broad-spectrum bactericidal activity of non-electrolytic hypochlorite water (NEHW) and detected its hydroxyl radical content compared with that of slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW). Based on the results of UV scanning and storage stability, higher hypochlorite content and stronger oxidation were found to be responsible for the stronger bactericidal effect of NEHW. NEHW can achieve 99% bacterial disinfection effect by treating with 10 mg/L available chlorine concentration for more than 5 minutes. At the same time, the storage stability of NEHW was higher than that of SAEW. After 20 days of storage under sealed and dark conditions, the pH value only increased by 7.9%, and the effective chlorine concentration remained nearly 80%. The results showed that NEHW had higher germicidal efficacy and storage stability than SAEW.
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Mendoza NGA, Mercado SAS. Cytogenotoxicity of fifth-generation quaternary ammonium using three plant bioindicators. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103972. [PMID: 36089239 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The investigation aimed to determine the cytogenotoxic effect of fifth-generation quaternary ammonium using three plant species as bioindicators. Bulbs of A. cepa and seeds of L. culinaris and P. sativum were exposed to different concentrations of fifth-generation quaternary ammonium and a control solution of distilled water for 72 h. The results showed that the A. cepa bioindicator presented the greatest reduction in root length at 50 mg L-1 and no mitotic index at 40 and 50 mg L-1, reaching 100% mitotic inhibition. Cell abnormalities were present among the three bioindicator species, where the highest index of micronuclei occurred at 50 mg L-1, being A. cepa the bioindicator with the highest relative rate of abnormality (25.28%). It was concluded that fifth-generation quaternary ammonium, in all treatments, caused a cytogenotoxic effect on the apical meristematic cells of the three species, A. cepa was the most sensitive species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B, Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Aydin D, Yuksel B. Lessening the toxic effect of the methylisothiazolinone via vermicompost tea on Pisum sativum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50443-50453. [PMID: 35233668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides, which are found in nature as persistent pollutants, pose a great danger to the ecosystem. Methylisothiazolinone (MIT), a widely used biocide, reaches plants by mixing with water and soil. Vermicompost tea (VCT), which strengthens the plant defence mechanism and increases its growth and development, is a liquid fertiliser consisting of the cooperation of worms with microbes. In the present study, after applying 0.4 g/L (EC50/2), 0.8 g/L (EC50), and 1.6 g/L (EC50 × 2) MIT concentrations without and with VCT on forage pea (Pisum sativum), root lengths, mitotic index data, chromosome and nuclei abnormalities, and DNA damage level were determined. When VCT applied and non-applied groups were compared, it was found that, especially in the VCT applied group, they cope with the stress conditions created by MIT. In addition, positive effects were observed in root lengths, mitotic index data, and amount of cell nuclei abnormalities. In line with other study results, VCT reduces cellular damage by regulating the normal life cycle disrupted in the cell due to mutagens using the curative-regulatory feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Literature and Science, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Yuksel
- Medical Lab. Tech, Vocational School of Kocaeli Health Services, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Mercado SAS, Caleño JDQ. Use of Lens culinaris Med test as environmental bioindicator to identify the cytogenotoxic effect of paraquat pesticide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51321-51328. [PMID: 33977433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is the most widely used herbicide and the third most sold pesticide in the world, applied in more than 120 countries despite being banned in the European Union. It is a risk to ecosystems. The genotoxic effect of paraquat was evaluated using the Lens culinaris test. L. culinaris seeds were subjected to 6 concentrations of paraquat (0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.5, 2, and 3 ppm) plus a control (distilled water). During 72 h, root development was measured every 24 h. After 3 days, root apices were analyzed to obtain the inhibition of the mitotic index, as well as the type and rate of chromosomal abnormalities present. A decrease in root growth of more than 50% (72 h of exposure) and an inhibition of the mitotic index of 2.9 times in the treatment with 3 ppm compared to the control were observed. The 2 ppm concentration presented all the anomalies found with a frequency of 84 ± 2.5 of micronuclei, 106 ± 3.5 of nuclear lesions, 14 ± 4.7 of nucleus absence, 8 ± 2.7 of telophase bridges, 7 ± 2.7 of binucleated cells, among others. It is also recommended to establish comparisons of L. culinaris with multiple biomarkers since it is presented as a practical and economic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Departamento de Biología , Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander , Avenida Gran, Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag , San José de Cúcuta , Colombia.
| | - Jesús David Quintero Caleño
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística , Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander , San José , de Cúcuta, Colombia
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Khan A, Kumar V, Srivastava A, Saxena G, Verma PC. Biomarker-based evaluation of cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate in Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:73. [PMID: 33469782 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides have proven to be a boon for agricultural fields. Their inherent property to kill weeds and unwanted vegetation makes them an essential biological tool for farmers and agricultural systems. Besides being capable of destroying weeds, they also exhibit certain effects on non-target crop plants. In the present study, a laboratory experiment was performed to assess the effect of glyphosate on Vigna mungo root meristem cells. Seeds of five different genotypes of V. mungo were treated with a series of concentrations of glyphosate ranging from 1 to 10 mM, and their effects on mitotic cell division were studied. Healthy and uniform-sized seeds were selected and were allowed to grow in Petri plates for 3 days, and all the doses were maintained in triplicates. Roots were fixed at day 3 after treatment (DAT) for cytological microscopic slide preparation. The results obtained indicate the dose-dependent reduction in the mitotic index in all the genotypes and an increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and relative abnormality rate (RAR). Most commonly observed chromosome aberrations at lower doses (< 6 mM) were fragments, stickiness, and disoriented metaphase, while at higher doses (6 to 10 mM) bridges, laggards, spindle disorientation, and clumping were obvious. The increase in the percentage of CAs and RAR indicates the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on cell cycle progression at various stages in root tip cells. The present study is a fine example of a biomarker-based genotoxic assessment of mitotic damage caused by glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiba Khan
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Alka Srivastava
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India
| | - Gauri Saxena
- In Vitro Culture and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, 226007, India.
| | - Praveen C Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
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Determination of malathion's toxic effect on Lens culinaris Medik cell cycle. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04846. [PMID: 32954032 PMCID: PMC7486440 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the toxic effect of malathion pesticide on root growth, cell division and the chromosomal abnormalities frequency using the L. culinaris test. Initially, the lentil seeds were subjected to different doses of malathion (0.0 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mgL-1) and during 24, 48, and 72 h, the root length was measured. Subsequently, at 72h, the mitotic index, mitotic inhibition, and cellular abnormalities were calculated for all treatments. According to the obtained results, it was visualized that the root growth was inversely proportional to the concentration of malathion at all times of exposure. After 72h of exposure, the lowest values of the mitotic index and inhibition were presented at malathion concentrations 20, 25 and 30 mgL-1. Additionally, micronuclei cell abnormalities, metaphase sticky chromosomes, split chromosomes, nuclear lesions, irregular anaphase, anaphase bridges, binucleated cells, absence of nucleus and telophase bridge were observed. Finally, Malathion induced mitodepressive and cytotoxic effects in the meristematic cells of the L. culinaris root tip. A high frequency of abnormality was found in the micronuclei, which represented an indicator of a high degree of toxicity at the cellular level.
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Salazar Mercado SA, Botello Delgado EA, Quintero Caleño JD. Optimización de la prueba de tetrazolio para evaluar la viabilidad en semillas de Solanum lycopersicum L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.21930/rcta.vol21_num3_art:1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) es una de las hortalizas más consumidas en el mundo con un aumento en su demanda, por lo que conocer la viabilidad de sus semillas es de suma importancia, ya que estas son la base del éxito de su producción. Debido a esto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo optimizar la prueba de tetrazolio determinando el pretratamiento adecuado para potenciar la prueba. El material vegetal se recolectó de cultivos establecidos en el municipio del Cáchira, departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. Las semillas se extrajeron de los frutos maduros y, posteriormente, se expusieron a pretratramientos con hipoclorito de sodio y agua destilada durante 10 minutos, con tres concentraciones de 2, 3, 5- cloruro trifenil tetrazolio (0,25 %, 0,15 % y 0,10 %) y distintos tiempos de exposición (6 h, 12 h y 24 h). Los datos de viabilidad obtenidos se corroboraron mediante la prueba de germinación en toallas de papel húmedas. Los resultados de viabilidad más relacionados con la prueba de germinación se obtuvieron al emplear las concentraciones de 0,25 % y 0,15 %, utilizando tanto el pretratamiento con hipoclorito de sodio como la inmersión en agua destilada.
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Abu Hasna A, Pereira Da Silva L, Pelegrini FC, Ferreira CLR, de Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT. Effect of sodium hypochlorite solution and gel with/without passive ultrasonic irrigation on Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and their endotoxins. F1000Res 2020; 9:642. [PMID: 33149896 PMCID: PMC7573735 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24721.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most commonly used irrigant in endodontics
. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NaOCl solution (2.5%) and gel (3%) with/without passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on
Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and their endotoxins, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Methods: 40 human lower premolars were contaminated with
E. coli (ATCC 25922) for 28 days and
E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) for 21 days. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups: (1) 2.5% NaOCl irrigating the canals without PUI activation; (2) 2.5% NaOCl with PUI; (3) 3% NaOCl gel irrigating the canals without PUI; and (4) 3% NaOCl gel with PUI. 40 mL of irrigant was used for each group. PUI activation was carried out using E1-Irrisonic stainless-steel tip at 10% frequency. After treatment, all specimens were filled with 3mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 3min and then washed with nonpyrogenic saline solution. Three samples were collected from the canals: S1, at baseline to confirm biofilm formation; S2 after treatment; and S3 after EDTA. Samples were assessed for
E. coli and
E. faecalis colony forming units, and LPS and LTA were assessed using chromogenic kinetic LAL assay and ELISA, respectively. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Friedmann and Dunn tests with α≤0.05. Results: All groups were effective in reducing the microbial load of
E. coli and
E. faecalis after treatment without a significant difference among the groups. NaOCl and NaOCl gel groups had no significant difference in reducing LPS and LTA. Statistically increased reduction was seen for NaOCL + PUI and NaOCl gel + PUI compared for groups without PUI. Conclusions: NaOCl gel has the same antimicrobial action of NaOCl solution and can partially detoxify endotoxins. PUI improves NaOCl (gel or solution) action over
E. faecalis and
E. coli and their endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Abu Hasna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division., São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
| | - Laiana Pereira Da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division., São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carvalho Pelegrini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division., São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Luísa Ribeiro Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division., São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division., São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245000, Brazil
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Salazar Mercado SA, Quintero Caleño JD, Rojas Suárez JP. Cytogenotoxic effect of propanil using the Lens culinaris Med and Allium cepa L test. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126193. [PMID: 32086064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Propanil can produce methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity, metabolic disorder and nephrotoxicity. It also has a genotoxic effect, although it is not listed as a carcinogen and it continues to be applied excessively throughout the world. Consequently, in this study the cytogenotoxic effect of propanil was evaluated, using apical root cells of Allium cepa and Lens culinaris. In which, L. culinaris seeds and A. cepa bulbs were subjected to 6 treatments with propanil (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L-1) and to distilled water as control treatment. Subsequently, the root growth was measured every 24 h for 3 days. Next, the mitotic index and cellular anomalies were determined. Whereby, decreased root development was observed in all treatments. Likewise, greater inhibition of mitosis was evidenced in L. culinaris compared to A. cepa. In addition, chromosomal abnormalities, such as nucleus absence, sticky chromosomes in metaphase and binucleated cells, were present in most of the treatments. Thus, the presence of micronuclei and the results of L. culinaris, indicate the high cytogenotoxicity of propanil and the feasibility of this species as bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
| | | | - Jhan Piero Rojas Suárez
- Department of Civil Constructions, Roads, Transportation, Hydraulics and Fluids, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Kawano Y, Jordan O, Hanawa T, Borchard G, Patrulea V. Are Antimicrobial Peptide Dendrimers an Escape from ESKAPE? Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020; 9:378-395. [PMID: 32320368 PMCID: PMC7307686 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increases dramatically despite all efforts to use available antibiotics or last resort antimicrobial agents. The spread of the AMR, declared as one of the most important health-related issues, warrants the development of new antimicrobial strategies. Recent Advances: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and AMP dendrimers (AMPDs), as well as polymer dendrimers are relatively new and promising strategies with the potential to overcome drug resistance issues arising in ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) colonizing chronic wounds. Critical Issues: AMPs-AMPDs suffer from limited efficacy, short-lasting bioactivity, and concerns of toxicity. To circumvent these drawbacks, their covalent coupling to biopolymers and/or encapsulation into different drug carrier systems is investigated, with a special focus on topical applications. Future Directions: Scientists and the pharmaceutical industry should focus on this challenging subject to either improve the activity of existing antimicrobial agents or find new drug candidates. The focus should be put on the discovery of new drugs or the combination of existing drugs for a better synergy, taking into account all kinds of wounds and existing pathogens, and more specifically on the development of next-generation antimicrobial peptides, encompassing the delivery carrier toward improved pharmacokinetics and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kawano
- Laboratory of Preformulation Study, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Olivier Jordan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takehisa Hanawa
- Laboratory of Preformulation Study, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viorica Patrulea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Pelegrino MT, Kohatsu MY, Seabra AB, Monteiro LR, Gomes DG, Oliveira HC, Rolim WR, de Jesus TA, Batista BL, Lange CN. Effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings and possible implications of nitric oxide in their antioxidative defense. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:232. [PMID: 32166379 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been extensively explored for use in agriculture. Previous studies have indicated that application of CuO NPs might be promising for development and conservation of plants, pest control, and for the recovery of degraded soils. However, depending on the applied concentration copper can cause phytotoxic effects. In this work, biosynthesized CuO NPs (using green tea extract) were evaluated on their effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedling growth, which were exposed at concentrations ranged between 0.2 and 300 μg mL-1. From the biosynthesized were obtained ultra-small CuO NPs (~ 6.6 nm), with high stability in aqueous suspension. Toxicity bioassays have shown that at low concentrations (up to 40 μg mL-1), CuO NPs did not affect or even enhanced the seed germination. At higher concentrations (higher than 40 μg mL-1), inhibition of seed germination and radicle growth ranging from 35 to 75% was observed. With the increase of CuO NPs concentrations, nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in radicles increased, whereas superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant activities decreased. The nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in lettuce radicles showed a direct dose response to CuO NP application, which may indicate nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways in the plant responses. Therefore, the results demonstrated that at low concentrations (≤ 20 μg mL-1) of CuO NPs, beneficial effects are obtained from seedlings, enhancing plant growth, and the involvement of nitric oxide signaling in the phytotoxic effects induced by high concentration of this formulation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Yukihiro Kohatsu
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Amedea Barozzi Seabra
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilena Rebelo Monteiro
- Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente, Ipen/CNEN-SP - Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares/Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Genuário Gomes
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Halley Caixeta Oliveira
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wallace Rosado Rolim
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Araújo de Jesus
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Neves Lange
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo Andre, SP, Brazil.
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Salazar Mercado SA, Maldonado Bayona HA. Evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of sodium hypochlorite using meristematic root cells of Lens culinaris Med. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134992. [PMID: 31715484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to monitor the cytotoxic potential of Sodium Hypochlorite using lentil (Lens culinaris) as a bioindicator of toxicity. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), is a chemical compound that is used mainly for its disinfectant properties, its effect is widely toxic, which is why it is marketed in low concentrations and it is also a component in various products such as agrochemicals. In the present study the L. culinaris seeds were exposed to different NaClO dose 0, 0.2, 1, 3, 5 and 7 mg L-1 during 24, 48 and 72 h; timeslots in which the root growth was also studied. The cytotoxic potential of NaClO was determined by calculating the mitotic index (MI), calculating cellular anomalies (CA) and observing the longitudinal growth of the roots during the various time periods. The radicular growth was prolonged and it was observed that there was a greater growth at the dose of 1 and 7 mg L-1 in the time of 72 h. The cytotoxic effects could be analyzed in the mitotic index, since the higher the concentration, the lower the mitotic index, as observed in the dose of 7 mg L-1 where a reduction of the mitotic index of the meristematic cells is observed. The results indicate that NaClO has a cytotoxic effect that induces various types of chromosomal abnormalities. This indicates that Sodium Hypochlorite has a cytotoxic effect according to the increase in its dose. Therefore, Lens culinaris turned out to be a kind of appropriate bioindicator to study the cytotoxic effects of various potentially toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran, Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Mercado SAS, Caleño JDQ. Cytotoxic evaluation of glyphosate, using Allium cepa L. as bioindicator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134452. [PMID: 31629268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a chemical compound used mainly as a broad spectrum herbicide, it is recognized for its proven effectiveness and easy handling. It represents more than 60% of the world market of non-selective herbicides and is used in both agricultural fields and family gardens. The present study was designed to test the cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate using the Allium cepa test as toxicity bioindicator. Consequently, bulbs of A. cepa were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 mgL-1) and a control (deionized water), for 72 h; root development was also studied in this period of time. The cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate was determined by calculating the mitotic index (MI), cellular anomalies (CA) and registering the roots longitudinal growth at 24, 48 and 72 h. Regarding root development, a greater growth was observed in the control treatment in the three measurement times. The mitotic phases analysis, determined that the higher the concentration, the lower the mitotic index, in addition the inhibition of the telophase Mitotic Index (TMI) was observed in any of the concentrations. The results indicate that the exposure to glyphosate of A. cepa meristematic cells induces diverse types of chromosomal anomalies, such as micronuclei (MN), chromosome breaking (CB), nuclear notch (Nn), among others. Therefore, in demonstrates that glyphosate has a highly cytogenotoxic effect for any of the concentrations used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Salazar Mercado SA, Maldonado Bayona HA. Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos using Lens culinaris Med as efficient bioindicator. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109528. [PMID: 31404724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF), using L. culinaris apical cells as a biological indicator. L. culinaris seeds were exposed to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 15 mg L-1) and a control solution based on distilled water. Subsequently, root growth was measured during 24, 48 and 72 h. Therefore, the mitotic index (MI) and the number of cellular abnormalities were determined at 72 h. According to the obtained results, a decrease in root size was observed in the concentrations of T5 (8 mg L-1) and T6 (10 mg L-1). On the other hand, it was evidenced that, through all the evaluated concentrations, the inhibition of mitosis in the concentrations of T5 (8 mg L-1), T6 (10 mg L-1) and T7 (15 mg L-1) was greater than 50%. Additionally, a variety of chromosomal abnormalities were reported, such as Micronuclei, sticky chromosomes in anaphase, chromosome disruption, irregular anaphase, nucleus absence, nuclear lesions, chromosomes grouped in metaphase, anaphase bridges, metaphase sticky chromosomes, present in all concentrations evaluated. Consequently, the presence of micronuclei in the concentrations of 8 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1 and 15 mg L-1 indicates that the CPF is a highly cytotoxic substance to L. culinaris. Therefore, L. culinaris is a plant species that offers a feasible experimental model to be implemented in laboratory studies with the purpose to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander. Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag. San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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