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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Lopes LFP, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Freitas JS, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Schiesari L, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of pesticides and vinasse used in sugarcane cultivation to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 241:106017. [PMID: 34773901 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the growing use of agrochemicals in Brazil, there is also a growing need for more realistic toxicity assessments that aid in understanding the potential risks of environmental-realistic agrochemical (mixture) exposures in the natural ecosystems. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental realistic (single and mixture) concentrations of the pesticides DMA® 806 BR (active ingredient - a.i. 2,4-D) and Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil) and sugarcane vinasse to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This evaluation was carried out through lethal (survival), sublethal (reproduction and intrinsic rates of population increase - r) and post-exposure (feeding rate and also reproduction) tests conducted in situ and with water from mesocosms contaminated with the recommended doses of these compounds. The results showed high acute toxicity for treatments containing fipronil and vinasse when acting in isolation, with survival rates only returning to control values on the last sampling day (75 days post application). Reproduction of surviving cladocerans was reduced in all treatments until the end of the experiment and were potentiated effect in the mixture of the three test compounds. The intrinsic rates of population increase were reduced in all treatments except the single 2,4-D treatment. Post-exposure feeding rate and reproduction, however, were not impaired under the conditions analyzed. The results show the high toxicity of recommended doses of fipronil and vinasse (and especially their mixture) and the importance of evaluating the risks of agrochemical mixtures at environmental-realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marina R Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane S Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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Portruneli N, Bonansea RI, Valdés ME, da Silva LCM, Viana NP, Goulart BV, Souza IDC, Espíndola ELG, Montagner CC, Wunderlin DA, Fernandes MN. Whole-body bioconcentration and biochemical and morphological responses of gills of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or fipronil individually or in a mixture. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 240:105987. [PMID: 34644674 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and the insecticide fipronil have been used widely in agriculture and detected in aquatic ecosystems, where they threaten wildlife. This study evaluated the whole-body bioconcentration and the biochemical and morphological changes in the gills of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed for 96 h to 2,4-D or fipronil as single compounds or as a mixture (2,4-D + fipronil). Fish exposed to either compound alone bioconcentrated 2,4-D (77 ± 23 ng g - 1 fish dry mass) and fipronil (789 ± 178 ng g - 1 fish dry mass). Fish exposed to 2,4-D + fipronil bioconcentrated fipronil (683 ± 73 ng g - 1 fish dry mass) but not 2,4-D. In the gills, catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level increased after exposure to 2,4-D. GST activity increased after exposure to fipronil. Conversely, no changes occurred in CAT and GST activities and LPO upon exposure to 2,4-D + fipronil. Histopathological changes such as hyperplasia, cellular hypertrophy, epithelial lifting, and vascular congestion were frequent in the gills of fish exposed to 2,4-D or fipronil individually or 2,4-D + fipronil. The mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) density increased on gill surface in fish exposed to fipronil or 2,4-D + fipronil. Only exposure to 2,4-D alone induced oxidative stress in the gills. Most morphological changes showed defense responses against the pesticides; however, hypertrophy and the change in MRC indicated compensatory responses to maintain the gill osmoregulatory function. The 2,4-D + fipronil mixture showed antagonistic interaction, except for the MRC fractional area at gill surface, which showed synergistic interaction. This is the first report showing antagonistic interaction of 2,4-D and fipronil in the gills after exposing fish to the mixture of both pesticides. The biochemical and morphological changes in gills endanger the gill functions, a phenomenon that implies an energy cost for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Portruneli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Rocío Inés Bonansea
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET e Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Eugenia Valdés
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET e Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Natália Prudêncio Viana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Iara da Costa Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniel Alberto Wunderlin
- ICYTAC: Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET e Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFP, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:1462-1475. [PMID: 32860623 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane and the world's top pesticide market. Therefore, environmental consequences are of concern. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations largely used in sugarcane crops: the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil), isolated and in mixture, to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Toxicity tests with the individual formulated products indicated 48h-EC50 values of 169 ± 18 mg a.i./L for 2,4-D and 3.9 ± 0.50 µg a.i./L for fipronil. In the chronic tests, the 8d-EC50 values for reproduction were 55 mg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 50/60 mg a.i./L) and 1.6 µg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 0.40/0.80 µg a.i./L) for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. A significant decrease in reproduction of C. silvestrii in all concentrations tested of fipronil, except at the lowest, was observed. Regarding 2,4-D, the organisms had total inhibition of reproduction in the two highest concentrations. Probably your energy reallocation was focused (trade-off) only on its survival. The acute pesticide mixture toxicity (immobility) revealed a dose level dependent deviation with antagonism at low and synergism at high concentrations. For chronic mixture (reproduction) toxicity, antagonism occurred as a result of the interaction of the pesticides. Based on our results and concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, fipronil represents ecological risks for causing direct toxic effects on C. silvestrii. These results are worrisome given that agricultural production is likely to increase in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
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