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Wang Y, Nie D, Shao K, Zhang S, Wang Q, Han Z, Chen L. Mechanistic insights into the parental co-exposure of T-2 toxin and epoxiconazole on the F1 generation of zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142388. [PMID: 38777202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides frequently coexist in agricultural commodities on a global scale. The potential transgenerational consequences induced by these substances pose a significant threat to human health. However, there is a lack of data concerning the effects of co-contamination by these chemicals in the F1 generation following parental exposure. This investigation delved into the mixture effects of T-2 toxin (T-2) and epoxiconazole (EPO) on the offspring of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The findings revealed that exposure across generations to a combination of T-2 and EPO resulted in toxicity in the larvae of the F1 generation. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in the levels or activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), thyroxine (T4), Caspase3, and cas9, along with a decrease in the levels of cyp19a, ERα, and ERβ. These outcomes suggested that cross-generational exposure to T-2 and EPO in D. rerio disrupted oxidative balance, induced cell apoptosis, and affected the endocrine system. Moreover, these effects were magnified when the F1 generation was continuously exposed to these compounds. Notably, these adverse effects could persist in subsequent generations without additional exposure. This study underscored the potential dangers associated with the simultaneous presence of T-2 and EPO on the development of fish offspring and the resulting environmental hazards to aquatic ecosystems. These findings emphasized the significant health risks posed by cross-generational exposure and highlighted the need for additional legislative measures to address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Kan Shao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Liezhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Wang L, Li F, Meng L, Wang K, Li W, Fan F, Zhang X, Jiang X, Mu W, Pang X. Assessment of the Dissipation Behaviors, Residues, and Dietary Risk of Oxine-Copper in Cucumber and Watermelon by UPLC-MS/MS. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29471-29477. [PMID: 39005790 PMCID: PMC11238219 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
During production, agricultural products are often susceptible to potential harm caused by residual traces of pesticides. Oxine-copper is a broad spectrum and efficient protective fungicide widely used in the production of fruits and vegetables. The present study was carried out to profile the dissipation behaviors and residues of oxine-copper on cucumber and watermelon using QuEChERS pretreatment and UPLC-MS/MS. Its storage stability and dietary risk assessment were also estimated. The method validation displayed good linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.9980), sensitivity (limits of quantification ≤0.01 mg/kg), and recoveries (75.5-95.8%) with relative standard deviations of 2.27-8.26%. According to first-order kinetics, the half-lives of oxine-copper in cucumber and watermelon were 1.77-2.11 and 3.57-4.68 d, respectively. The terminal residues of oxine-copper in cucumber and watermelon samples were within <0.01-0.264 and <0.01-0.0641 mg/kg, respectively. Based on dietary risk assessment, the estimated long-term dietary risk probability value of oxine-copper in cucumber and watermelon is 64.11%, indicating that long-term consumption of cucumber and watermelon contaminated with oxine-copper would not pose dietary risks to the general population. The results provide scientific guidance for the rational utilization of oxine-copper in field ecosystems of cucumber and watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lingtao Meng
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fangming Fan
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Shandong Weifang Rainbow Chemical Co., Ltd., Weifang 261108, China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53703, United States
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250021, China
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An Q, Hao W, Ma Z, Zhang L, Song Z, Wan B, Xu P, Wang H, Chang J, Li J. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of epoxiconazole enantiomers in lizards (Eremias argus). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142444. [PMID: 38797217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Epoxiconazole (EPX) is a world widely used chiral triazole fungicide in the agriculture field. The excessive application of this triazole may cause damage to lizards. However, limited information is known about the toxicokinetics of EPX on lizards. Our study aimed to investigate the enantioselective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of EPX in lizards following low and high dose exposure (10 and 100 mg kg-1 bodyweitht (bw)). The results demonstrated that (+)-EPX was easier absorbed than (-)-EPX in lizard plasma. Both (+)-EPX and (-)-EPX were detected in the liver, gonad, kidney, skin, brain, and intestine, with (+)-EPX preferentially distributed in these tissues. The elimination of (-)-EPX was faster than that of (+)-EPX in lizard liver and kidney in the high dose groups. Chiral conversion was found between EPX enantiomers in lizard skin. Simultaneously, five metabolites including M2, M4, M10, M18 and M19 were detected in lizard liver and kidney after EPX enantiomers exposure. The relative concentrations of M2, M4, and M10 were higher in the liver and kidney of (-)-EPX groups than those produced from (+)-EPX groups. The metabolic enzymes CYP3A4 and SULT1A1 primarily mediated enantioselective metabolism of EPX. The conclusions drawn from this study significantly enhance our understanding of the enantioselective behaviors of chiral triazole fungicides in reptiles, offering essential guidance for assessing the risks associated with different enantiomers of triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong An
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leisen Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheyuan Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
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Song R, Zhang Y, Lu P, Wu J, Li QX, Song B. Status and Perspective on Green Pesticide Utilizations and Food Security. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:473-493. [PMID: 38134385 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides protect crops against pests, and green pesticides are referred to as effective, safe, and eco-friendly pesticides that are sustainably synthesized and manufactured (i.e., green chemistry production). Owing to their high efficacy, safety, and ecological compatibility, green pesticides have become a main direction of global pesticide research and development (R&D). Green pesticides attract attention because of their close association with the quality and safety of agricultural produce. In this review, we briefly define green pesticides and outline their significance, current registration, commercialization, and applications in China, the European Union, and the United States. Subsequently, we engage in an in-depth analysis of the impact of newly launched green pesticides on the environment and ecosystems. Finally, we focus on the potential risks of dietary exposure to green pesticides and the possible hazards of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity. The status of and perspective on green pesticides can hopefully inspire green pesticide R&D and applications to ensure agricultural production and safeguard human and ecological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjiang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
| | - Yuping Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
| | - Ping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA;
| | - Baoan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China;
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Liu H, Xiong C, Wang S, Yang H, Sun Y. Biodegradation of the strobilurin fungicide pyraclostrobin by Burkholderia sp. Pyr-1: Characteristics, degradation pathway, water remediation, and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123833. [PMID: 38522608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin, a widely used fungicide, poses significant risks to both the environment and human health. However, research on the microbial degradation process of pyraclostrobin was scarce. Here, a pyraclostrobin-degrading strain, identified as Burkholderia sp. Pyr-1, was isolated from activated sludge. Pyraclostrobin was efficiently degraded by strain Pyr-1, and completely eliminated within 6 d in the presence of glucose. Additionally, pyraclostrobin degradation was significantly enhanced by the addition of divalent metal cations (Mn2+ and Cu2+). The degradation pathway involving ether bond and N-O bond cleavage was proposed by metabolite identification. The sodium alginate-immobilized strain Pyr-1 had a higher pyraclostrobin removal rate from contaminated lake water than the free cells. Moreover, the toxicity evaluation demonstrated that the metabolite 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-ol significantly more effectively inhibited Chlorella ellipsoidea than pyraclostrobin, while its degradation products by strain Pyr-1 alleviated the growth inhibition of C. ellipsoidea, which confirmed that the low-toxic metabolites were generated from pyraclostrobin by strain Pyr-1. The study provides a potential strain Pyr-1 for the bioremediation in pyraclostrobin-contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Basic Discipline Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China.
| | - Chengcheng Xiong
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Basic Discipline Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Basic Discipline Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Basic Discipline Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Metabolic Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China; Anhui Basic Discipline Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, PR China
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Zhao P, Liu R, Yuan L. Dissipation, Residue and Human Dietary Risk Assessment of Pyraclostrobin and Cyazofamid in Grapes Using an HPLC-UV Detector. Foods 2024; 13:314. [PMID: 38254615 PMCID: PMC10814842 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyraclostrobin is a new broad-spectrum methoxyacrylic acid fungicide. Cyazofamid is a new selective foliar spray acaricide. Here, we studied the degradation rate and final residues of pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid in grape and evaluated their dietary risk to consumers. The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and cyazofamid metabolite (CCIM) in grapes were 84-94%, 92-98% and 99-104%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 6.0-20.3%, 2.4-10.5% and 1.3-4.0%, respectively, and the LOQs were all 0.05 mg/kg. The digestion dynamics of the experimental sites were in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation. The degradation half-lives of pyraclostrobin ether ester and cyazofamid were 17.8 d-28.9 d and 4.3 d-7.8 d, respectively. The final residues of pyraclostrobin ether ester, cyazofamid and CCIM in grapes were <0.05-1.88 mg/kg, <0.05-0.31 mg/kg and <0.05-0.47 mg/kg, respectively. Using probability models, the total chronic risk values for pyraclostrobin and cyazofamid were calculated to be 0.112-189.617% and 0.021-1.714%, respectively. The results of the contribution analysis indicate that pyraclostrobin poses a much greater risk to Chinese consumers than cyazofamid, especially to children and adolescents, who have a significantly greater risk than adults. This suggests that more consideration should be given to the cumulative risk of compounds for vulnerable groups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Longfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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Ding J, Sun Y, Mortimer M, Guo LH, Yang F. Enantiomer-specific burden of metalaxyl and myclobutanil in non-occupationally exposed population with evidence from dietary intake and urinary excretion. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115623. [PMID: 37890250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Metalaxyl (MET) and myclobutanil (MYC) are two widely used chiral fungicides that may pose health risks to non-occupationally exposed populations. Here, the two fungicides were enantiomer-specific quantified in the dietary food and urine of residents in an Eastern China city, to determine the exposure and excretion of these contaminants in different populations. Results indicate that residues of MET and MYC varied with different food items at 0.42-0.86 ng/g fresh weight (FW) and 0.18-0.33 ng/g FW, respectively. In urine samples, the residual levels after creatinine adjusting (CR) ranged from 10.2 to 1715.4 ng/g CR for MET and were below the detection limit up to 320.7 ng/g CR for MYC. Significant age- and gender-related differences were separately found in urinary MET and MYC of different populations. Monte-Carlo simulations suggested that children had higher daily dietary intake (DDI) but lower urinary excretion (DUE) rates than youths, and thus may suffer higher body burdens. The residues of antifungally ineffective enantiomers (S-MET and R-MYC) were slightly higher than their antipodes in foods. Moreover, the enantiomer-selective urinary excretion resulted in higher retention of S-MET and R-MYC in the human body. Our results suggest that both dietary intake and urinary excretion should be enantiomer-specifically considered when assessing the exposure risk and body burden of chiral fungicides in the non-occupationally exposed population. Furthermore, substitutive application of enantiomer-enriched fungicide formulations can not only benefit the antifungal efficacy but also be safer for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Identification and Health Hazard Prevention of Environmental Emerging Contaminants, China Jiliang University and Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Identification and Health Hazard Prevention of Environmental Emerging Contaminants, China Jiliang University and Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Identification and Health Hazard Prevention of Environmental Emerging Contaminants, China Jiliang University and Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Innovation center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, 314100 Jiashan, China.
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Wang S, Wang X, He Q, Lin H, Chang H, Liu Y, Sun H, Song X. Analysis of the fungicidal efficacy, environmental fate, and safety of the application of a mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin mixture to control mango anthracnose. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:400-410. [PMID: 36373789 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mango anthracnose is among the most severe diseases impacting mango yields and quality. While this disease can be effectively controlled through chemical means, it is vital that appropriate field efficacy and fate determination studies be conducted when applying pesticides to crops in order to appropriately gauge the ecological and health risks associated with the use of these agents. RESULTS GAP field trials were conducted to explore the efficacy, dissipation, and terminal residues associated with the application of mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin to mango crops in six locations throughout China. These analyses revealed that three applications of mefentrifluconazole [160 mg active ingredient (a.i.) kg-1 ] in combination with pyraclostrobin mixture achieved satisfactory disease control efficacy. To simultaneously detect mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin residues on mangoes, a 'quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe' (QuEChERS) high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)-based approach was established. The initial mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.34 mg kg-1 , and these two compounds exhibited respective half-lives of 5.6 to 10.8 days and 5.5 to 9.0 days. At 21 days following foliage application, the terminal mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin residue concentrations were 0.02-0.04 and 0.01-0.04 mg kg-1 , with these concentrations being below the maximum residue limit (MRL) established for pyraclostrobin. Both short-term [acute reference dose percent (ARfD%) 0.78-2.36% and 2.0-6.08%] and chronic [acceptable daily intake percent (ADI%) 0.08-0.47% and 0.09-0.55%] dietary intake risk assessments for mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin indicated that these terminal residue concentrations are acceptable for the general population. CONCLUSION Mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin in mango was rapidly degraded following first-order kinetics models. The dietary risk of mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin through mango was negligible to consumers. The application of a 400 g L-1 mefentrifluconazole-pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate mixture represents a highly efficacious fungicidal approach to controlling mango anthracnose that exhibits significant potential for development as it is easily degraded and associated with low residual concentrations after application. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Guangdong Quality Safety Center of Agricultural Products, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haidan Lin
- Guangdong Quality Safety Center of Agricultural Products, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Sun
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Song
- Plant Protection Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Residual pattern, dietary risk assessment and livestock dietary burden of five fungicides on wheat in twelve different regions of China. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Li H, Hu S, Sun F, Sun Q, Wang N, Li B, Zou N, Lin J, Mu W, Pang X. Residual analysis of QoI fungicides in multiple (six) types of aquatic organisms by UPLC-MS/MS under acutely toxic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12075-12084. [PMID: 36104645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In view of the significance of food safety and the possible relationship between residual enrichment and acute toxicity for pesticides in different aquatic organisms, it is essential to establish a sensitive and reliable determination method for pesticides in different aquatic organisms to analyze the enrichment levels. Quinone outside inhibitor fungicides (QoIs) are lipophilic fungicides that pose environmental threats to aquatic organisms. Previous research has mainly focused on QoI residues in aquatic organisms under chronic toxicity, whereas less is known about how pesticide residues differ among aquatic organism under acutely toxic conditions. In the present study, the residues of QoIs in aquatic organisms (Danio rerio, Rana pipiens, Cherax quadricarinatus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Corbicula fluminea, and Ampullaria gigas) were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) coupled with a proposed QuEChERS method. The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity (coefficients of determination of 0.9980-0.9999), the limits of quantification (0.01 μg·kg-1), the relative standard deviation (0.6-4.4%), and recovery (70.12-118.15%). The results demonstrated that the proposed method fulfilled the requirements for pesticide analysis in all tested aquatic organisms. The residues of QoIs in the same aquatic organism exposed to QoI concentrations of 5 and 500 μg L-1 decreased in the order pyraoxystrobin > pyraclostrobin > triclopyricarb > picoxystrobin > azoxystrobin > fluoxastrobin. Furthermore, the acute toxicity was strongly correlated with the enrichment level of the QoIs in aquatic organisms. This study provides the first documentation of a correlation between the enrichment level of QoIs and acute toxicity in aquatic organisms, which provides a basis for the management of agrochemicals considering aquatic ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Sun
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271016, People's Republic of China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyu Pang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271016, People's Republic of China.
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YAN Z, CAI G, JIN Z, FU Y, MA J, LI M, HAN W, WU Y. Determination of pyraclostrobin residue in wax gourd and its dietary risk assessment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.110622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmin YAN
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China
| | - Guanghui CAI
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, China
| | - Zhong JIN
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China
| | - Yanyan FU
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China
| | - Jingwei MA
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, China
| | - Meng LI
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, China
| | - Wenhao HAN
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China
| | - Yanbing WU
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry and Application Risk Control, China
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Zhao E, Xie A, Wang D, Du X, Liu B, Chen L, He M, Yu P, Jing J. Residue behavior and risk assessment of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers under different growing conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:84096-84105. [PMID: 36264460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the residue behavior and risks of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers. An analytical method for the simultaneous determination of the concentration of these fungicides in peppers was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Pepper samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned with primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black. The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole under three fortification levels were 86.7-101.4% and 81.7-104.4%, with relative standard deviations of 4.0-7.2% and 3.8-10.9%, respectively. The limit of quantification of both fungicides in peppers was 0.01 mg/kg. The terminal residue trial of 30% pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole suspension concentrate was investigated for samples cultivated in open fields and greenhouses. The results showed that the terminal residues of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole in peppers were lower than the maximum residue limits established by GB 2763-2021 (0.5 mg/kg for pyraclostrobin and 2 mg/kg for tebuconazole). The results of a statistical t-test indicated that there was no significant difference between samples grown in open fields and greenhouses. According to the international estimate of short-term intake (IESTI) calculation model, provided by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, the acute dietary exposure risk of both fungicides in peppers was acceptable for the general population, with an IESTI of 0-3% and 0-5% of the acute reference dose for pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaoying Du
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Min He
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Pingzhong Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Junjie Jing
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Sun W, Yan S, Meng Z, Tian S, Jia M, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Diao J, Zhu W. Combined ingestion of polystyrene microplastics and epoxiconazole increases health risk to mice: Based on their synergistic bioaccumulation in vivo. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107391. [PMID: 35803075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic and pesticide are two common environmental pollutants whose adverse effects have been widely reported, but it is unclear whether they cause combined toxicity in mammals. In this study, polystyrene microplastics (5 µm, 0.012 or 0.120 mg/kg) or/and epoxiconazole (0.080 mg/kg) were administered orally to mice for 6 weeks, their toxicity to liver and kidney was assessed from changes in histopathology, tissue function, oxidative defense system and metabolic profile. In addition, mechanism of combined toxicity was explored in terms of bioaccumulation levels, intestinal barrier, gut microbiota. Results showed that combined ingestion of polystyrene (0.120 mg/kg) and epoxiconazole caused more severe tissue damage, dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders compared to single exposure sources. Interestingly, occurrence of combined toxicity was associated with their increased accumulation in tissues. In-depth exploration found that epoxiconazole caused intestinal barrier damage by targeting the gut microbiota, leading to massive invasion and accumulation of polystyrene, which in turn interfered with the metabolic clearance of epoxiconazole in liver. In all, findings highlighted that polystyrene and epoxiconazole could cause combined toxicity in mice through the synergistic effect of their bioaccumulation in vivo, which provided new reference for understanding the health risks of microplastics and pesticides and sheds light on the potential risk to humans of their combined ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiran Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Dissipation Residue Behaviors and Dietary Risk Assessment of Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin in Watermelon by HPLC-MS/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144410. [PMID: 35889283 PMCID: PMC9318032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides containing active ingredients of boscalid and pyraclostrobin have been widely applied in watermelon disease control. To provide data for avoiding health hazards caused by fungicides, we investigated its terminal residues and evaluated the dietary risk. In this work, watermelon samples were collected from field sites in six provinces and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in the watermelon matrix were 97–108% and 93–103%, respectively, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.1%. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.01 and 0.005 mg/kg for boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Twenty-one days after applying the test pesticide with 270 g a.i./ha, the terminal residues of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were all below 0.05 mg/kg and below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) recommended by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). According to the national estimated daily intake (NEDI), the risk quotients (RQs) of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were 48.4% and 62.6%, respectively. That indicated the pesticide evaluated in watermelon exhibited a low dietary risk to consumers. All data provide a reference for the MRL establishment of boscalid in watermelon for China.
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Duan T, Kaium A, Li X. Dissipation and dietary risk assessment of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus fruits in China. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1415-1421. [PMID: 34375005 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbendazim and epoxiconazole are widely applied to control anthracnose and sand bark fungal diseases in citrus. The residues of these two fungicides in citrus and their potential risk to consumers have generated much public concern. We therefore sought to investigate the dissipation, residue, and dietary risk assessment of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus. RESULTS The dissipation kinetics and residue levels of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus under field conditions were measured using dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The citrus samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by primary secondary amine sorbent. The mean recoveries of carbendazim and epoxiconazole ranged from 86.2 to 105.6% and relative standard deviations were ≤9.8%. The half-lives of carbendazim and epoxiconazole in whole citrus ranged from 2.0 to 18.0 days. Hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) models were applied to whole citrus for dietary exposure risk assessment based on the terminal residue test. Hazard quotients ranged from 0.066 to 0.134% and RQs from 18.48 to 82.12%. CONCLUSION Carbendazim and epoxiconazole in citrus degraded rapidly following first-order kinetics models. The dietary risk of exposure to both carbendazim and epoxiconazole through citrus, based on HQ and RQ, was acceptable for human consumption. This study indicates scientifically validated maximum residue limits in citrus, which are currently lacking for epoxiconazole in China. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops, Changsha, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops, Changsha, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Abdul Kaium
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaogang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops, Changsha, China
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Dissipation and Residues of Pyraclostrobin in Rosa roxburghii and Soil under Filed Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050669. [PMID: 35267302 PMCID: PMC8909010 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii has been widely planted in China. Powdery mildew is the most serious disease of R. roxburghii cultivation. Pyraclostrobin was widely used as a novel fungicide to control powdery mildew of R. roxburghii. To assess the safety of pyraclostrobin for use on R. roxburghii fruits, its residue rapid analysis as well as an investigation on its dissipation behaviors and terminal residues in R. roxburghii and soil under field conditions were carried out. The QuEChERS method was simplified using LC−MS/MS detection and combined with liquid−liquid extraction purification to allow determination of pyraclostrobin levels in R. roxburghii fruits and the soil. The fortified recoveries at 0.1~5.0 mg/kg were 93.48~102.48%, with the relative standard deviation of 0.64~3.21%. The limit of detection of the analytical method was 0.16 and 0.15 µg/kg for R. roxburghii fruit and soil, respectively. The effects of different spray equipment and formulations on the persistence of pyraclostrobin in R.roxburghii were as follows: gaston gasoline piggyback agricultural sprayer (5.38 d) > manual agricultural backpack sprayer (3.37 d) > knapsack multi-function electric sprayer (2.91 d), suspension concentrate (SC) (6.78 d) > wettable powder (WP) (5.64 d) > water dispersible granule (WG) (4.69 d). The degradation of pyraclostrobin followed the first-order kinetics and its half-lives in R.roxburghii and soil were 6.20~7.79 days and 3.86~5.95 days, respectively. The terminal residues of pyraclostrobin in R. roxburghii and soil were 0.169~1.236 mg/kg and 0.105~3.153 mg/kg, respectively. This study provides data for the establishment of the maximum residue limit (MRL) as well as the safe and rational use of pyraclostrobin in R. roxburghii production.
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Li P, Hu J. Residual levels and dietary risk assessment of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in open wheat field conditions. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5267. [PMID: 34654060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the residual levels of bifenthrin and dinotefuran, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in wheat was developed and validated. Dietary risk assessments were further performed based on the relevant residual data from 12 wheat fields, toxicology data and dietary patterns. In wheat grain and straw, the recoveries of all analytes ranged from 77 to 102% with the relative standard deviation <9.7% and the limit of quantitation 0.05 mg kg-1 . The highest terminal residue of bifenthrin in wheat grain was 0.069 mg kg-1 and dinotefuran was 0.34 mg kg-1 . Residual concentrations of bifenthrin and dinotefuran decreased to <0.05 and 0.15 mg kg-1 at 21 days (pre-harvest interval), respectively. The chronic risk quotient ranged from 6.4 to 62.7% and the acute risk quotient varied from 0.38 to 17.73%. The chronic and acute dietary risks caused by the terminal residues of the two insecticides were negligible for Chinese populations. The recommended pre-harvest interval was proposed to ensure safe wheat consumption. These data could provide a scientific reference to establish the Chinese maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Xu F, Xu D, Hu M, Chen L, Xu C. Chromatographic analysis and residue degradation of phenamacril and difenoconazole on strawberries. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2102-2115. [PMID: 34407740 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1959070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Strawberries are widely cultivated and highly consumed globally, but pests and diseases can severely affect yields. Phenamacril and difenoconazole are high-efficacy pesticides and the mixture of these two pesticides offers a satisfactory option for disease control. In this study, an optimised QuEChERS method combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction purification before injection for simultaneously determining the residues of phenamacril-difenoconazole mixture on strawberries was developed and validated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Average recoveries of phenamacril and difenoconazole in the strawberry matrices ranged from 100% to 104% and 99% to 104%, with relative standard deviations of 2.6%-5.3% and 2.2%-5.5%, respectively. The degradation half-lives of phenamacril and difenoconazole were 3.5-6.6 days and 2.2-3.4 days on strawberries, respectively. Final residues of phenamacril and difenoconazole on strawberries at eight different cultivation regions were 0.033-0.66 mg kg-1 and <0.02-0.089 mg kg-1 after spraying at the maximum dosage recommended by the company of 300 mg a.i. kg-1 twice, respectively. Overall, this study is the first report of phenamacril and difenoconazole residue analysis in strawberries. Therefore, it could provide the reference data for safe management and proper use of phenamacril and difenoconazole in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Hu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Jankowska M, Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B. Dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in greenhouse dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.) and soil. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3349-3357. [PMID: 33773022 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the environmental behavior and fate of chemical compounds during technological processing of plants is a task of great significance nowadays. However, the current knowledge is still incomplete for unique herbal matrices belonging to minor crops. The research in this article presents, for the first time, the dissipation kinetics and processing behavior of carboxamide boscalid (BOS) and stobilurin pyraclostrobin (PYR) fungicides during glasshouse dill (Anethum graveolens L.) cultivation. RESULTS The half-lives (t1/2 ) of BOS and PYR after application at the recommended and double dosage were in the range: 1.62-2.01 days in plant and 2.08-4.85 days in soil, respectively. The processing behavior in dill was estimated after washing, hot air drying and drying in sunlight without/with pretreatment. Processing factors (PFs) were above 1 after drying (PF = 1.24-1.39 hot air; PF = 1.15-1.28 sunlight) and below this value when the washing step was applied (PF = 0.31-0.42 hot air; PF = 0.21-0.34 sunlight), indicating the highest effectiveness of reduction, up to 73% BOS and 79% PYR. CONCLUSION BOS/PYR residues at pre-harvest intervals after both doses were below European Union (EU) maximum residue limits (MRLs). The highest effectiveness was noted for drying carried out with the washing step, which has a great influence on the concentration of residues in the final product. The findings can supplement PF databases not set for minor crops and can be used to establish MRLs and determine human exposures more accurately in risk assessment studies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jankowska
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Bialystok, Poland
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Vera-Herrera L, Sadutto D, Picó Y. Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019). Molecules 2021; 26:3688. [PMID: 34208757 PMCID: PMC8235395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. METHODS A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. RESULTS The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. CONCLUSIONS All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Moncada-Naquera Road km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (D.S.)
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21
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Dissipation Behavior, Residue, and Risk Assessment of Benziothiazolinone in Apples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094478. [PMID: 33922495 PMCID: PMC8122877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benziothiazolinone is the first independently developed fungicide in China. It has been used to effectively control fungal diseases in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and crops. In this study, the degradation behavior and final residue of benziothiazolinone in apples is discussed, and the dietary risk to consumers was evaluated. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine benziothiazolinone residues in apple samples from eight different regions of China. The average recovery of benziothiazolinone in apples was 85.5-100.2%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.8-14.9%. The limits of the method of quantification of benziothiazolinone in apples was 0.01 mg/kg. Under good agricultural practices (GAP) conditions, the final residues of benziothiazolinone in apples were below 0.01 mg/kg, lower than the maximum residual limit (MRL) of China. Although the degradation half-lives of benziothiazolinone were 23.9 d-33.0 d, the risk quotient (RQ) of benziothiazolinone was 15.5% by calculating the national estimated daily intake and comparing it with the acceptable daily intake. These results suggested that under GAP conditions, the intake of benziothiazolinone from apples exhibits an acceptably low health risk on consumers.
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Tao Y, Jia C, Jing J, Zhang J, Yu P, He M, Wu J, Chen L, Zhao E. Occurrence and dietary risk assessment of 37 pesticides in wheat fields in the suburbs of Beijing, China. Food Chem 2021; 350:129245. [PMID: 33601091 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of multiple pesticides in wheat fields adversely affects human health and the environment. Herein, 206 pairs of wheat and soil samples were collected from wheat fields in Beijing, China from 2018 to 2020. One or multiple pesticide residues were detected, and carbendazim (maximum: 38511.5 μg/kg) and tebuconazole (maximum: 45.4 μg/kg) had heavy occurrence in the wheat samples. Carbendazim, triazoles, and neonicotinoids were frequently detected in the soil samples. HCHs and DDTs were detected, with p,p'-DDE in 100.0% of the soil samples at a maximum concentration of 546.0 μg/kg in 2020. Concentrations of carbendazim, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, and cyhalothrin in the paired soil and wheat samples exhibited significant positive correlations. Pesticides that exceeded the maximum residue limits do not pose non-carcinogenic risks, with one exception. The results provide important references towards risk monitoring and control in wheat fields, as well as facilitating the scientific and reasonable use of these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Junjie Jing
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Pingzhong Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Min He
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Junxue Wu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China
| | - Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, PR China.
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