1
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Ahmed A, Rahman MS. Histological, biochemical and immunohistochemical assessments of Roundup®, atrazine, and 2,4-D mixtures on tissue architecture, body fluid conditions, nitrotyrosine protein and Na +/K +-ATPase expressions in the American oyster, Crassostera virginica. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109951. [PMID: 38844188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used to control weeds and pests in agricultural settings but harm non-target aquatic organisms. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the effect of short-term exposure (one week) to environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides mixture (low concentration: 0.4 μg/l atrazine, 0.5 μg/l Roundup®, and 0.5 μg/l 2,4-D; high concentration: 0.8 μg/l atrazine, 1 μg/l Roundup®, and 1 μg/l 2,4-D) on tissue architecture, body fluid conditions, and 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP) and Na+/K+-ATPase, expressions in tissues of American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) under controlled laboratory conditions. Histological analysis demonstrated the atrophy in the gills and digestive glands of oysters exposed to pesticides mixture. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining showed the number of hemocytes in connective tissue increased in low- and high-concentration pesticides exposure groups. However, pesticides treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the amount of mucous secretion in the gills and digestive glands of oysters. The extrapallial fluid (i.e., body fluid) protein concentrations and glucose levels were dropped significantly (P < 0.05) in oysters exposed to high-concentration pesticides exposure groups. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis showed significant upregulations of NTP and Na+/K+-ATPase expressions in the gills and digestive glands in pesticides exposure groups. Our results suggest that exposure to environmentally relevant pesticides mixture causes morphological changes in tissues and alters body fluid conditions and NTP and Na+/K+-ATPase expressions in tissues, which may lead to impaired physiological functions in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ahmed
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA; School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
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2
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Moreira RA, González MP, Dias MA, Ogura AP, Mena F, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, Blasco J, Parra G, Araújo CVM. Ecological consequences when organisms avoid a contaminated environment: A study evaluating the toxicity of fipronil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171480. [PMID: 38492607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The ability of aquatic organisms to sense the surrounding environment chemically and interpret these signals correctly is crucial to their survival and ecological niche. This study applied the Heterogenous Multi-Habitat Assay System - HeMHAS to evaluate the avoidance potential of Daphnia magna to detect fipronil-contaminated habitats in a connected landscape after a short (48 h), previous, forced exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of the same insecticide. The swimming of daphnids was also analyzed by recording the total distance covered. D. magna preferred areas with less contamination, although the effect of fipronil on their swimming ability (a decrease) was observed for all the concentrations tested. The application of non-forced multi-compartment exposure methodologies is a recent trend and is ecologically relevant as it is based on how contamination can really produce changes in an organism's habitat selection. Finally, we consider the importance of more non-forced exposure approaches where Stress Ecology can be aggregated to improve systemic understanding of the risk that contaminants pose to aquatic ecosystems from a broader landscape perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Moreira
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande 96203-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - María Pilar González
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Mariana A Dias
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Freylan Mena
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
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3
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Siqueira L, Varela ACC, Soares SM, Fortuna M, Freddo N, Nardi J, Barletto ÍP, Dos Santos ACM, Ariotti MS, Rutikoski GW, Andrade CM, Bertuol MZ, Zanella N, Barcellos LJG. Mixture of pesticides based on dimethylamine and imidacloprid affects locomotion of adult zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28827-28834. [PMID: 38587780 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Numerous chemical compounds are found in aquatic environments; among them are pesticides. Pesticides are widely used worldwide, and this use has progressively increased in recent decades, resulting in the accumulation of potentially toxic compounds in surface waters. Dimethylamine-based herbicides (DBH) and imidacloprid-based insecticides (IBI) have low soil absorption and high water solubility, facilitating the arrival of these compounds in aquatic environments. In this study, our objective was to analyze whether two pesticides, DBH and IBI at environmentally relevant concentrations of 320 μg/L for each compound, and their mixtures impact the behavioral and endocrine parameters of adult zebrafish, verifying the effect of pesticides on exploratory behavior and social and analyzing hormonal parameters related to stress. Acute exposure to the mixture of pesticides reduced fish locomotion. Pesticides alone and in combination did not affect cortisol levels in exposed animals. Pesticides, when tested together, can cause different effects on non-target organisms, and the evaluation of mixtures of these compounds is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carolina Cole Varela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Suelen Mendonça Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Milena Fortuna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil
| | - Natália Freddo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Nardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ísis Piasson Barletto
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maíra Souza Ariotti
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Mazutti Andrade
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Milena Zanoello Bertuol
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Noeli Zanella
- Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, , Brazil.
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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4
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Gebara RC, Abreu CBD, Rocha GS, Mansano ADS, Assis M, Moreira AJ, Santos MA, Pereira TM, Virtuoso LS, Melão MDGG, Longo E. Effects of ZnWO 4 nanoparticles on growth, photosynthesis, and biochemical parameters of the green microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141590. [PMID: 38460844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have applications in many sectors in the society. ZnWO4 nanoparticles (ZnWO4-NPs) have potential in the fabrication of sensors, lasers, and batteries, and in environmental remediation. Thus, these NPs may reach aquatic ecosystems. However, we still do not know their effects on aquatic biota and, to our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the toxicity of ZnWO4-NPs in a eukaryotic organism. We evaluated the toxicity of ZnWO4-NPs on the green microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata for 96 h, in terms of growth, cell parameters, photosynthesis, and biochemical analysis. Results show that most of Zn was presented in its particulate form, with low amounts of Zn2+, resulting in toxicity at higher levels. The growth was affected from 8.4 mg L-1, with 96h-IC50 of 23.34 mg L-1. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) content increased at 30.2 mg L-1, while the fluorescence of Chl a (FL3-H) decreased at 15.2 mg L-1. We observed increased ROS levels at 44.4 mg L-1. Regarding photosynthesis, the NPs affected the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) and the efficiency of the photosystem II at 22.9 mg L-1. At 44.4 mg L-1 the qP decreased, indicating closure of reaction centers, probably affecting carbon assimilation, which explains the decay of carbohydrates. There was a decrease of qN (non-regulated energy dissipation, not used in photosynthesis), NPQ (regulated energy dissipation) and Y(NPQ) (regulated energy dissipation via heat), indicating damage to the photoprotection system; and an increase in Y(NO), which is the non-regulated energy dissipation via heat and fluorescence. The results showed that ZnWO4-NPs can affect the growth and physiological and biochemical parameters of the chlorophycean R. subcapitata. Microalgae are the base of aquatic food chains, the toxicity of emerging contaminants on microalgae can affect entire ecosystems. Therefore, our study can provide some help for better protection of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cínthia Bruno de Abreu
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Química, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Hydrobiology (DHb), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Assis
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, University Jaume I (UJI), Castelló, Spain
| | - Ailton José Moreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thalles Maranesi Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sindra Virtuoso
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, 37130-000, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology (DHb), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Elson Longo
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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5
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Machado MD, Soares EV. Features of the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata: physiology and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:219. [PMID: 38372796 PMCID: PMC10876740 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata was isolated from the Nitelva River (Norway) and subsequently deposited in the collection of the Norwegian Institute of Water Research as "Selenastrum capricornutum Printz". This freshwater microalga, also known as Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, acquired much of its notoriety due to its high sensitivity to different chemical species, which makes it recommended by different international organizations for the assessment of ecotoxicity. However, outside this scope, R. subcapitata continues to be little explored. This review aims to shed light on a microalga that, despite its popularity, continues to be an "illustrious" unknown in many ways. Therefore, R. subcapitata taxonomy, phylogeny, shape, size/biovolume, cell ultra-structure, and reproduction are reviewed. The nutritional and cultural conditions, chronological aging, and maintenance and preservation of the alga are summarized and critically discussed. Applications of R. subcapitata, such as its use in aquatic toxicology (ecotoxicity assessment and elucidation of adverse toxic outcome pathways) are presented. Furthermore, the latest advances in the use of this alga in biotechnology, namely in the bioremediation of effluents and the production of value-added biomolecules and biofuels, are highlighted. To end, a perspective regarding the future exploitation of R. subcapitata potentialities, in a modern concept of biorefinery, is outlined. KEY POINTS: • An overview of alga phylogeny and physiology is critically reviewed. • Advances in alga nutrition, cultural conditions, and chronological aging are presented. • Its use in aquatic toxicology and biotechnology is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory - CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory - CIETI, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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6
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Dos Reis LL, de Abreu CB, Gebara RC, Rocha GS, Longo E, Mansano ADS, Melão MDGG. Isolated and combined effects of cobalt and nickel on the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:104-118. [PMID: 38236330 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are exposed to several compounds that occur in mixtures in the environment. Thus, it is important to investigate their impacts on organisms because these combined effects can be potentiated. Cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) are metals that occur in the environment and are used in human activities. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that investigated the combined effects of these metals on a freshwater Chlorophyceae. Therefore, this study analyzed the isolated and combined effects of Co and Ni in cell density, physiological and morphological parameters, reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbohydrates and photosynthetic parameters of the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Data showed that Co affected the cell density from 0.25 mg Co L-1; the fluorescence of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (0.10 mg Co L-1); ROS production (0.50 mg Co L-1), total carbohydrates and efficiency of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) at all tested concentrations; and the maximum quantum yield (ΦM) from 0.50 mg Co L-1. Ni exposure decreased ROS and cell density (0.35 mg Ni L-1); altered Chl a fluorescence and carbohydrates at all tested concentrations; and did not alter photosynthetic parameters. Regarding the Co-Ni mixtures, our data best fitted the concentration addition (CA) model and dose-ratio dependent (DR) deviation in which synergism was observed at low doses of Co and high doses of Ni and antagonism occurred at high doses of Co and low doses of Ni. The combined metals affected ROS production, carbohydrates, ΦM, OEC and morphological and physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Luiza Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cínthia Bruno de Abreu
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Química, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Elson Longo
- Center for the Development of Functional Materials (CDMF), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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7
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Veloso Goulart B, De Caroli Vizioli B, Junio da Silva Pinto T, Silberschmidt Freitas J, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFDP, Pretti Ogura A, Henry TB, Gaeta Espindola EL, Montagner CC. Fate and toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil in mesocosm systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140569. [PMID: 37918533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4-D and fipronil are among Brazil's most used pesticides. The presence of these substances in surface waters is a concern for the aquatic ecosystem health. Thus, understanding the behavior of these substances under environmentally relevant conditions is essential for an effective risk assessment. This study aimed to determine the degradation profiles of 2,4-D and fipronil after controlled application in aquatic mesocosm systems under influencing factors such as environmental aspects and vinasse application, evaluate pesticide dissipation at the water-sediment interface, and perform an environmental risk assessment in water and sediment compartments. Mesocosm systems were divided into six different treatments, namely: control (C), vinasse application (V), 2,4-D application (D), fipronil application (F), mixture of 2,4-D and fipronil application (M), and mixture of 2,4-D and fipronil with vinasse application (MV). Pesticide application was performed according to typical Brazilian sugarcane management procedures, and the experimental systems were monitored for 150 days. Pesticide dissipation kinetics was modeled using first-order reaction models. The estimated half-life times of 2,4-D were 18.2 days for individual application, 50.2 days for combined application, and 9.6 days for combined application with vinasse. For fipronil, the respective half-life times were 11.7, 13.8, and 24.5 days. The dynamics of pesticides in surface waters resulted in the deposition of these compounds in the sediment. Also, fipronil transformation products fipronil-sulfide and fipronil-sulfone were quantified in water 21 days after pesticide application. Finally, performed risk assessments showed significant potential risk to environmental health, with RQ values for 2,4-D up to 1359 in freshwater and 98 in sediment, and RQ values for fipronil up to 22,078 in freshwater and 2582 in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Beatriz De Caroli Vizioli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Theodore Burdick Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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8
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Gallo NC, Lopes LFP, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, Moreira RA. Toxicity of fipronil and 2,4-D pesticides in Daphnia similis: a multiple endpoint approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63479-63490. [PMID: 37052836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, among the pesticides widely applied simultaneously in sugarcane monocultures are the Regent® 800 WG insecticide (active ingredient (a.i.) fipronil) and the DMA® 806 BR herbicide (a.i. 2,4-D). Thus, this study aimed to investigate, through different endpoints, the effects of the fipronil and 2,4-D pesticides, isolated and as mixtures, on the cladoceran Daphnia similis. To do this, acute toxicity tests were carried out with the compounds acting in isolation and in mixture, where the survival of the organisms was evaluated, and chronic toxicity tests with the isolated compounds, where reproduction and maternal and neonatal body length were evaluated. In this study, the physiological endpoints of D. similis were also analyzed, through the analysis of feeding rates (filtration and ingestion) in exposure and post-exposure scenarios, in order to verify the cladoceran food recovery capacity. In addition, D. similis data were compared with other species when exposed to the studied pesticides, using species sensitivity distribution curves. Acute toxicity tests of the fipronil and 2,4-D showed an average EC50-48 h of 66.68 μg a.i./L and 327.07 mg a.i./L, respectively. In both cases, D. similis showed lower sensitivity compared to other species. For the mixture test, the evaluation by the IA model (independent action) and deviation DR (dose ratio dependent) indicated the occurrence of mostly antagonistic effects. The chronic test with fipronil showed a decrease in the fecundity of the organism at a concentration of 16 μg a.i./L, a concentration already found in aquatic environments. For 2,4-D, no significant differences were observed for reproduction at the concentrations tested. Regarding the maternal body length, there were no significant changes when D. similis were exposed to both fipronil and 2,4-D, but these differences were observed in the body length of the neonates only for 2,4-D. There were no significant changes in the feeding rates of the organisms when exposed to both pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Gallo
- NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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9
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Ogura AP, Lima JZ, Silva LCMD, Dias MA, Rodrigues VGS, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. Phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil mixtures to three green manure species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:262-272. [PMID: 36799483 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2178789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane expansion has been associated with soil contamination by agrochemicals. Pesticides can affect plant growth, and their mixture might have potentiated effects on exposed species. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of fipronil on the phytotoxicity of 2,4-D on three green manure plant species: Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, and Lupinus albus. Plants were exposed (for 21 days, at 25 °C) to a control soil and five concentrations of each pesticide and their combinations (36 treatments, considering a full-factorial approach). Effect concentrations of 50% growth inhibition (EC50) were estimated. No phytotoxicity effects were identified when plants were exposed to different fipronil concentrations (up to 0.12 mg kg-1). All species exposed to 2,4-D showed a decrease in shoot and root length and fresh/dry biomass. L. albus and D. lablab roots showed the highest sensitivity when exposed to 2,4-D among the endpoints (EC50 = 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg-1, respectively), while C. ensiformis roots were the most tolerant (EC50 = 0.98 mg kg-1). However, the interference of fipronil on the toxicity of 2,4-D was not detected in different mixture proportions, indicating no interaction between pesticides. Residues of 2,4-D might also impair other crops' growth, compromise productivity, and limit phytotechnologies for soil recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Zanin Lima
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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10
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Gebara RC, Alho LDOG, Mansano ADS, Rocha GS, Melão MDGG. Single and combined effects of Zn and Al on photosystem II of the green microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata assessed by pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106369. [PMID: 36502662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing metal concentrations in aquatic environments are mainly due to anthropogenic actions, which is a matter of concern for the biodiversity of aquatic biota. It is known that metals coexist in environments, however environmental risk assessments do not usually take into account the effects of these mixtures. We aimed to test Zn and Al mixtures on the photosynthetic apparatus of a green microalga, for the first time, using PAM fluorometry. After 72 h exposure, single concentrations from 0.08 to 0.46 µM Zn and 22.24 to 37.06 µM Al affected the photosynthetic parameters of Raphidocelis subcapitata. Metals affected the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex - OEC (F0/Fv), increasing it by 25% at 0.46 µM Zn and by 82% at 37.06 µM Al - concentrations where, 57% and 78% of growth inhibition occurred, respectively. We observed that the algal growth was more sensitive to infer Zn toxicity, while F0/Fv was more affected by Al. Regarding quenching, there was an increase in passive energy dissipation ((Y(NO)) at 0.46 µM Zn, and we observed an increase in both regulated ((NPQ and Y(NPQ)) and non-regulated energy dissipation ((qN and (Y(NO)) at 37.06 µM Al. Our results showed synergism and antagonism at different concentrations in mixtures, the antagonism prevailing at higher metal concentrations and, in some cases, synergism at lower concentrations of Zn and Al. Since we observe more than additive and less than additive effects, it is of the utmost importance to take mixture toxicity tests into account when performing risk assessments on green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar). Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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11
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Moreira RA, Cordero-de-Castro A, Polo-Castellano C, Pinto TJS, Dias MA, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, Araújo CVM, Blasco J. Avoidance responses by Danio rerio reveal interactive effects of warming, pesticides and their mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157525. [PMID: 35872193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature variations and thermal extremes events caused by climate change can have profound implications for the toxicity of pesticides in aquatic organisms. Using an innovative system (Heterogeneous Multi-Habitat Test System - HeMHAS) that allows the simulation of different scenarios within a spatially heterogeneous landscape, the effects on the habitat selection of Danio rerio fish caused by the pesticides fipronil and 2,4-D were studied as single compounds and in mixture and integrated with air temperature variation (20, 24 and 28 °C). As a result, D. rerio detected and avoided both pesticides at air temperatures of 20 and 24 °C; however, at 28 °C no significant difference was observed in habitat choice by fish. Additionally, when pesticides were mixed in a heterogeneously contaminated landscape, it was observed that D. rerio detected contamination and preferred the clean zone at 20 and 24 °C; however, at 28 °C the potential to escape from the most contaminated areas was impaired. Thus, contamination by both pesticides made the habitat selection behavior of fish at 20 and 24 °C more noticeable. In addition, the association between pesticides and temperature showed negative effects on the response of fish to detect and escape from contaminated environments, suggesting the influence of temperature in altering the ability of the organism to provide an efficient response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Cordero-de-Castro
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Curro Polo-Castellano
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Dias
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
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12
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Santos VS, Anjos JSX, de Medeiros JF, Montagner CC. Impact of agricultural runoff and domestic sewage discharge on the spatial-temporal occurrence of emerging contaminants in an urban stream in São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:637. [PMID: 35922699 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ribeirão das Pedras, a 10-km-long stream from the source to mouth, is part of a predominantly urban catchment located in Campinas metropolitan area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and it is also surrounded by sugarcane farms. Monthly sampling of 31 selected emerging contaminants (ECs) was conducted for 1 year (October 2018 to October 2019) in five points, including the spring, agricultural, and urban areas, to assess the dynamics and impact of ECs on the stream. The ECs were quantified using LC-MS/MS analysis. Out of the 31 ECs monitored in this study, 13 were detected in the Ribeirão das Pedras catchment, which were mainly pesticides and caffeine. Eight ECs (hexazinone, malathion, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), fipronil, ametryn, 2-hidroxyatrazine, and diuron) were detected with risk quotients higher than 1, indicating some level of environmental concern. Statistical analyses showed that caffeine, hexazinone, atrazine, DEA, and DIA were the most statistically important contaminants in temporal analysis, with caffeine concentrations varying randomly. Hexazinone, atrazine, DIA, and DEA concentrations increased from November 2018 to January 2019, and atrazine, hexazinone, and DEA concentrations increased from June 2019 to September 2019. Spatial analysis indicates that the spring of Ribeirão das Pedras is the only statistically different sampling point, with lower concentrations of EC. Points 3 and 5, both located in urban areas next to the stream's mouth, differ from each other due to the possible dilution of caffeine downstream of point 3 and domestic sewage discharge upstream of point 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, CP, 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana S X Anjos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, CP, 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssyca F de Medeiros
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, CP, 6154, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, CP, 6154, 13083-970, Brazil.
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13
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Ou Y, Yan Z, Shi G, Yu Z, Cai Y, Ma R. Enantioselective toxicity, degradation and transformation of the chiral insecticide fipronil in two algae culture. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 235:113424. [PMID: 35313125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pesticides and their metabolites in the environment can alter the ecological relationships between aquatic food chains. Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide which release in the environment may harm the non-target organisms. However, the toxicity and biotransformation of its two enantiomers are far from fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the aquatic toxicity and environmental behavior of fipronil at enantiomeric level using two freshwater algae, Scenedesmus quaclricauda (S. quaclricauda), and Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) through an integrative approach the transformation process of the individual enantiomer isolated and in racemic form. The 72 h-EC50 values of rac-, R-, S-fipronil varied from 3.27 to 7.24 mg L-1 with R-fipronil posing a more significant effect on algal growth inhibition. Chlorophyll a was more susceptible to fipronil exposure than chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Enantioselective alterations on physiological and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and the activities of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were also observed. The half-lives (T1/2) of R-fipronil and S-fipronil in algae culture were 3.4-3.5 d and 4.0-4.9 d, respectively. By the end of the 17-d exposure, the enantiomer fractions (EFs) increased to 0.59, indicating a preferential depuration of R-fipronil. The metabolites monitoring showed the fipronil sulfide was the main metabolite followed by fipronil sulfone. The results revealed that the enantiomers of fipronil pose enantiospecific behaviors induced by these two algae, with the R-enantiomer more toxic to algal growth and favorable in degradation. These analyses are beneficial for understanding the ecological effect of chiral pesticide in aquatic environment, and the enantiomeric differences of the toxicity, degradation and the formation of toxic metabolites could be helpful for the eco-environmental risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Ou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China.
| | - Guofeng Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ziling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yixiang Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
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14
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Ogura AP, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Negro GS, Freitas JS, da Silva Pinto TJ, Lopes LFDP, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. Irrigation with Water Contaminated by Sugarcane Pesticides and Vinasse Can Inhibit Seed Germination and Crops Initial Growth. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:330-340. [PMID: 35138446 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops are dependent on chemicals for maintaining plantations. Therefore, environmental consequences concern adjacent areas that can be affected by contaminants in common use, including pesticides and vinasse (i.e., a by-product from the ethanol industry). This study aimed to evaluate phytotoxicity through two plant bioassays with water from mesocosms contaminated with the herbicide 2,4-D (447.0 μg L-1), the insecticide fipronil (63.5 μg L-1), and sugarcane vinasse (1.3%). First, the germination test (4 d) with Eruca sativa L. assessed water samples collected three times after the contamination (2 h, 14 d, and 30 d), considering germination, shoot, and root growth. The results from this bioassay indicated higher phytotoxicity for 2,4-D as it fully inhibited the shoot and root growth even in low concentrations (0.2 μg L-1). However, no significant effect was reported for fipronil and vinasse. Also, the 2,4-D effects drastically decreased due to an expressive concentration reduction (99.4% after 30 d in mixture with vinasse). Second, the irrigation test with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays L. considered shoot and root growth and biomass under 21 days after plants emergence. The herbicide 2,4-D inhibited the initial growth of tested species, especially the roots (up to 45% inhibition). Furthermore, sugarcane vinasse caused harmful effects on plant growth (up to 31% inhibition). Therefore, our data showed that these contaminants could inhibit plant germination and initial growth under our tested conditions. These evaluations can endorse risk assessments and water management in sugarcane crops surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Giovana Spinelli Negro
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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15
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Dos Reis LL, Alho LDOG, de Abreu CB, Gebara RC, Mansano ADS, Melão MDGG. Effects of cadmium and cobalt mixtures on growth and photosynthesis of Raphidocelis subcapitata (Chlorophyceae). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 244:106077. [PMID: 35091369 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metals occur simultaneously in the environment, and therefore it is important to know their toxicity and mechanism of action when associated with another metal. Furthermore, anthropogenic actions increase their concentrations in the environment where they can interact and undergo transformations that can even increase their toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co), isolated and combined, on the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Regarding the toxicity of isolated metals, the IC5096 h was 0.08 mg L-1 of Cd and 0.16 mg L-1 of Co. Cell density decreased at all concentrations of the Cd tested. The parameters related to cell size, cell complexity and mean cell chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence were significantly affected by both metals. According to species sensitivity curves (SSD), the microalgae R. subcapitata was the second most sensitive organism to Co exposure and the tenth concerning Cd. Metal mixture data were best fitted to the concentration addition (CA) model and dose-ratio dependence (DR) deviation, showing synergism at high concentrations of Co and low concentrations of Cd. Besides that, antagonism was observed at low concentrations of Co and high concentrations of Cd. Photosynthetic performance, assessed by maximum quantum yield (ΦM) and oxygen evolving complex (OEC), presented antagonism effects for both analyzed parameters. Thus, the mixture of Cd and Co showed synergistic and antagonistic interactions for the parameters analyzed in R. Subcapitata, indicating the importance of understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of metal mixtures in phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Luiza Dos Reis
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565- 905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lays de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565- 905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cínthia Bruno de Abreu
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565- 905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Castelhano Gebara
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565- 905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565- 905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria da Graça Gama Melão
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Department of Hydrobiology, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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16
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Freitas IBF, Ogura AP, Cunha DGF, Cossolin AS, Ferreira MDS, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. The Longitudinal Profile of a Stream Contaminated With 2,4-D and its Effects on Non-Target Species. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:131-141. [PMID: 34797381 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can cause harmful effects to aquatic communities, even at concentrations below the threshold limit established as guidelines for the water bodies by environmental agencies. In this research, an input of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (i.e., 2,4-D) was simulated under controlled conditions in a 500-m-long reach of a first-order tropical stream in Southeastern Brazil. Two water samplings at eight stations investigated the stream longitudinal contamination profile. The ecotoxicological effects were analyzed using Eruca sativa L. seed germination assays and the acute and chronic toxicity tests with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Physicochemical parameters of water quality were evaluated to characterize the study area and quantify 2,4-D concentrations along the stream to assess pesticide retention. The 2,4-D concentration was reduced by approximately 50% downstream in the samplings, indicating that the herbicide was retained along the stream. Moreover, C. silvestrii reproduction in long-term assays decreased approximately 50% in the stations with higher concentrations of 2,4-D than the laboratory control. After contamination, E. sativa L. showed a lower average root growth (1.0 cm), statistically different from the control (2.2 cm). On the other hand, similar growth values were obtained among the background and the most downstream stations. Our study highlighted the relevance of reviewing and updating herbicide guidelines and criteria to prevent possible ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Baima Ferreira Freitas
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Cossolin
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Lopes LFP, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Freitas JS, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Schiesari L, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of pesticides and vinasse used in sugarcane cultivation to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:106017. [PMID: 34773901 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the growing use of agrochemicals in Brazil, there is also a growing need for more realistic toxicity assessments that aid in understanding the potential risks of environmental-realistic agrochemical (mixture) exposures in the natural ecosystems. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental realistic (single and mixture) concentrations of the pesticides DMA® 806 BR (active ingredient - a.i. 2,4-D) and Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil) and sugarcane vinasse to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This evaluation was carried out through lethal (survival), sublethal (reproduction and intrinsic rates of population increase - r) and post-exposure (feeding rate and also reproduction) tests conducted in situ and with water from mesocosms contaminated with the recommended doses of these compounds. The results showed high acute toxicity for treatments containing fipronil and vinasse when acting in isolation, with survival rates only returning to control values on the last sampling day (75 days post application). Reproduction of surviving cladocerans was reduced in all treatments until the end of the experiment and were potentiated effect in the mixture of the three test compounds. The intrinsic rates of population increase were reduced in all treatments except the single 2,4-D treatment. Post-exposure feeding rate and reproduction, however, were not impaired under the conditions analyzed. The results show the high toxicity of recommended doses of fipronil and vinasse (and especially their mixture) and the importance of evaluating the risks of agrochemical mixtures at environmental-realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marina R Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane S Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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da Silva Pinto TJ, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Fraga PD, da Silva Rolim VL, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Toxicity of fipronil and 2,4-D formulations (alone and in a mixture) to the tropical amphipod Hyalella meinerti. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38308-38321. [PMID: 33733415 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conventional farming uses a large volume of pesticides that may reach aquatic ecosystems. This is also the case for the insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D, which are widely used in many crops. This study aimed at evaluating the individual and mixture toxicity of these pesticides to the tropical amphipod Hyalella meinerti. To this end, acute toxicity tests (96 h) were conducted. Chronic bioassays (10 days) were also carried out, in which the body length and dry biomass were evaluated as endpoints. In addition, a complete factorial mixture chronic toxicity test was carried out. H. meinerti was sensitive to fipronil in the acute toxicity tests, with a LC50-96-h of 0.86 μg L-1 (95% CI 0.26-0.46), and no acute effects were observed after 2,4-D exposure even at the highest test concentration of 100 mg L-1. In the chronic toxicity tests, all tested concentrations of both pesticides decreased the growth of H. meinerti, in which losses on biomass reached 45% and 65% for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. The pesticide mixture indicated antagonism although it still significantly decreased the body growth. The results obtained indicate a high sensitivity of H. meinerti exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations, demonstrating that there are risks for the species in real field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscille Dreux Fraga
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Victor Luiz da Silva Rolim
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
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Rocha GS, Parrish CC, Espíndola EL. Effects of copper on photosynthetic and physiological parameters of a freshwater microalga (Chlorophyceae). ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pinto TJDS, Moreira RA, Silva LCMD, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Fraga PD, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Impact of 2,4-D and fipronil on the tropical midge Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111778. [PMID: 33338803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of pesticides in conventional agriculture implies potential risks to the environment. In aquatic ecosystems, benthic organisms may be exposed to pesticides via contaminated water and sediment, leading to several potential cascading effects on the food web. The aim of this study was to assess the functional implications of environmental realistic concentrations of the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecticide fipronil (alone and in combination) to the native tropical chironomid Chironomus sancticaroli. These two pesticides are widely applied to different crops and have frequently been detected (together) in surface water bodies in Brazil and elsewhere. Commercial products containing fipronil (Regent® 800WG) and 2,4-D (DMA® 806BR) were evaluated in 8-day toxicity tests for their effects on larval survival, growth (body length and biomass), head capsule width, development, and mentum deformities. Fipronil decreased the larval survival at the highest test concentration and the effective concentrations (EC) after eight days of exposure were: EC10 = 0.48 µg L-1 (0.395-0.565), EC20 = 1.06 µg L-1 (0.607-1.513), and EC50 = 3.70 µg L-1 (1.664-5.736). All sublethal test concentrations of fipronil decreased the larval growth, causing reductions in biomass up to 72%. The two highest test concentrations of fipronil decreased the head capsule width and after exposure to 3.7 µg fipronil L-1, only half of the larvae reached the fourth instar. The incidence of deformities was increased by fipronil in a concentration dependent manner with an increase ranging from 23% to 75%. The highest test concentration of 2.4-D (426 µg L-1) decreased the head capsule width, but larval development was unaffected at all concentrations evaluated. In the mixture tests, antagonism was observed at lower fipronil concentrations and synergism at higher fipronil concentrations for growth. The incidence of deformities rose with increasing fipronil concentrations. The results showed that environmental realistic concentrations of fipronil may have serious ecological implications for C. sancticaroli populations and that a mixture with the herbicide 2,4-D can have synergistic effects, potentiating the risks to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscille Dreux Fraga
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
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