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Gu X, Li Z, Su J. Air pollution and skin diseases: A comprehensive evaluation of the associated mechanism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116429. [PMID: 38718731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Air pollutants deteriorate the survival environment and endanger human health around the world. A large number of studies have confirmed that air pollution jeopardizes multiple organs, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems. Skin is the largest organ and the first barrier that protects us from the outside world. Air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will affect the structure and function of the skin and bring about the development of inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis), skin accessory diseases (acne, alopecia), auto-immune skin diseases (cutaneous lupus erythematosus(CLE) scleroderma), and even skin tumors (melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC)). Oxidative stress, skin barrier damage, microbiome dysbiosis, and skin inflammation are the pathogenesis of air pollution stimulation. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the effects of air pollution on skin diseases and possible mechanisms to provide strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gu
- Department of Dermatology | Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease | Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha 410008, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology | Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease | Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha 410008, China; Furong Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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2
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Tao L, Zhou YZ, Shen X. Seasonal variation in urinary PAH metabolite levels and associations with neonatal birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41893-41904. [PMID: 38850391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can affect maternal and infant health. However, the conclusions regarding the effects of seasonal PAH exposure on maternal and infant health have been inconsistent. To further elucidate this issue, this study included data from 2282 mother-infant pairs in the Zuni birth cohort. The objective was to investigate the association between maternal late-pregnancy urinary PAH metabolite concentrations and neonatal birth outcomes during the heating and non-heating seasons. The results demonstrated that PAH exposure in Zunyi was primarily dominated by 2-OHNAP and 1-OHNAP and that the concentrations of PAH metabolites were significantly higher during the heating season. Furthermore, PAH metabolite exposure was found to affect neonatal birth weight, birth length, and parity index with seasonal differences. Further dose-effect analyses revealed nonlinear relationships and seasonal differences between PAH metabolites and neonatal birth weight, birth length, and parity index. Bayesian kernel mechanism regression modeling demonstrated that the inverted U-shaped relationship between PAH metabolites and neonatal birth weight and parity index was exclusive to the heating season. Consequently, it can be posited that maternal exposure to PAH metabolites during late pregnancy exerts a detrimental influence on neonatal growth and development, which is further compounded by the use of heating fuels. This highlights the necessity to either control or alter the use of heating fuels during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xubo Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China.
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M. Comparison of pollution status and source apportionment for PCBs and OCPs of indoor dust from an industrial city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2473-2494. [PMID: 36006579 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pollution status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in indoor and outdoor dust from three different functional areas of Hefei, China. The relationship between the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs and different influencing factors in dwellings was studied. The results showed that the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were higher in samples from dwellings with higher smoking frequency, lower cleaning frequency, higher floors and smaller household size. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that PCBs and OCPs were not consistently associated with each other, while sources of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-chlorinated PCBs were different. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the shape of indoor dust was a mixture of blocky, flocculated, spherical structures, and irregular shapes. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization model (PMF) showed that the PCBs and OCPs of indoor dust came from both indoor and outdoor sources between local and regional transport. Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope results indicate or show that the indoor dust (δ13C: - 24.37‰, δ15N: 6.88‰) and outdoor dust (δ13C: - 12.65‰, δ15N: 2.558‰) is derived from fossil fuel, coal combustion, road dust, fly ash, C4 biomass and soil. Potential source contribution factor (PSCF) and concentration weighted-trajectory analysis suggest that sources of pollutants were local and regional transport from surrounding provinces and marine emissions. The average daily dose (adult: 8.20E-04, children: 2.37E-03) of pollutants and the carcinogenic risks (adult: 1.23E-02, children: 2.65E-02) were relatively greater for children than adults. This study demonstrates the utility of SEM to characterize indoor dust morphology while combining PMF, PSCF, and stable isotope methods in identifying indoor PCBs and OCPs sources and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
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Wu Y, Hu Q, Zeng X, Xu L, Liang Y, Yu Z. Co-occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in indoor dust from various microenvironments in Guangzhou, China: levels, sources, and potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57006-57016. [PMID: 36930318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the presence and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust have been extensively investigated while with limited attention to oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). In this study, we collected 45 indoor dust from four microenvironments in Guangzhou City, China, and then focused on the co-occurrence of 16 PAHs and 8 OPAHs and their potential carcinogenic risk to humans. The ΣPAHs concentrations, dominated by 4-6 ring PAHs, ranged from 1761 to 14,290 ng/g (mean of 6058 ng/g) without significant difference in the different microenvironments (Tukey, p > 0.05). The OPAHs were observed with concentrations from 250 to 5160 ng/g (mean of 1646 ng/g), and anthraquinone (AQ) was identified as the main OPAHs with significantly high levels in the residential environment than in instrumental rooms. Notably, AQ dominated over the other target analytes in dust in this study. Our results indicated that PAHs and OPAHs in indoor dust were from outdoor environments, which mainly originated from vehicular exhaust and biomass/coal combustion. A potential cancer risk of PAHs and OPAHs to local adults and children was observed via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, with the main contribution from benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wang X, Wang X, Qi J, Gong S, Wang C, Li L, Fan L, Liu H, Cao Y, Liu M, Han X, Su L, Yao X, Tysklind M, Wang X. Levels, distribution, sources and children health risk of PAHs in residential dust: A multi-city study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160760. [PMID: 36513232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical residential pollutants mainly from biofuel combustion that impose inevitable risk to children. The PAHs in residential dust is universal in most Chinese households with an obvious public health concern. METHODS In this observational study, a total of 235 residential dust samples from 8 Chinese cities (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, and Shenzhen) were collected from April 2018 to March 2019, which were extracted and analyzed for 16 priority PAHs by HPLC/FD-UV. Diagnostic ratios, hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were applied simultaneously for source apportionments. Incremental lifetime cancer risk was employed to estimate children's health risks based on the assumed exposure scenarios. Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Partial Least Squares were used to screen the factors affecting the concentration of PAHs in residential dust. RESULTS The median concentration of ∑16PAHs in residential dust from 8 cities was 44.11 μg/g (0.04 - 355.79 μg/g). ∑16PAHs were found both higher in dust samples in heating season and from downwind households only in Mianyang (p < 0.05). The leading two sources of PAHs were combustion processes and automobile exhaust emissions based on four principal components that accounted for 74.29 % of the total variance. Indoor air environmental factors, household characteristics, and residents' behavioral lifestyles may be the influencing factors of residential dust PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of children aged 0 - 5 years, under the moderate exposure level of PAHs in residential dust, exceeded the acceptable level (10-5 - 10-4 for dermal contact and 10-6 - 10-5 for ingestion). CONCLUSIONS There was serious PAHs pollution in residential dust under actual living conditions in eight cities across China. More evidence-based measures were needed to control PAHs pollution to safeguard children's health according to appointed sources and influencing factors in residential dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jing Qi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Shuhan Gong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Chong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Li Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lin Fan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xu Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Yao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M, Leung KMY. Spatial distribution, driving factors and health risks of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoors and outdoors in Hefei, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158148. [PMID: 35988617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter, especially in urban and industrial environments, can act as a source of different organic pollutants that can pose significant health impacts to residents. However, the pollution status and transport mechanisms of fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments are uncertain. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of fine particle-bound PAHs and analyze the factors (source contributions and backward trajectories) that influence their concentrations. The results showed that mean concentrations of 16 PAHs were higher in indoor dust as compared to outdoor dust. In addition, the lowest concentrations of the 16 PAHs were found on the 11-20th floor, with smoking households > nonsmoking households (except Nap, Acy, and Ace). The 2-3 ring PAHs were more prominent in households with cooking activities. The particle size distribution showed that most of the particles were <62 μm in diameter, indicating that the indoor particles were smaller in size. Furthermore, the range of δ13C values in the outdoor dust (-30.17 ~ -28.63 ‰) samples was significantly lower than in indoor dust (-28.29 ~ -22.53 ‰). The results based on diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and backward trajectory model analysis suggested that the sources of PAHs in indoor and outdoor dust were mixed, originated both locally and from neighboring provinces transported over long distances, especially concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta area. Finally, carcinogenic risk values for indoor dust were greater than those for outdoor dust. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments and industries with high PAH emissions should implement proper protocols to monitor and minimize the pollution levels of PAHs in the urban industrial environment in order to mitigate their health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Tian W, Guo P, Li H, Zhang G. Probability risk assessment of soil PAH contamination premised on industrial brownfield development: a case from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1559-1572. [PMID: 34355315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The harm of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to human health and the natural environment has become an indisputable fact. Compared with other pollutants, PAHs are more toxic at low environmental concentrations, especially in industrialized environments. This study investigated the concentration distribution of soil PAHs at a well-known industrial production site in China and applied the Monte Carlo simulation method to assess the risk of cancer caused by the excessive accidental intake of PAHs in brownfield development environments. The results showed that the PAH content of the soil at the study site exceeded the local soil quality background value to varying degrees, and the excess rate ranged from 0.72 to 22.3%. There are serious health risks of BaP at the site, which has a 95th health risk percentile value of 1.12E-04. Those for BbF, InP, and DBA range from 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-4, and potential health risks occur. Moreover, the exposure duration and average carcinogenic time were the most influential parameters. The study has revealed that exposure to brownfield soil contaminated with PAHs increases the health risks. This is a representative study on the occurrence and concentration of PAHs in industrial brownfields in China, which can be adopted as a basis and evidence for pollution risk assessment of brownfield development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ping Guo
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Aminiyan MM, Kalantzi OI, Etesami H, Khamoshi SE, Hajiali Begloo R, Aminiyan FM. Occurrence and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dust of an emerging industrial city in Iran: implications for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63359-63376. [PMID: 34231139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bounded to street dust are a severe environmental and human health danger. This study provides preliminary information on the abundance of PAHs in street dust from Rafsanjan city, Iran, where industrial emissions are high and data are lacking. Seventy street dust samples were collected from streets with different traffic loads. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Standard Methods 8270D and 3550C were used for the measurement of PAHs using GC mass spectroscopy. The total concentration of PAHs was 1443 ng g-1, with a range of 1380-1550 ng g-1. Additionally, the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs (∑carcPAHs) ranged from 729.5 to 889.4 ng g-1, with a mean value of 798.1 ng g-1. Pyrene was the most abundant PAH, with an average concentration of 257 ng g-1. Source identification analyses showed that vehicle emissions along with incomplete combustion and petroleum were the main sources of PAHs. The ecological risk status of the studied area was moderate. Spatial distribution mapping revealed that the streets around the city center and oil company had higher PAH levels than the other sectors of Rafsanjan. The results indicated that dermal contact and ingestion of contaminated particles were the most important pathways compared to inhalation. The mean incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was 1.4 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-3 for children and adults, respectively. This implies potentially adverse health effects in exposed individuals. The mutagenic risk for both subpopulations was approximately 18 times greater than the one recommended by USEPA. Our findings suggest that children are subjected to a higher carcinogenic and mutagenic risk of PAHs, especially dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), bounded to street dust of Rafsanjan. Our study highlights the need for the development of emission monitoring and control scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hassan Etesami
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Erfan Khamoshi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Hajiali Begloo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mirzaei Aminiyan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Vali-e-Asr Rafsanjan University, Rafsanjan, Iran
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9
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Godec R, Jakovljević I, Davila S, Šega K, Bešlić I, Rinkovec J, Pehnec G. Air pollution levels near crossroads with different traffic density and the estimation of health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3935-3952. [PMID: 33761036 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of traffic density on air pollutant levels as well as to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of particulate pollutants and their health risk. The following species related to traffic pollution were measured: PM10, elemental and organic carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10 and gas pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO). The measurements were carried out at four crossroad sites in the city. Samples of PM10 were collected over three periods (6 am to 2 pm, 2 pm to 10 pm and 10 pm to 6 am) on working days and weekends. Statistically significant differences were found between sampling sites for all pollutant concentrations, except for NO2. The highest mass concentrations of PM10, carbon and PAHs were observed in the south of the city with the highest traffic density. Concentrations of gasses (CO and NO2) showed high values in morning and in the late afternoon and evening (west and east). At all measuring sites, the highest concentration of particle-bound pollutants was mostly recorded during morning and afternoon, except at the south, where elevated PAHs concentrations were recorded during night period, which indicated that residential heating takes up a portion of pollution sources in this area. Although for most of the pollutants the concentrations varied during the day, statistically significant differences between sampling periods were not found. The highest health risk was obtained at the south, where it was scored as significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranka Godec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Silvije Davila
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Šega
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Bešlić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Rinkovec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Pehnec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Ambade B, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sahu LK. Temporal variability of atmospheric particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) over central east India: sources and carcinogenic risk assessment. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 15:115-130. [PMID: 34539931 PMCID: PMC8437740 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of significant interest owing to their high potential health effects, including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. We report 16 PAHs measured in ambient PM2.5 from June 2018 to May 2019 over three different sites located in central east India. The annual average PM2.5 mass concentrations of 97.3 ± 18.1 µg m-3, 101.9 ± 19.4 µg m-3, and 93.9 ± 20.3 µg m-3 were measured at RCI (Ranchi), GHY (Gamharia), and BKR (Bokaro), respectively. The mass concentrations at all sampling sites are relatively higher than the annual average concentration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Total annual PAH concentrations (ng m-3) are found to be comparable at BKR (797.9 ± 39.1 ng m-3) and RCI (887.7 ± 38.8 ng m-3); however, a relatively higher average is observed over GHY (1015.1 ± 42.7 ng m-3). Using PAH diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), their major sources were attributed to coal and wood combustion as well as vehicular emission of diesel and gasoline at all sampling sites. Significant seasonal variability is observed for PAH composition and mainly attributed to change in emission sources. Summer and winter compositions were found to be impacted by the transport from Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). However, ambient level PAHs during the post-monsoon season were impacted by mixed sources from Indo-Gangetic Plain and eastern India. These observations are supported by the analysis of back-trajectory and fire count data. The excess life time cancer risk (ELCR) values estimated for the study sites are within acceptable limits suggesting acceptable risk levels at BKR, GHY, and RCI. This study highlights the significance of ambient aerosol concentration for health risks in the pre-COVID-19 scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014 India
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004 India
| | - Lokesh K. Sahu
- Physical Research Laboratory, Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division, Ahmedabad, 380009 India
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Zhou L, Liu G, Shen M, Liu Y, Lam PKS. Characteristics of indoor dust in an industrial city: Comparison with outdoor dust and atmospheric particulates. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129952. [PMID: 33601210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable connection between indoor and outdoor environments. However, few studies have explored their intrinsic relationship until now. This study conducted morphologic observation, heavy metal monitoring and isotopes analysis in indoor and outdoor dust, as well as the atmospheric particulates in Hefei. Morphologic analysis demonstrated atmospheric particulates were affected by fly ash and construction, road dust mainly came from automobile exhaust and indoor dust particles were interfered by multiple sources, including the secondary reaction of fly ash. Chemical speciation analysis of heavy metals showed the exchange of heavy metals between atmospheric particulates and indoor dust was dominated by non-residual metals, while the exchange between road dust and indoor dust tended to rely on residual metals. The assessment results of heavy metals in particulates showed that indoor carcinogenic risks were greater than outdoor for children, however, for adults, outdoor carcinogenic risks were greater than indoor. Stable isotopes analysis indicated carbon in the dust outside buildings was derived from flying dust, and atmospheric particulates might derive from vehicle exhaust, or partly from natural gas. While sulfur in atmospheric particulates was derived mainly from coal combustion. The release from indoor activities, especially natural gas exhaust emitted from cooking had a certain impact on atmospheric particulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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12
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Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:199-210. [PMID: 33877536 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.
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Liu S, Zhan C, Zhang J, Liu H, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Guo J, Liu X, Xing X, Cao J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in railway stations dust of the mega traffic hub city, central China: Human health risk and relationship with black carbon. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111155. [PMID: 32846298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty dust samples collected from Wuchang and Wuhan Railway Stations, the biggest transport stations in the mega traffic hub city in Central China, were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to investigate the concentration, sources apportionment, and relationship with black carbon (BC) and assess the health risk. The results suggested that the concentrations of PAHs, BC and TOC in Wuhan Railway Station (WHRS) (PAHs = 5940 ± 1920 ng g-1, BC = 53.2 ± 23.1 mg g-1 and TOC = 80.7 ± 44.4) were twice higher than those in Wuchang Railway Station (WCRS) (PAHs = 2580 ± 1630 ng g-1, BC = 20.4 ± 14.3 mg g-1 and TOC = 33.9 ± 20.1 mg g-1). Moreover, the 3 - and 4 - rings PAHs were major PAHs in railway station dust. The composition pattern of PAHs in these railway station dusts had a common characteristic with HMW-PAHs contribution. The results of source identification revealed that different local development features and energy consumption of trains would influence the sources of PAHs and BC. PAHs and BC were most likely related to industrial activities in WHRS. Coal and biomass combustion may influence the PAHs components and BC distribution in WCRS. Moreover, BC had played an important role in retaining PAHs in urban railway stations. Especially in WHRS, BC would more likely to absorb the high molecular weight PAHs, such as 4 -ring (p<0.05), 5 -ring (p<0.05) and 6 -ring (p<0.05) PAHs; while BC just played limited roles in the binding of volatile and semi-volatile organic pollutants, such as 2 -ring and 3 -ring PAHs. With the coexistence of BC and PAHs, passengers would face significant potential health risks by exposure to toxic dust in railway stations, especially for children. The cancer risk in WHRS was almost twice higher than that in WCRS, and it would tend to be stable by a semi-confined structure in the platform area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China.
| | - Hongxia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Yulun Xiao
- Faculty of science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jianlin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xianli Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Hu J, Bao Y, Zhu Y, Osman R, Shen M, Zhang Z, Wang L, Cao S, Li L, Wu Q. The Preliminary Study on the Association Between PAHs and Air Pollutants and Microbiota Diversity. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:321-332. [PMID: 32897393 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and air pollutants and the diversity of microbiota. Daily average concentrations of six common air pollutants were obtained from China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. The PAHs exposure levels were evaluated by external and internal exposure detection methods, including monitoring atmospheric PAHs and urinary hydroxyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (OH-PAH) metabolite levels. We analyzed the diversity of environmental and commensal bacterial communities with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and performed functional enrichment with Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Correlation analysis and logistic regression modeling were conducted to evaluate the relationship of PAHs levels with air pollutants and microbial diversity. Correlation analysis found that the concentrations of atmospheric PAHs were significantly positively correlated with those of PM10, NO2, and SO2. There also was a positive correlation between the abundance of the genus Micrococcus (Actinobacteria) and high molecular weight PAHs, and Bacillus, such as genera and low molecular weight PAHs in the atmosphere. Logistic regression showed that the level of urinary 1-OHPyrene was associated with childhood asthma after sex and age adjustment. The level of urinary 1-OHPyrene was significantly positively correlated with that of PM2.5 and PM10. In addition, the level of 1-OHPyrene was positively correlated with oral Prevotella-7 abundance. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that PAHs exposure may disturb signaling pathways by the imbalance of commensal microbiota, such as purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolites, lipid metabolism, and one carbon pool by folate, which may contribute to public health issues. Our results confirmed that atmospheric PAHs and urinary 1-OHPyrene were correlated with part of six common air pollutants and indicated that PAHs pollution may alter both environmental and commensal microbiota communities associated with health-related problems. The potential health and environmental impacts of PAHs should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuling Bao
- Department of Respiratory, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ranagul Osman
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mengfan Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shuyuan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education and Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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