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Wang M, Ning Y, Hu Y, Cui X, Luo F, Zhou L, Yu M, Zhang X. Residue Degradation and Risk Assessment of Difenoconazole and Its Metabolite during Tea Growing, Processing and Brewing by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination. Foods 2024; 13:1123. [PMID: 38611427 PMCID: PMC11011539 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Residue dissipation and risk assessment of difenoconazole and its metabolite difenoconazole-alcohol during tea growing, processing, and brewing was first investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of quantification for both difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol were 0.001 mg/kg in fresh tea leaves and tea, and 0.0002 mg/L in tea infusion. In field trials, the dissipation half-lives of difenoconazole in fresh tea leaves was 1.77 days. After spraying, the residues of difenoconazole-alcohol increased and then gradually dissipated like difenoconazole. After 14 days, the dissipation rates of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol reached 99%. When fresh tea leaves were harvested on different days, the total processing factors (PFs) of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol for green tea were 0.86-1.05 and 0.78-0.85, respectively, while the total PFs for black tea were 0.83-1.13 and 0.82-1.66, respectively. Metabolism of difenoconazole was accelerated during tea processing. When brewing black tea, the leaching rates (LRs) of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol were 8.4-17.9% and 31.8-38.9%, respectively, while when brewing green tea, the LRs were 15.4-23.5% and 30.4-50.6%, respectively. The LRs of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol in black tea were higher than those in green tea. The potential threat to human health for dietary intake of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol residues from tea consumption is negligible. However, the dietary risk of difenoconazole in fruits and vegetables that are essential for daily diets is concerning, with a risk probability of 158%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Plant Protection Quarantine and Pesticide Management Institute, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Yating Ning
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Plant Protection Quarantine and Pesticide Management Institute, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Hua H, Zhang X, Xia J, Wu X. A Novel Strain of Fusarium oxysporum Virus 1 Isolated from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Strain X-GS16 Influences Phenotypes of F. oxysporum Strain HB-TS-YT-1 hyg. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:252. [PMID: 38667923 PMCID: PMC11050907 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of Fusarium oxysporum virus 1 (FoV1) was identified from the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum strain X-GS16 and designated as Fusarium oxysporum virus 1-FON (FoV1-FON). The full genome of FoV1-FON is 2902 bp in length and contains two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 and ORF2, encoding a protein with an unknown function (containing a typical -1 slippery motif G_GAU_UUU at the 3'-end) and a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), respectively. BLASTx search against the National Center for the Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant database showed that FoV1-FON had the highest identity (97.46%) with FoV1. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that FoV1-FON clustered with FoV1 in the proposed genus Unirnavirus. FoV1-FON could vertically transmit via spores. Moreover, FoV1-FON was transmitted horizontally from the F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum strain X-GS16 to the F. oxysporum strain HB-TS-YT-1hyg. This resulted in the acquisition of the F. oxysporum strain HB-TS-YT-1hyg-V carrying FoV1-FON. No significant differences were observed in the sporulation and dry weight of mycelial biomass between HB-TS-YT-1hyg and HB-TS-YT-1hyg-V. FoV1-FON infection significantly increased the mycelial growth of HB-TS-YT-1hyg, but decreased its virulence to potato tubers and sensitivity to difenoconazole, prochloraz, and pydiflumetofen. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypovirulence and reduced sensitivity to difenoconazole, prochloraz, and pydiflumetofen in F. oxysporum due to FoV1-FON infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.H.); (X.Z.); (J.X.)
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Wang R, Gong M, Liu Y, Zhu W, Zhang K, Zhao Y, Yin C, Liu Y, Wang J, Wan Y. Development of a highly sensitive colloidal gold semiquantitative method for the determination of difenoconazole residues in citrus. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1341219. [PMID: 38590829 PMCID: PMC10999568 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Difenoconazole (DIFE) is a common pesticide used in citrus cultivation; excessive intake can cause neurological damage to the organism, and the existing colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips cannot meet the requirements for the detection of citrus samples. Methods Difenoconazole test strip was prepared based on the colloidal gold immunochromatographic technique (GICT), and its application in citrus samples was investigated; with colloidal gold (CG) as the probe, the optimization of GICT parameters, and the determination of reaction method, the immunochromatographic test strips for the detection of DIFE in citrus was developed, and the limit of detection (LOD), specificity, accuracy, and stability of the test strips were verified. Results The results showed that the visual detection limit of the prepared colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips was 0.2 mg/kg and the quantitative range was 0.06-0.6 mg/kg, and the test strips could specifically identify DIFE and have no cross-reaction with other common triazole pesticides. The detection method established in this study was verified by the GC-MS method, and the detection results achieved good consistency (R2 > 0.98). Conclusion The test strips developed in this study have good performance and can be used for highly sensitive detection of citrus samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Min Gong
- Hainan Inspection and Detection Center of Modern Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Weiran Zhu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yidi Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Yin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Analysis-Testing for Agro-Products and Food, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Beijing Kwinbon Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Food Safety Immunodetection, Beijing, China
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Almadi L, Jarrar S, Sbaihat L, Issa T, Tucci M, Moretti C, Buonaurio R, Famiani F. No- or Low-Content Copper Compounds for Controlling Venturia oleaginea, the Causal Agent of Olive Leaf Spot Disease. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:600. [PMID: 38475447 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of using a synthetic (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole), copper-based (copper oxychloride) and low-content copper compound (copper complexed with gluconate and lignosulphonate) fungicides for controlling Venturia oleaginea, the causal agent of olive spot disease, was evaluated in an olive (cv. Nabali) orchard located in the Kafr Qud area (Palestine) in 2017-2018. Treatments were applied at three different times (February, April, and August). In January 2017, at the beginning of the experiment, about 90% of the leaves grown in 2016 were infected. Defoliation was determined by counting the leaves on the labeled branches initially and then periodically. It increased gradually in both the control and treated trees, but those treated with azoxystrobin + difenoconazole or with copper complexed with gluconate and lignosulphonate showed a slower defoliation rate. During 2017, new shoots grew and new leaves developed. All treatments reduced the drop of new leaves with respect to the control, with positive effects on the reproductive activity (inflorescence growth and yield). Overall, all treatments significantly reduced the disease, thus indicating the possibility of greatly reducing infections if treatments are regularly applied each year, also with traditional (copper-based) fungicides. Due to their capability of penetrating inside the vegetative tissue, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole or copper complexed with gluconate and lignosulphonate reduced/slowed down the drop of infected leaves. The use of these fungicides is therefore particularly recommended when olive leaf spot disease is severe. The use of low-content copper compounds allows the amount of metallic copper used for the treatments against V. oleaginea to be greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Almadi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Samer Jarrar
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nablus University for Vocational and Technical Education (NU-VTE), Nablus P400, Palestine
| | - Layth Sbaihat
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Arab American University (AAUP), Jenin P.O. Box 240, Palestine
| | | | - Michele Tucci
- CIHEAM-Bari-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiaraluce Moretti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Buonaurio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Chernyshova EV, Potanina DV, Sadovnikova IS, Krutskikh EP, Volodina DE, Samoylova NA, Gureev AP. The study of the protective effect of mitochondrial uncouplers during acute toxicity of the fungicide difenoconazole in different organs of mice. Biomed Khim 2024; 70:41-51. [PMID: 38450680 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides represent a serious problem for agricultural workers due to their neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pharmacological oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers to reduce the effect of the difenoconazole fungicide on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of various organs in mice. Injections of difenoconazole caused cognitive deficits in mice, and the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Azur I (AzI), a demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), prevented the deterioration of cognitive abilities in mice induced by difenoconazole. Difenoconazole increased the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, likely through inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After intraperitoneal administration of difenoconazole lungs, testes and midbrain were most sensitive to the accumulation of mtDNA damage. In contrast, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were not tolerant to the effects of difenoconazole. The protonophore 2,4-DNP reduced the rate of ROS formation and significantly reduced the amount of mtDNA damage caused by difenoconazole in the midbrain, and partially, in the lungs and testes. MB, an alternative electron carrier capable of bypassing inhibited complex I, had no effect on the effect of difenoconazole on mtDNA, while its metabolite AzI, a demethylated metabolite of MB, was able to protect the mtDNA of the midbrain and testes. Thus, mitochondria-targeted therapy is a promising approach to reduce pesticide toxicity for agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A P Gureev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
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Li YC, Liu SY, Li HR, Meng FB, Qiu J, Qian YZ, Xu YY. Use of Transcriptomics to Reveal the Joint Immunotoxicity Mechanism Initiated by Difenoconazole and Chlorothalonil in the Human Jurkat T-Cell Line. Foods 2023; 13:34. [PMID: 38201063 PMCID: PMC10778019 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It is very important to evaluate the immunotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of pesticides. In this study, difenoconazole and chlorothalonil were evaluated for immunotoxicity by using the human Jurkat T-cell line, and the EC50 were 24.66 and 1.17 mg/L, respectively. The joint exposure of difenoconazole and chlorothalonil showed a synergistic effect at low concentrations (lower than 10.58 mg/L) but an antagonistic effect at high concentrations (higher than 10.58 mg/L). With joint exposure at a concentration of EC10, the proportion of late apoptotic cells was 2.26- and 2.91-fold higher than that with exposure to difenoconazole or chlorothalonil alone, respectively. A transcriptomics analysis indicated that the DEGs for single exposure are associated with immunodeficiency disease. Single exposure to chlorothalonil was mainly involved in cation transportation, extracellular matrix organization, and leukocyte cell adhesion. Single exposure to difenoconazole was mainly involved in nervous system development, muscle contraction, and immune system processes. However, when the joint exposure dose was EC10, the DEGs were mainly involved in the formation of cell structures, but the DEGs were mainly involved in cellular processes and metabolism when the joint exposure dose was EC25. The results indicated that the immunotoxicological mechanisms underlying joint exposure to difenoconazole and chlorothalonil are different under low and high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-C.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.-Y.X.)
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.L.); (F.-B.M.)
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.L.); (F.-B.M.)
| | - Hou-Ru Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.L.); (F.-B.M.)
| | - Fan-Bing Meng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.L.); (F.-B.M.)
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-C.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.-Y.X.)
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-C.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.-Y.X.)
| | - Yan-Yang Xu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.-C.L.); (J.Q.); (Y.-Y.X.)
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Feng Q, Han L, Wu Q, Wu X. Dissipation, residue and dietary risk assessment of difenoconazole in Rosa roxburghii. J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:651-658. [PMID: 37800694 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2263325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii is a medicinal and edible plant, which is favored by consumers due to its rich vitamin C content. Residues and potential health risks of difenoconazole in the R. roxburghii ecosystem has aroused a concern considering its extensive use for controlling the powdery mildew of R. roxburghii. In this study, the residue of difenoconazole in R. roxburghii and soil was extracted by acetonitrile, purified by primary secondary amine and detected by liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The average recoveries in R. roxburghii and soil matrix varied from 82.59% to 99.63%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.14%-8.23%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of difenoconazole in R. roxburghii and soil samples were 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation of difenoconazole followed well the first-order kinetic, with a half-life of 3.99-5.57 d in R. roxburghii and 4.94-6.23 d in soil, respectively. And the terminal residues were <0.01-2.181 mg/kg and 0.014-2.406 mg/kg, respectively. The chronic and acute risk quotient values of difenoconazole were respectively 0.42% and 4.1%, which suggests that the risk was acceptable and safe to consumers. This study provides a reference for the safe and reasonable use of difenoconazole in R. roxburghii production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Feng
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei Han
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Plant Protection Station of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Shi N, Qiu D, Chen F, Yang YQ, Du Y. Analysis of the Difenoconazole-Resistance Risk and Its Molecular Basis in Colletotrichum truncatum from Soybean. Plant Dis 2023; 107:3123-3130. [PMID: 37172974 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2983-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, is a destructive fungal disease in soybean worldwide, and some demethylation inhibitor fungicides are used to manage it. In this study, the sensitivity of C. truncatum to difenoconazole was determined, and the risk for resistance development of C. truncatum to difenoconazole was also assessed. The results showed that the mean EC50 value was 0.9313 μg/ml, and the frequency of sensitivity formed a unimodal distribution. Six stable mutants with a mutation frequency of 8.33 × 10-5 were generated, and resistance factors ranged from 3.00 to 5.81 after 10 successive culture transfers. All mutants exhibited fitness penalties in reduced mycelial growth rate, sporulation, and pathogenicity, except for the Ct2-3-5 mutant. Positive cross-resistance was observed between difenoconazole and propiconazole but not between difenoconazole and prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, or fluazinam. One point mutation I463V in CYP51A was found in five resistant mutants. Surprisingly, the homologous I463V mutation has not been observed in other plant pathogens. CYP51A and CYP51B expression increased slightly in the resistant mutants as compared to wild-types when exposed to difenoconazole but not in the CtR61-2-3f and CtR61-2-4a mutants. In general, a new point mutation, I463V in CYP51A, could be associated with low resistance to difenoconazole in C. truncatum. In the greenhouse assay, control efficacy of difenoconazole on both parental isolates and the mutants increased in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the resistance risk of C. truncatum to difenoconazole is regarded to be low to moderate, suggesting that difenoconazole can still be reasonably used to control soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niuniu Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Dezhu Qiu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Furu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Ying-Qing Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Yixin Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
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Zhang C, Dai Y, Liu J, Su Y, Zhang Q. Chitosan Enhances Low-Dosage Difenoconazole to Efficiently Control Leaf Spot Disease in Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax. Molecules 2023; 28:6170. [PMID: 37630422 PMCID: PMC10459367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax is a popular clinical herb and nutritious health food. However, leaf spot disease caused by fungal pathogens frequently occurs and seriously influences the growth, quality, and yield of P. heterophylla. In this work, the field control roles of difenoconazole, chitosan, and their combination in the leaf spot disease in P. heterophylla and their effects on the disease resistance, photosynthetic capacity, medicinal quality, and root yield of P. heterophylla are investigated. The results manifest that 37% difenoconazole water-dispersible granule (WDG) with 5000-time + chitosan 500-time dilution liquid had a superior control capacity on leaf spot disease with the control effects of 91.17%~88.19% at 15~30 days after the last spraying, which significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded that of 37% difenoconazole WDG 3000-time dilution liquid and was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that of 37% difenoconazole WDG 5000-time dilution liquid, chitosan 500-time dilution liquid, or chitosan 1000-time dilution liquid. Simultaneously, this combination could more effectively enhance the disease resistance, photosynthetic capacity, medicinal quality, and tuberous root yield of P. heterophylla compared to when these elements were applied alone, as well as effectively reduce difenoconazole application. This study emphasizes that chitosan combined with a low dosage of difenoconazole can be proposed as a green, efficient, and alternative formula for controlling leaf spot disease in P. heterophylla and enhancing its resistance, photosynthesis, quality, and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yi Dai
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Protection and Detection of Germplasm Resources of Karst-Adaptable Crops, Department of Food and Medicine, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China;
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yue Su
- Engineering Technology Research Center for Protection and Detection of Germplasm Resources of Karst-Adaptable Crops, Department of Food and Medicine, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, China;
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (C.Z.); (J.L.)
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Badawy MH, Murnane D, Lewis KA, Morgan N. A new laboratory method to study the impact of leaf texture on pesticide dislodgeable foliar residues (DFR). J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:555-564. [PMID: 37563806 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2236914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are vital in meeting the challenge of feeding the rapidly increasing world population. However, it is crucial that they are used in a way that does not compromise the safety of humans or the environment. Non-dietary worker risk assessments consider the amount of residue which can be transferred from plant foliage to the skin or clothes, known as dislodgeable foliar residues (DFRs). DFR data scarcity due to the costly and seasonal characteristics of DFR studies is an obstacle to the extrapolation of DFR data to different crops/leaves. This paper validates a new proof-of-concept technique to investigate factors that may affect DFR (leaf texture) using the fungicide difenoconazole EC 10% as an example on various leaves (i.e., French bean, soybean, tomato, oilseed rape, and wheat). DFR was the lowest in the case of oilseed rape (31.0 ± 3.4%) and the highest in French beans (82.0 ± 2.9%). This significant difference in DFR in the findings of this study sheds light on the importance of the leaf surface as a major factor affecting DFR and supports the application of the laboratory method for more extensive data generation. More data generation would enable the extrapolation saving money and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Badawy
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Darragh Murnane
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kathleen A Lewis
- Department of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Neil Morgan
- Department of Product Safety, Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
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11
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Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Carrasco Cabrera L, Castellan I, del Aguila M, Ferreira L, Santonja GG, Greco L, Jarrah S, Leuschner R, Perez JM, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Ruocco S, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Tiramani M, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for difenoconazole in wheat and rye. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08207. [PMID: 37583943 PMCID: PMC10424063 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Syngenta Crop Protection AG submitted an application to the competent national authority in Germany (evaluating Member State, EMS) to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance difenoconazole in wheat and rye grain. The data submitted in support of the request were found sufficient to derive MRL proposals for wheat and rye grain. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of difenoconazole in plant matrices under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. The submitted data indicate no need to modify the EU MRLs in animal commodities for the existing enforcement residue definition. EFSA concluded that the dietary exposure to difenoconazole residues from the intake of wheat and rye grain is low, noting that the impact of intended uses on the residues in animal commodities and the consumer exposure could not be properly addressed. Overall, the present risk assessment confirms a very narrow margin of safety for the overall chronic exposure and is considered provisional, pending the submission of confirmatory data on possible preferential metabolism/degradation of the four stereo isomers of difenoconazole in plants and animals and the impact of isomerisation on the toxicity of difenoconazole. The assessment is also affected by uncertainties related to the toxicological profile of animal metabolite CGA205375 and, additionally, it does not take into consideration triazole derivative metabolites (TDMs).
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12
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Han W, Ye Z, Gu Y, Zhong Y, Gao J, Zhao S, Wang S. Gut microbiota composition and gene expression changes induced in the Apis cerana exposed to acetamiprid and difenoconazole at environmentally realistic concentrations alone or combined. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174236. [PMID: 37256066 PMCID: PMC10226273 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apis cerana is an important pollinator of agricultural crops in China. In the agricultural environment, A. cerana may be exposed to acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) and difenoconazole (triazole fungicide), alone or in combination because they are commonly applied to various crops. At present, our understanding of the toxicological effects of acetamiprid and difenoconazole on honey bee gut microbiomes is limited. The primary objective of this study was to explore whether these two pesticides affect honey bees' gut microbiota and to analyze the transcriptional effects of these two pesticides on honey bees' head and gut. In this study, adults of A. cerana were exposed to acetamiprid and/or difenoconazole by contaminated syrup at field-realistic concentrations for 10 days. Results indicated that acetamiprid and/or difenoconazole chronic exposure did not affect honey bees' survival and food consumption, whereas difenoconazole decreased the weight of honey bees. 16S rRNA sequencing suggested that difenoconazole and the mixture of difenoconazole and acetamiprid decreased the diversity index and shaped the composition of gut bacteria microbiota, whereas acetamiprid did not impact the gut bacterial community. The ITS sequence data showed that neither of the two pesticides affected the fungal community structure. Meanwhile, we also observed that acetamiprid or difenoconazole significantly altered the expression of genes related to detoxification and immunity in honey bees' tissues. Furthermore, we observed that the adverse effect of the acetamiprid and difenoconazole mixture on honey bees' health was greater than that of a single mixture. Taken together, our study demonstrates that acetamiprid and/or difenoconazole exposure at field-realistic concentrations induced changes to the honey bee gut microbiome and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensu Han
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Bee Industry Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zheyuan Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihai Zhong
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Bee Industry Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jinglin Gao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Bee Industry Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Bee Industry Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Bee Industry Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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13
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Yang Q, Deng P, Xing D, Liu H, Shi F, Hu L, Zou X, Nie H, Zuo J, Zhuang Z, Pan M, Chen J, Li G. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Difenoconazole in Zebrafish Embryos. Toxics 2023; 11:353. [PMID: 37112580 PMCID: PMC10142703 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a type of triazole fungicide that is widely used in the treatment of plant diseases. Triazole fungicides have been shown in several studies to impair the development of the nervous system in zebrafish embryos. There is still little known about difenoconazole-induced neurotoxicity in fish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L of difenoconazole solution until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). The difenoconazole-exposed groups showed concentration-dependent inhibitory tendencies in heart rate and body length. Malformation rate and spontaneous movement of zebrafish embryos increased, and the locomotor activity decreased in the highest exposure group. The content of dopamine and acetylcholine was reduced significantly in difenoconazole treatment groups. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was also increased after treatment with difenoconazole. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment was remarkably altered, which corresponded with the alterations of neurotransmitter content and AChE activity. These results indicated that difenoconazole might affect the development of the nervous system through influencing neurotransmitter levels, enzyme activity, and the expression of neural-related genes, ultimately leading to abnormal locomotor activity in the early stages of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Dadu River Hydropower Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Haoling Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lian Hu
- Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xi Zou
- Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongyan Nie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Zuo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zimeng Zhuang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meiqi Pan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Changsha Xinjia Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Zheng X, Wei Y, Chen J, Wang X, Li D, Yu C, Hong Y, Shen L, Long C, Wei G, Wu S. Difenoconazole Exposure Induces Retinoic Acid Signaling Dysregulation and Testicular Injury in Mice Testes. Toxics 2023; 11:328. [PMID: 37112555 PMCID: PMC10142862 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFZ) is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that is widely utilized in agriculture. Although DFZ has been demonstrated to induce reproductive toxicity in aquatic species, its toxic effects on the mammalian reproductive system have yet to be fully elucidated. In vivo, male mice were administered 0, 20 or 40 mg/kg/d of DFZ via oral gavage for 35 days. Consequently, DFZ significantly decreased testicular organ coefficient, sperm count and testosterone levels, augmented sperm malformation rates, and elicited histopathological alterations in testes. TUNEL assay showed increased apoptosis in testis. Western blotting results suggested abnormally high expression of the sperm meiosis-associated proteins STRA8 and SCP3. The concentrations of retinoic acid (RA), retinaldehyde (RE), and retinol (ROL) were increased in the testicular tissues of DFZ-treated groups. The mRNA expression level of genes implicated in RA synthesis significantly increased while genes involved in RA catabolism significantly decreased. In vitro, DFZ reduced cell viability and increased RA, RE, and ROL levels in GC-2 cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant enrichment of numerous terms associated with the RA pathway and apoptosis. The qPCR experiment verified the transcriptome results. In conclusion, our results indicate that DFZ exposure can disrupt RA signaling pathway homeostasis, and induce testicular injury in mice testes.
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15
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Liu Y, Liu R, Deng Y, Zheng M, Yu S, Nie Y, Li JQ, Pan C, Zhou Z, Diao J. Insights into the Mechanism of Flavor Loss in Strawberries Induced by Two Fungicides Integrating Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:3906-3919. [PMID: 36788782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumers have been complaining about the deterioration of the flavor of strawberries. The use of pesticides could have potential impacts on fruit flavor but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we spayed boscalid and difenoconazole on the small green fruit of strawberries to investigate their effect on fruit flavor quality and the mechanism. The results indicated that both fungicides decreased the contents of soluble sugar and nutrients but increased acids in mature fruits, changed the levels of volatiles, and caused oxidative damage, which ultimately reduced the flavor quality of strawberries, and the negative effect of boscalid was greater. Combined with transcriptome and metabolome, boscalid altered the genes in sugar-acid metabolism (SUT, SPS, and INV), volatiles (FaQR, FaOMT, FaLOX, and FaAAT), and amino acid synthesis pathways and metabolites. This study elaborated on the effects of fungicides on the flavor quality of strawberries from physiological-biochemical and molecular levels and laid the foundation for improving the strawberry flavor quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Vasilchenko AV, Poshvina DV, Semenov MV, Timofeev VN, Iashnikov AV, Stepanov AA, Pervushina AN, Vasilchenko AS. Triazoles and Strobilurin Mixture Affects Soil Microbial Community and Incidences of Wheat Diseases. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:660. [PMID: 36771744 PMCID: PMC9919142 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture as a pest control strategy. Despite the benefits of pesticides on crop yields, the persistence of chemical residues in soil has an unintended impact on non-targeted microorganisms. In the present study, we evaluated the potential adverse effects of a mixture of fungicides (difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, and kresoxim-methyl) on soil fungal and bacterial communities, as well as the manifestation of wheat diseases. In the fungicide-treated soil, the Shannon indices of both fungal and bacterial communities decreased, whereas the Chao1 indices did not differ compared to the control soil. Among bacterial taxa, the relative abundances of Arthrobacter and Sphingomonas increased in fungicide-treated soil due to their ability to utilize fungicides and other toxic compounds. Rhizopus and plant-beneficial Chaetomium were the dominant fungal genera, with their prevalence increasing by 2-4 times in the fungicide-treated soil. The genus Fusarium, which includes phytopathogenic species, which are notably responsible for root rot, was the most abundant taxon in each of the two conditions but its relative abundance was two times lower in fungicide-treated soils, consistent with a lower level of disease incidence in plants. The prediction of metabolic pathways revealed that the soil bacterial community had a high potential for degrading various pollutants, and the soil fungal community was in a state of recovery after the application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Fungicide-treated soil was characterized by an increase in soil microbial carbon, compared with the control soil. Collectively, the obtained results suggest that the application of difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, and kresoxim-methyl is an effective approach for pest control that does not pose a hazard for the soil ecosystem in the short term. However, it is necessary to carry out additional sampling to take into account the spatio-temporal impact of this fungicide mixture on the functional properties of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Darya V. Poshvina
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Semenov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
- Laboratory of Soil Carbon and Microbial Ecology, Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav N. Timofeev
- Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture for Northern Trans-Ural Region—Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Alexandr V. Iashnikov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Artyom A. Stepanov
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Arina N. Pervushina
- International Integrated Research Laboratory for the Study of Climate Change, Land Use and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
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Chatzidimopoulos M, Zambounis A, Lioliopoulou F, Vellios E. Detection of Venturia inaequalis Isolates with Multiple Resistance in Greece. Microorganisms 2022; 10. [PMID: 36557607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of fungicides against Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, has led to the emergence of resistant populations to multiple fungicides over the years. In Greece, there is no available information on fungicide resistance, despite the fact that control failures have been reported on certain areas. An amount of 418 single-spore isolates were collected from three major apple production areas and tested for their sensitivity to eight commonly used fungicides from unrelated chemical groups. The isolates were tested on malt extract agar media enriched with the discriminatory dose of each fungicide using the point inoculation method. To define the discriminatory dose for assessing the levels of resistance, EC50 values on both spore germination and mycelial growth assays were previously determined. Isolates exhibiting high resistance to trifloxystrobin (92% in total) and difenoconazole (3%); and moderate resistance to cyprodinil (75%), dodine (28%), difenoconazole (36%), boscalid (5%), and fludioxonil (7%) were found for the first time in Greece. A small percentage of the isolates were also found less sensitive to captan (8%) and dithianon (6%). Two isolates showed various levels of resistance to all eight fungicides. Despite the occurrence of strains with multiple resistances to many fungicides, we concluded that this practical resistance in the field arose mainly due to the poor control of apple scab with trifloxystrobin and difenoconazole.
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Lehel J, Vöröskői P, Palkovics A, Szabó C, Darnay L, Budai P, Laczay P, Lányi K. Farm to table: Residues of different pesticides in tomato and tomato juice - Food safety aspects. Acta Vet Hung 2022; 70:236-244. [PMID: 36129792 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During plant cultivation, the pesticides can get into the tissue of vegetables due to crop protection processes, and thus into the food chain. Therefore, they constitute a potential risk to the consumer's health. Depletion of pesticides [spirotetramat (Movento), azoxystrobin and difenoconazole (Amistar Top)] was monitored by testing tomatoes treated individually or simultaneously and tomato juices prepared from the treated tomatoes. The investigations aimed to reveal any kinetic interaction between the compounds tested and changes in their elimination, and thus to assess their compliance with the official Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The co-presence of pesticides prolonged the elimination of the individual compounds which reached significantly higher residue levels (P < 0.0001) in tomato, especially difenoconazole (45%) and azoxystrobin (50%) on day 8 after treatment that can cause food safety issues to the human consumers. However, the concentrations of pesticides applied alone or simultaneously were found to be below the corresponding MRL values after the withdrawal period in all investigated tomato and tomato juice samples. Accordingly, the investigated pesticides can be safely used simultaneously, their concentrations are in compliance with the legal regulations and thus their concomitant presence does not pose any risk to the consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Lehel
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- 2 National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Vöröskői
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Palkovics
- 3 Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development, John von Neumann University, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- 3 Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development, John von Neumann University, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Lívia Darnay
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Budai
- 4 Institute of Plant Protection, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Péter Laczay
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Lányi
- 1 Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Xu X, Wang Y, Lei T, Sohail MA, Wang J, Wang H. Synergistic Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SDTB009 and Difenoconazole on Fusarium Wilt of Tomato. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2165-2171. [PMID: 35077231 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2650-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a destructive and widespread disease of tomatoes in China, and currently, there are no effective and environmentally friendly control measures. Combining biological control agents with fungicides has become an executable method for disease control. Here, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SDTB009 showed excellent in vitro antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and tolerance to high concentrations of difenoconazole (200 mg/liter) in vitro. The combination of SDTB009 and difenoconazole exhibited more effectiveness in mycelial growth inhibition than either treatment alone. Compared with that in the SDTB009 bulk solution in vitro (5.22 g/liter), surfactin titer reached 7.15 g/liter in the 100 mg/liter of difenoconazole-containing medium. Interestingly, the upregulation of 20 genes in the surfactin biosynthesis pathway from 2-fold to 4-fold was observed, explaining the synergistic effect. The SDTB009 combined with varying concentrations of difenoconazole (60, 120, and 150 g a.i./ha) showed a synergistic effect in two consecutive years of field trials. These results show that the integration of difenoconazole with the biocontrol agent B. amyloliquefaciens SDTB009 synergistically increases the control efficacy of the fungicide against tomato Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
- Lianyungang Technical College, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ting Lei
- China Tobacco Qiannan Co. Ltd., Qiannan 558000, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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20
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Li R, Liu B, Xu W, Yu L, Zhang C, Cheng J, Tao L, Li Z, Zhang Y. DNA damage and cell apoptosis induced by fungicide difenoconazole in mouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7. Environ Toxicol 2022; 37:650-659. [PMID: 34877763 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFC) is a typical triazole fungicide. Because of its effective bactericidal activity, it has been widely used in agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. This study revealed the cytotoxic effect of fungicide DFC on mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7. The results showed that the IC50 value of DFC on RAW264.7 cells was 37.08 μM (24 h). DFC can significantly inhibit the viability of RAW264.7 cells, induce DNA damage and enhance apoptosis. The established cytotoxicity test showed that DFC-induced DNA double strand breaks in RAW264.7 cells. DFC-treated cells showed typical morphological changes of apoptosis, including chromatin condensation and nuclear lysis. In addition, DFC can induce the release of Cyt c, promote the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in RAW264.7 cells. Through this research, people further understand the toxicity of DFC and provide a more scientific basis for its safety application and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qingpu District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvnan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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21
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Martin PL, Krawczyk T, Pierce K, Thomas C, Khodadadi F, Aćimović SG, Peter KA. Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A. Plant Dis 2022; 106:549-563. [PMID: 34353127 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-21-1142-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple growers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. have reported increased losses to bitter rot of apple. We tested the hypothesis that this increase is because the Colletotrichum population has developed resistance to commonly used single-mode-of-action (single-MoA) fungicides. We screened 220 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from 38 apple orchards in the Mid-Atlantic region for resistance to 11 fungicides in Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) groups 1, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 29. Eleven (5%) of these isolates were resistant to FRAC group 1 with confirmed β-tubulin E198A mutations, and two (<1%) were also resistant to FRAC group 11 with confirmed cytochrome-b G143A mutations. Such low frequencies of resistant isolates indicate that fungicide resistance is unlikely to be the cause of any regional increase in bitter rot. A subsample of isolates was subsequently tested in vitro for sensitivity to every single-MoA fungicide registered for apple in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A. (22 fungicides; FRAC groups 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 29), and 13 fungicides were tested in field trials. These fungicides varied widely in efficacy both within and between FRAC groups. Comparisons of results from our in vitro tests with results from our field trials and other field trials conducted across the eastern U.S.A. suggested that EC25 values (concentrations that reduce growth by 25%) are better predictors of fungicide efficacy in normal field conditions than EC50 values. We present these results as a guideline for choosing single-MoA fungicides for bitter rot control in the Mid-Atlantic U.S.A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Martin
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Teresa Krawczyk
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Kristen Pierce
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Catherine Thomas
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
| | - Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Winchester, VA 22602
| | - Kari A Peter
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA 17307
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22
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Khwanes SA, Mohamed RA, Ibrahim KA, Abd El-Rahman HA. Ginger reserves testicular spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in difenoconazole-intoxicated rats by conducting oxidative stress, apoptosis and proliferation. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14241. [PMID: 34519103 DOI: 10.1111/and.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Difenoconazole, a triazole fungicide, can induce reproductive toxicity in aquatic species, but the probable mechanisms of this hazard in mammals are not formally reported. Here, we have examined the possible ameliorative efficiency of the ginger aqueous extract against the reproductive toxicity of difenoconazole in male rats. Thirty-six animals were equally divided into six groups: control, ginger aqueous extract (50 mg/kg), difenoconazole (15 mg/kg), difenoconazole (30 mg/kg) and ginger co-treated with two doses of difenoconazole. Difenoconazole markedly decreased sperm count, motility and normality percentage, together with the Johnson score. Difenoconazole also significantly reduced serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, as well as the activities of testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Furthermore, difenoconazole brought a significant decrease in the testicular activity of catalase, but it increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, difenoconazole upregulated the testicular transcripts of Bax and caspase-3, increased Ki-67 immunoreactivity and induced histoarchitecture alterations plus DNA damage. Remarkably, ginger co-treatment preserved sperm toxicity, restored hormone profiles, increased steroidogenic activity and prevented oxidative injury-promoted testicular apoptosis. In conclusion, phenolic acids and flavonoids of ginger can reserve spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in difenoconazole-intoxicated rats by improving testicular redox status, inhibiting apoptosis and refining proliferation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad A Khwanes
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania A Mohamed
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khairy A Ibrahim
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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23
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Fan R, Zhang W, Jia L, Li L, Zhao J, Zhao Z, Peng S, Chen Y, Yuan X. Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120854. [PMID: 34941692 PMCID: PMC8706556 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DIF) and dimethomorph (DIM) are widely used pesticides frequently detected together in environmental samples, so the deleterious effects of combined exposure warrant detailed examination. In this study, the individual and combined effects of DIM and DIF on conventional developmental parameters (hatching rate, deformity rate, lethality) and gene expression were measured in embryonic zebrafish. Both DIF and DIM interfered with normal zebrafish embryo development, and the most sensitive toxicity index for both was 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) deformity rate (BMDL10 values of 0.30 and 1.10 mg/L, respectively). The combination of DIF and DIM had mainly synergistic deleterious effects on 96 hpf deformity and mortality rates. Transcriptome analysis showed that these compounds markedly downregulated expression of mcm family genes, cdk1, and cdc20, thereby potentially disrupting DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Enhanced surveillance for this pesticide combination is recommended as simultaneous environmental exposure may be substantially more harmful than exposure to either compound alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Fan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Li Jia
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Lizhong Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Jun Zhao
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Zengming Zhao
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100073, China; (R.F.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (S.P.)
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
- Correspondence:
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24
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Xu F, Xu D, Hu M, Chen L, Xu C. Chromatographic analysis and residue degradation of phenamacril and difenoconazole on strawberries. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2102-2115. [PMID: 34407740 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1959070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Strawberries are widely cultivated and highly consumed globally, but pests and diseases can severely affect yields. Phenamacril and difenoconazole are high-efficacy pesticides and the mixture of these two pesticides offers a satisfactory option for disease control. In this study, an optimised QuEChERS method combined with dispersive solid-phase extraction purification before injection for simultaneously determining the residues of phenamacril-difenoconazole mixture on strawberries was developed and validated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Average recoveries of phenamacril and difenoconazole in the strawberry matrices ranged from 100% to 104% and 99% to 104%, with relative standard deviations of 2.6%-5.3% and 2.2%-5.5%, respectively. The degradation half-lives of phenamacril and difenoconazole were 3.5-6.6 days and 2.2-3.4 days on strawberries, respectively. Final residues of phenamacril and difenoconazole on strawberries at eight different cultivation regions were 0.033-0.66 mg kg-1 and <0.02-0.089 mg kg-1 after spraying at the maximum dosage recommended by the company of 300 mg a.i. kg-1 twice, respectively. Overall, this study is the first report of phenamacril and difenoconazole residue analysis in strawberries. Therefore, it could provide the reference data for safe management and proper use of phenamacril and difenoconazole in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqing Hu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlong Xu
- Analysis Center, Residue Laboratory, Jiangsu Pesticide Research Institute, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Khalaf B, Hamed O, Jodeh S, Bol R, Hanbali G, Safi Z, Dagdag O, Berisha A, Samhan S. Cellulose-Based Hectocycle Nanopolymers: Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Adsorption of Difenoconazole from Aqueous Medium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6090. [PMID: 34200114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to develop polymer-based heterocycle for water purification from toxic pesticides such as difenoconazole. The polymer chosen for this purpose was cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC); two cellulose based heterocycles were prepared by crosslinking with 2,6-pyridine dicarbonyl dichloride (Cell-X), and derivatizing with 2-furan carbonyl chloride (Cell-D). The synthesized cellulose-based heterocycles were characterized by SEM, proton NMR, TGA and FT-IR spectroscopy. To optimize adsorption conditions, the effect of various variable such as time, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, and difenoconazole initial concentration were evaluated. Results showed that, the maximum difenoconazole removal percentage was about 94.7%, and 96.6% for Cell-X and Cell-D, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption process showed that the adsorption of difenoconazole by the two polymers is a pseudo-second order and follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The obtained values of ∆G ° and ∆H suggest that the adsorption process is spontaneous at room temperature. The results showed that Cell-X could be a promising adsorbent on a commercial scale for difenoconazole. The several adsorption sites present in Cell-X in addition to the semi crown ether structure explains the high efficiency it has for difenoconazole, and could be used for other toxic pesticides. Monte Carlo (MC) and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation were performed on a model of Cell-X and difenoconazole, and the results showed strong interaction.
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26
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Gao S, Jiang J, Li X, Ye F, Fu Y, Zhao L. Electrospun Polymer-Free Nanofibers Incorporating Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/ Difenoconazole via Supramolecular Assembly for Antifungal Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:5871-5881. [PMID: 34013730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, flexible and self-standing hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/difenoconazole inclusion complex (HPβCD/DZ-IC) nanofibers were prepared by polymer-free electrospinning, which exhibited potential to be a new fast-dissolving pesticide formulation. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were applied to evaluate the morphology of nanofibers, which showed that the resulting HPβCD/DZ-IC nanofibers were bead-free and uniform. In addition, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum suggested a stoichiometric ratio of 1:0.9 (HPβCD/DZ). Other characterization methods, such as UV-vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were applied in this study. On the one hand, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA provided useful information for the successful formation of an inclusion complex; on the other hand, the results of TGA indicated the thermal stability of DZ was enhanced after the formation of inclusion complexes. Besides, the phase solubility test could explain the increased water solubility of the nanofibers of inclusion complexes formed by DZ and HPβCD. The results of molecular docking studies demonstrated the most favorable binding interactions when HPβCD combined with DZ. The dissolution test and the antifungal performance test exhibited the characteristics of fast dissolution and the excellent antifungal performance of HPβCD/DZ-IC nanofibers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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27
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Sun C, Li F, Wei M, Xiang Z, Chen C, Xu D. Detection and Biological Characteristics of Alternaria alternata Resistant to Difenoconazole from Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, an Indigenous Medicinal Herb. Plant Dis 2021; 105:1546-1554. [PMID: 33349004 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-19-2699-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black spot caused by Alternaria alternata (BSAA) is one of the most common diseases of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, causing yield losses in China. Demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) have been used to control this disease in China for decades. Some farmers have complained about the decreased efficacy of DMIs against BSAA. The objective of this study was to detect and characterize the resistance of A. alternata against difenoconazole from P. polyphylla var. chinensis during 2018. Of the 22 isolates of A. alternata obtained from Sichuan Province in the southwest of China, 20 were resistant to difenoconazole. Mycelial growth rates and sporulation of the difenoconazole-resistant (DfnR) isolates were not different from those of the difenoconazole-sensitive (DfnS) isolates. No cross resistance between difenoconazole and tebuconazole or propiconazole was observed. Mutations were identified at gene AaCYP51 of DfnR isolates based on the sequence alignment of the DfnR and DfnS isolates. All of the mutations could be divided into three resistant genotypes, I (K715R + Y781C), II (K715R + D1140G + T1628A), and III (no mutation). The docking total score of the DfnS isolates was 5.6020, higher than the resistant genotype I (4.4599) or the resistant genotype II (3.8651), suggesting that the DMI resistance of A. alternata may be caused by the decreased affinity between AaCYP51 and difenoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Fengjie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Mengdi Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Zengxu Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Deliang Xu
- Tea Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi 214125 China
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28
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Anastassiadou M, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Rojas A, Sacchi A, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for difenoconazole in leafy brassica. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06407. [PMID: 33603896 PMCID: PMC7871204 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Syngenta Crop Protection AG submitted a request to the competent national authority in the Netherlands to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance difenoconazole in commodities belonging to the group of leafy brassica. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for leafy brassica. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of difenoconazole in plant matrices under consideration at the validated LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg and for difenoconazole and metabolite CGA205375 in animal matrices at the validated LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg for meat muscle, fat, liver, kidney and eggs and at the validated LOQ of 0.005 mg/kg for milk. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that for the crops assessed in this application the short‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of difenoconazole according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. Long‐term consumer intake concerns cannot be excluded for the intended and existing difenoconazole uses as they are affected by uncertainties associated with the toxicity of metabolite CGA205375 and the lack of information on all existing difenoconazole uses in the EU. Overall, this risk assessment is considered provisional, pending the submission of confirmatory data on possible preferential metabolism/degradation of the four stereo isomers of difenoconazole in plants and has to be re‐considered when the missing data become available. Additionally, this assessment does not take into consideration triazole derivative metabolites (TDMs) which may be generated by several pesticides belonging to the group of triazole fungicides as this application was submitted before September 2019 which is the date of application of the new strategy endorsed by the risk managers for the assessment of TDMs.
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29
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Magoye E, Hilber-Bodmer M, Pfister M, Freimoser FM. Unconventional Yeasts Are Tolerant to Common Antifungals, and Aureobasidium pullulans Has Low Baseline Sensitivity to Captan, Cyprodinil, and Difenoconazole. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E602. [PMID: 32942551 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many yeasts have demonstrated intrinsic insensitivity to certain antifungal agents. Unlike the fungicide resistance of medically relevant yeasts, which is highly undesirable, intrinsic insensitivity to fungicides in antagonistic yeasts intended for use as biocontrol agents may be of great value. Understanding how frequently tolerance exists in naturally occurring yeasts and their underlying molecular mechanisms is important for exploring the potential of biocontrol yeasts and fungicide combinations for plant protection. Here, yeasts were isolated from various environmental samples in the presence of different fungicides (or without fungicide as a control) and identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region or through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Among 376 isolates, 47 taxa were identified, and Aureobasidium pullulans was the most frequently isolated yeast. The baseline sensitivity of this yeast was established for 30 isolates from different environmental samples in vitro to captan, cyprodinil, and difenoconazole. For these isolates, the baseline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for all the fungicides were higher than the concentrations used for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. For some isolates, there was no growth inhibition at concentrations as high as 300 µg/mL for captan and 128 µg/mL for cyprodinil. This information provides insight into the presence of resistance among naturally occurring yeasts and allows the choice of strains for further mechanistic analyses and the assessment of A. pullulans for novel applications in combination with chemical agents and as part of integrated plant-protection strategies.
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30
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Brancato A, Brocca D, De Lentdecker C, Erdos Z, Ferreira L, Greco L, Janossy J, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Leuschner R, Lythgo C, Medina P, Miron I, Molnar T, Nougadere A, Pedersen R, Reich H, Sacchi A, Santos M, Stanek A, Sturma J, Tarazona J, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A, Villamar-Bouza L. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for difenoconazole in various crops. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05143. [PMID: 32625688 PMCID: PMC7009345 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant BASF SE submitted a request to the competent national authority in the United Kingdom to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance difenoconazole in various crops. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for all crops under consideration. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of difenoconazole in plant matrices under consideration. The estimated long-term and short-term intake to residues of difenoconazole resulting from the existing and the intended uses did not exceed the toxicological reference values established for the active substance difenoconazole. The consumer exposure assessment has to be considered provisional as the impact of a potentially different isomer composition in the residues of difenoconazole on this risk assessment is currently unknown and has to be reconsidered when data on possible preferential metabolism/degradation of the four stereo isomers of difenoconazole in plants is available and guidance on a risk assessment approach for residues containing isomers is implemented.
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31
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Kasmi S, Bkhairia I, Harrabi B, Mnif H, Marrakchi R, Ghozzi H, Kallel C, Nasri M, Zeghal K, Jamoussi K, Hakim A. Modulatory effects of quercetin on liver histopathological, biochemical, hematological, oxidative stress and DNA alterations in rats exposed to graded doses of score 250. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:12-22. [PMID: 28679351 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the morphological, biochemical and molecular aspects of liver injury in rats after the exposure to difenoconazole and the protective effects of quercetin against hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by this fungicide. Rats were given graded doses of difenoconazole associated or not to quercetin daily for 20 days. Our results showed a significant increase in PLT (platelets) and WBC (white blood cells) in rats treated with higher doses of difenoconazole (1/38 and 1/9 of LD50). However, a significant decrease in Hb (hemoglobin) rate and RBC (red blood cells) number in rats treated with higher doses of difenoconazole (1/38 and 1/9 of LD50) was obtained. Besides, difenoconazole treatment caused an increase in hepatic enzyme activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Difenoconazole increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and vitamin C levels in liver tissues compared to the control group. We also noted a degradation of nucleic acids, testifying difenoconazole genotoxicity. Changes in hepatic tissues were confirmed by histological findings. Co-administration of quercetin (20 mg/kg) improved hematological and biochemical parameters and showed a significant liver protective effect by decreasing MDA levels and producing advanced oxidation protein, along with increased antioxidative enzyme activities and vitamin C levels. Results were confirmed by the improvement of histological impairments. Thus, it appears that quercetin was effective in preventing acute liver injury induced by exposure to difenoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Kasmi
- a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Intithar Bkhairia
- b Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National Engineering School of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Bahira Harrabi
- a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Hela Mnif
- c Laboratories of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Rim Marrakchi
- d Biochemistry Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Hanen Ghozzi
- a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Choumous Kallel
- e Hematology Laboratory , Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Moncef Nasri
- b Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, National Engineering School of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Zeghal
- a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Kamel Jamoussi
- d Biochemistry Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax , Sfax University , Sfax , Tunisia
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Cho S, Kang G, Lee S, Kim TH. Crystal structure of difenoconazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1173. [PMID: 25484812 PMCID: PMC4257337 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814022429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound difenoconazole [systematic name: 1-({2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chloro-phen-oxy)phen-yl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl}meth-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole], C19H17Cl2N3O3, the dihedral angle between the planes of the 4-chloro-phenyl and 2-chloro-phenyl rings is 79.34 (9)°, while the dihedral angle between the planes of the triazole ring and the dioxolanyl group is 59.45 (19)°. In the crystal, pairs of C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link adjacent mol-ecules, forming dimers with R 2 (2)(6) loops. In addition, the dimers are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional architecture. Disorder was modeled for one C atom of the dioxolanyl group over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.566 (17):0.434 (17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihaeng Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Abd-Alrahman SH, Elhalwagy MEA, Kotb GA, Farid H, Farag AAG, Draz HM, Isa AM, Sabico S. Exposure to difenoconazole, diclofop-methyl alone and combination alters oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:3637-46. [PMID: 25419412 PMCID: PMC4238557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The herbicides diclofop-methyl and the fungicide difenoconazole are widely used in agriculture and may lead to serious toxicity risks. However, limited studies have been done to evaluate differences in the metabolic effects of these herbicides. Difenoconazole (10 mg/kg) and Diclofop-methyl (1 mg/kg) were orally administrated individually (Groups 1 and 2 respectively) as well as combined (G3) to rats for 28 days. In all treated groups, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and urea were significantly higher than the control group. Plasma creatinine was also significantly higher in groups G1 and G2 than control. Significant inhibition in gamma glutamyltransferase (γGT) was observed in all treated groups, in addition to significant inhibition of plasma acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) in G3 (p < 0.01). There was no effect in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin. Total plasma triiodothy-ronine (T3) hormone was significantly higher in groups G2 and G3 (p < 0.01), but significantly lower in G1 group as compared to control. Thyroxin (T4) was significantly lower in all treated groups than control. Cholesterol level was significantly lower in G3 than control, and a total protein (TP) was significantly higher in all treated groups than control. No differences were observed in glucose levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), an oxidative stress biomarker, was significantly increased in all treated groups comparing to control. Sulphur containing protein (SH-protein) was significantly lower in G1 than control. No significant changes were observed for GST in all treatments. The significant differences in measured biomarkers after application of diclofop-methyl, difenoconazole individually and combined indicate that the investigated pesticides may have potentially harmful effects on humans and the surrounding environment. We suggest that larger studies be conducted to better understand the toxicity mechanisms of these pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif H Abd-Alrahman
- Department of Pesticides Residues and Environmental Pollution, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research CenterGiza 12618, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityP.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal EA Elhalwagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdulaziz UniversityP.O Box 51459, Jeddah 21453, KSA
- Department of Mammalian Toxicology, Pesticide Central Laboratory, Agriculture Research CenterGiza 12618, Egypt
| | - Gamila Ahmed Kotb
- Department of Mammalian Toxicology, Pesticide Central Laboratory, Agriculture Research CenterGiza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hoda Farid
- Faculty of Agriculture, Menofia UniversityEgypt
| | - Ahmed AG Farag
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig UniversityEgypt
| | - Hossam M Draz
- Department of Biochemistry, National Research CentreDokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Isa
- Department of Obstitrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | - S Sabico
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityP.O Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Xue J, Li H, Liu F, Xue J, Chen X, Zhan J. Transfer of difenoconazole and azoxystrobin residues from chrysanthemum flower tea to its infusion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:666-75. [PMID: 24405376 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.882020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the transfer of pesticide residues from tea to its infusion can be important in the assessment of the possible health benefits of tea consumption. In this work the transfer of difenoconazole and azoxystrobin residues from chrysanthemum tea to its infusion was investigated at different water temperatures, infusion intervals and times. The transfer percentages were in the range of 18.7-51.6% for difenoconazole and of 38.1-71.2% for azoxystrobin, and increased considerably with longer infusion intervals. The results indicated that azoxystrobin with a lower octanol-water partition coefficient of 2.5, showed a higher transfer than that of difenoconazole with a relatively high octanol-water partition coefficient of 4.4. Water temperature had no significant effect on the transfer of the two residues, and no obvious loss of difenoconazole and azoxystrobin occurred during the infusion process. The concentrations in the infusions decreased gradually from 0.67 to 0.30 μg kg(-1) for difenoconazole and from 2.3 to 0.46 μg kg(-1) for azoxystrobin after five infusions. To assess the potential health risk, the values of estimate expose risk were calculated to be 0.016 for difenoconazole and 0.0022 for azoxystrobin, meaning the daily residue intake of the two analytes from chrysanthemum tea was safe. This research may help assure food safety and identify the potential exposure risks from pesticides in chrysanthemum that may be health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xue
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , College of Science, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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