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Tripathi M, Singh S, Pathak S, Kasaudhan J, Mishra A, Bala S, Garg D, Singh R, Singh P, Singh PK, Shukla AK, Pathak N. Recent Strategies for the Remediation of Textile Dyes from Wastewater: A Systematic Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:940. [PMID: 37999592 PMCID: PMC10674586 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dye in wastewater causes substantial threats to the environment, and has negative impacts not only on human health but also on the health of other organisms that are part of the ecosystem. Because of the increase in textile manufacturing, the inhabitants of the area, along with other species, are subjected to the potentially hazardous consequences of wastewater discharge from textile and industrial manufacturing. Different types of dyes emanating from textile wastewater have adverse effects on the aquatic environment. Various methods including physical, chemical, and biological strategies are applied in order to reduce the amount of dye pollution in the environment. The development of economical, ecologically acceptable, and efficient strategies for treating dye-containing wastewater is necessary. It has been shown that microbial communities have significant potential for the remediation of hazardous dyes in an environmentally friendly manner. In order to improve the efficacy of dye remediation, numerous cutting-edge strategies, including those based on nanotechnology, microbial biosorbents, bioreactor technology, microbial fuel cells, and genetic engineering, have been utilized. This article addresses the latest developments in physical, chemical, eco-friendly biological and advanced strategies for the efficient mitigation of dye pollution in the environment, along with the related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikant Tripathi
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Sakshi Singh
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Sukriti Pathak
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Jahnvi Kasaudhan
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Aditi Mishra
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Saroj Bala
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141001, India
| | - Diksha Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141001, India
| | - Ranjan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Biotechnology Program, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
| | | | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya 224001, India
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Zheng WL, Wang YF, Mo J, Zeng P, Chen J, Sun C. Effects of biochar application and nutrient fluctuation on the growth, and cadmium and nutrient uptake of Trifolium repens with different planting densities in Cd-contaminated soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269082. [PMID: 37799556 PMCID: PMC10548119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been used to remediate contaminated-soil with heavy metals, however, less is known on how biochar interacts with planting density and nutrient fluctuation to affect the remediation. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the effects of biochar application (without vs. with 1% biochar, g/g substrate), nutrient fluctuation (constant vs. pulsed) and planting density (1-, 3- and 6-individuals per pot) on the growth, and cadmium (Cd) and nutrient uptake of Trifolium repens population. Our results found that the growth of T. repens population increased significantly with increasing planting density, and the increment decreased with increasing planting density. Both the Cd and nutrient uptake were higher at higher planting density (e.g., 3- and 6-individuals) than at lower planting density (e.g., 1-individual). Biochar application increased the biomass and shoot Cd uptake, but decreased the ratio of root to shoot and root Cd uptake of T. repens population, the effects of which were significantly influenced by planting density. Although nutrient fluctuation had no effect on the growth of T. repens population, but its interaction with planting density had significant effects on Cd uptake in tissues. Overall, the effects of biochar application and nutrient fluctuation on the growth and Cd uptake were both influenced by planting density in the present study. Our findings highlight that biochar application and constant nutrient supply at an appropriate planting density, such as planting density of 3-individuals per pot in the present study, could promote the growth, and Cd and nutrient uptake of T. repens population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yan-Fei Wang
- Taizhou Institute of Product Quality and Safety Inspection, Taizhou, China
| | - Jingya Mo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Pu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Chenliang Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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de Souza Cardoso AA, Nunes APP, Batista ÉR, Nataren LDCH, Nunes MFPN, Gomes FTDL, Leite ADA, Guilherme LRG, Faquin V, Silva MLDS. Sulfate supply decreases barium availability, uptake, and toxicity in lettuce plants grown in a tropical Ba-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53938-53947. [PMID: 36869946 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Barium (Ba) is a non-essential element that can cause toxicity in living organisms and environmental contamination. Plants absorb barium predominantly in its divalent cationic form Ba2+. Sulfur (S) can decrease the availability of Ba2+ in the soil by causing its precipitation as barium sulfate, a compound known for its very low solubility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil sulfate supply in soil Ba fractions, as well as on plant growth, and Ba and S uptake by lettuce plants grown in artificially Ba-contaminated soil under greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of five Ba doses (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg kg-1 Ba, as barium chloride) combined with three S doses (0, 40, and 80 mg kg-1 S, as potassium sulfate). The treatments were applied to soil samples (2.5 kg) and placed in plastic pots for plant cultivation. The Ba fractions analyzed were extractable-Ba, organic matter-Ba, oxides associated-Ba, and residual-Ba. The results indicate that the extractable-Ba fraction was the main one responsible for Ba bioavailability and phytotoxicity, probably corresponding to the exchangeable Ba in the soil. The dose of 80 mg kg-1 of S reduced extractable-Ba by 30% at higher Ba doses while it increased the other fractions. Furthermore, S supply attenuated the growth inhibition in plants under Ba exposure. Thus, S supply protected the lettuce plants from Ba toxicity by reduction of Ba availability in soil and plant growth enhancement. The results suggest that sulfate supply is a suitable strategy for managing Ba-contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Nunes
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Éder Rodrigues Batista
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aline do Amaral Leite
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Valdemar Faquin
- Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
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Werheni Ammeri R, Eturki S, Simeone GDR, Ben Moussa K, Hassen W, Moussa M, Hassen A. Effectiveness of combined tools: adsorption, bioaugmentation and phytoremediation for pesticides removal from wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1474-1487. [PMID: 36606367 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2164249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the comparison of two process in pentachlorophenol (PCP: 100 mg L-1) removal by combined process bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation in secondary treated wastewater (STWW). The phytoremediation procedure was conducted by using two plants such as Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus, and the bioaugmentation procedure was operated by Pseudomonas putida HM 627618 as a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR). The adsorption process was performed by palm date activated carbon. The PCP monitoring was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the optical density determination at 600 nm (OD600). The performance of the two processes was observed by the determination of total bacteria, chlorophylls and physical and chemical analysis (COD, pH, conductivity, chloride, and organic carbon). The alfalfa seed germination test was conducted to assess the two operational performance procedures. According to the results obtained from the physical and chemical analysis of the treated STWW, there was no significant differences in the pH and in the EC content of the bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment, while a significant increase of the EC content was observed in the bioaugmentation-adsorption to 5.08 mS cm-1. The COD value significantly decreased up to 1320 mg L-1 in bioaugmentation-adsorption treatment (control value 2400 mg L-1) and 98 mg L-1 in bioaugmentation-phytoremediation treatment (control value 98 mg L-1). Microbial biomass monitoring of P. putida shows significant greater in both processes in the order of 9.18 and 7.01 Log CFU mL-1 for bioaugmentation-adsorption and bioaugmentation-phytoremediation, respectively. The chlorophyll content in Typha angustifolia and Schoenoplectus acutus significantly decreased after 144 h with the exception of the chlorophyll a content of Schoenoplectus acutus in which the content increased up to 3.31 mg mL-1. Comparing the performance of these two treatments, it was found according to HPLC analysis that the bioaugmentation-adsorption process was more efficient in removing about 97% of PCP after 48 h, against around 90% of PCP after 72 h for the phytoremediation-bioaugmentation. The alfalfa seeds showed a germination rate after the 5th day of incubation of 100% and 95%, respectively for the PCP-non-contaminated and treated STWW, while for wastewater containing PCP the germination was totally inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Werheni Ammeri
- Water Treatment and Recycling Laboratory, Water Research and Technology Center (CERTE), Technopark Borj-Cédria, Soliman, Tunisia
- Eremology and Combating Desertification (LR16IRA01) Arid Regions Institute of Medenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Saifeddine Eturki
- Eremology and Combating Desertification (LR16IRA01) Arid Regions Institute of Medenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| | | | - Kawther Ben Moussa
- Eremology and Combating Desertification (LR16IRA01) Arid Regions Institute of Medenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Hassen
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environmental-APAE Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, the University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Moussa
- Eremology and Combating Desertification (LR16IRA01) Arid Regions Institute of Medenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Water Treatment and Recycling Laboratory, Water Research and Technology Center (CERTE), Technopark Borj-Cédria, Soliman, Tunisia
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Segovia-Hernández JG, Hernández S, Cossío-Vargas E, Sánchez-Ramírez E. Tackling sustainability challenges in Latin America and Caribbean from the chemical engineering perspective: A literature review in the last 25 years. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Evaluation of Physiological and Biochemical Parameters and Some Bioindicators of Barium Tolerance in Limbarda crithmoides and Helianthus annuus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soils and water resources of our ecosystems may contain Barium (Ba), a toxic metal naturally existent in the Earth’s crust and also can be derived from recycled wastes produced of several anthropogenic activities. As a result of this fact, the accumulation of Ba in agriculture soils would increase to reach the crops and eventually end up in the human food chain. The purpose of this work was to study tolerance and accumulation abilities in Limbarda crithmoides and Helianthus annuus treated with increasing concentrations of barium (from 0 to 500 µM) for 45 days. In order to evaluate the response of these species to Ba stress, the biomass production, the water status, and the accumulation of the secondary metabolites, macronutrients, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), and Ba in shoots and roots, as well as chlorophyll levels, and metal tolerance index of the entire plant were assessed. Results showed an increase in plant biomass production and tolerance index in the two species with increasing Ba concentration. A significant increase in polyphenols and flavonoids levels was also shown with no negative effect on the macronutrients and TIN; however, the latter were found reduced in roots of L. crithmoides. Chlorophylls also were not affected. An average of 3000 µg·g−1 DW of Ba was accumulated in each organ of L. crithmoides while H. annuus accumulated up to 1350 µg·g−1 DW in the shoots. Our findings proved that L. crithmoides and H. annuus were susceptible to tolerate Ba-induced stress with high levels of Ba accumulation in the aboveground parts as well as in the roots during the 45 days of the experiments.
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Alsafran M, Usman K, Ahmed B, Rizwan M, Saleem MH, Al Jabri H. Understanding the Phytoremediation Mechanisms of Potentially Toxic Elements: A Proteomic Overview of Recent Advances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881242. [PMID: 35646026 PMCID: PMC9134791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As), polluting the environment, pose a significant risk and cause a wide array of adverse changes in plant physiology. Above threshold accumulation of PTEs is alarming which makes them prone to ascend along the food chain, making their environmental prevention a critical intervention. On a global scale, current initiatives to remove the PTEs are costly and might lead to more pollution. An emerging technology that may help in the removal of PTEs is phytoremediation. Compared to traditional methods, phytoremediation is eco-friendly and less expensive. While many studies have reported several plants with high PTEs tolerance, uptake, and then storage capacity in their roots, stem, and leaves. However, the wide application of such a promising strategy still needs to be achieved, partly due to a poor understanding of the molecular mechanism at the proteome level controlling the phytoremediation process to optimize the plant's performance. The present study aims to discuss the detailed mechanism and proteomic response, which play pivotal roles in the uptake of PTEs from the environment into the plant's body, then scavenge/detoxify, and finally bioaccumulate the PTEs in different plant organs. In this review, the following aspects are highlighted as: (i) PTE's stress and phytoremediation strategies adopted by plants and (ii) PTEs induced expressional changes in the plant proteome more specifically with arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, and lead with models describing the metal uptake and plant proteome response. Recently, interest in the comparative proteomics study of plants exposed to PTEs toxicity results in appreciable progress in this area. This article overviews the proteomics approach to elucidate the mechanisms underlying plant's PTEs tolerance and bioaccumulation for optimized phytoremediation of polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsafran
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Central Laboratories Unit (CLU), Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kamal Usman
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Office of Academic Research, Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
- Office of Academic Research, Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al Jabri
- Center for Sustainable Development (CSD), College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Ferreira AD, Queiroz HM, Otero XL, Barcellos D, Bernardino ÂF, Ferreira TO. Iron hazard in an impacted estuary: Contrasting controls of plants and implications to phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128216. [PMID: 35033915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to its abundance and role as a micronutrient for plants iron (Fe) is rarely perceived as a contaminant. However, in redox active environments, Fe bioavailability increases sharply representing an environmental risk. In this study, a recent catastrophic mining dam failure is used as a field framework to evaluate the role of wetland plants on Fe biogeochemistry and assess their potential for phytoremediation programs. To achieve these objectives, a Fe geochemical partitioning and the concentration of Fe in different plant compartments (iron plaque on root surfaces, roots, and leaves) were determined in two sites vegetated by different wetland species. Soils exhibited contrasting Fe biogeochemical dynamics. Lower pseudo-total contents and more reactive Fe oxides were observed in the soil vegetated by Typha domingensis. Iron plaque was present on both species but more concentrated in Fe in T. domingensis. T. domingensis showed Fe shoot concentrations (3874 mg kg-1) 10-fold higher than in Hibiscus tiliaceus, which prevented Fe absorption through iron plaque formation and root accumulation. In conclusion, contrasting biogeochemical effects on Fe (e.g., rhizosphere acidification) lead to different phytoremediation abilities. T. domingensis showed a high potential for Fe phytoremediation on sites affected by Fe-enriched wastes and should be tested in assisted phytoremediation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Duim Ferreira
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hermano Melo Queiroz
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Xosé Luis Otero
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Barcellos
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Fraga Bernardino
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Osório Ferreira
- Department of Soil Science, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Shen X, Dai M, Yang J, Sun L, Tan X, Peng C, Ali I, Naz I. A critical review on the phytoremediation of heavy metals from environment: Performance and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132979. [PMID: 34801572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an effective, green and economical technique. Different types of phytoremediation methods can be used for the reduction of heavy metal contaminations, such as phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization and phytofiltration. The biomass of plants and the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil are the key factors affecting the efficiency of phytoremediation. It's worth noting that the low remediation efficiency and the lack of effective disposal methods for contaminated biomass have limited its development and application. At present, biological, physical, chemical, agronomic and genetic approaches have been used to enhance phytoremediation. Disposal methods of contaminated biomass usually include pyrolysis, incineration, composting and compaction. They are effective, but are costly and have security problems. Improper disposal of contaminated biomass can lead to leaching of heavy metals. The leaching possibility of different forms of heavy metal in plants is different. Hence, it has great significance to explore the different forms of heavy metals in plants which can help to explore appropriate disposal methods. According to the challenges of phytoremediation, we put forward some views and recommendations for the sustainable and rapid development of phytoremediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shen
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Min Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Jiawei Yang
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Changsheng Peng
- The Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
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