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Wang M, Ning Y, Hu Y, Cui X, Luo F, Zhou L, Yu M, Zhang X. Residue Degradation and Risk Assessment of Difenoconazole and Its Metabolite during Tea Growing, Processing and Brewing by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination. Foods 2024; 13:1123. [PMID: 38611427 PMCID: PMC11011539 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Residue dissipation and risk assessment of difenoconazole and its metabolite difenoconazole-alcohol during tea growing, processing, and brewing was first investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of quantification for both difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol were 0.001 mg/kg in fresh tea leaves and tea, and 0.0002 mg/L in tea infusion. In field trials, the dissipation half-lives of difenoconazole in fresh tea leaves was 1.77 days. After spraying, the residues of difenoconazole-alcohol increased and then gradually dissipated like difenoconazole. After 14 days, the dissipation rates of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol reached 99%. When fresh tea leaves were harvested on different days, the total processing factors (PFs) of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol for green tea were 0.86-1.05 and 0.78-0.85, respectively, while the total PFs for black tea were 0.83-1.13 and 0.82-1.66, respectively. Metabolism of difenoconazole was accelerated during tea processing. When brewing black tea, the leaching rates (LRs) of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol were 8.4-17.9% and 31.8-38.9%, respectively, while when brewing green tea, the LRs were 15.4-23.5% and 30.4-50.6%, respectively. The LRs of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol in black tea were higher than those in green tea. The potential threat to human health for dietary intake of difenoconazole and difenoconazole-alcohol residues from tea consumption is negligible. However, the dietary risk of difenoconazole in fruits and vegetables that are essential for daily diets is concerning, with a risk probability of 158%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Plant Protection Quarantine and Pesticide Management Institute, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Yating Ning
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Plant Protection Quarantine and Pesticide Management Institute, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Research Center of Quality Safety for Agricultural Products, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (M.W.); (Y.N.); (Y.H.); (F.L.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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