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Chen HC, Feng WW, Audira G, Kurnia KA, Hung SH, Castillo AL, Roldan MJM, Hsiao CD, Hung CH. Evaluation of sub-chronic toxicity of melamine via systematic or oral delivery in adult zebrafish based on behavioral endpoints. Neurotoxicology 2024; 102:68-80. [PMID: 38599288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Melamine-tainted products have been found in the market and raised issues about food safety. Recent studies done in rodents and humans demonstrated the toxicities of melamine, especially in causing kidney damage and bladder stone formation. However, very few studies assessed its behavior toxicity in organisms, including fish. Therefore, in this study, the researchers aim to determine whether sub-chronic exposure to melamine via oral and systematic administration could induce behavioral abnormality in zebrafish. After 14 days of systematic exposure to melamine at doses of 0.1 and 10 ppm levels, zebrafish were subjected to multiple behavioral assays. Results from both exposure routes showed that melamine indeed slightly increased fish locomotion and altered their exploratory behaviors in the novel tank assay. Furthermore, tightened shoaling formation was also displayed by the treated fish in the waterborne exposure group. However, melamine exposure did not cause any obvious alterations in fish behaviors during other behavioral tests. In addition, in comparison with previously published data on the behavior toxicities of several solvents in zebrafish, our phenomic analysis suggests the relatively low behavior toxicities of melamine via either systematic exposure or oral administration to zebrafish compared to those solvents. Nevertheless, our data indicate that the potential neurotoxicity of chronic low-dose melamine should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chao Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; Dr. Feng's Dermatology Clinic, Kaohsiung 811022, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Feng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan; Dr. Feng's Dermatology Clinic, Kaohsiung 811022, Taiwan
| | - Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Adi Kurnia
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - San-Ho Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, 151 Jinxue Rd., Daliao Dist., Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, Fooyin University Hospital, No. 5, Zhongshan Road, Donggang Township, Pingtung 92847, Taiwan
| | - Agnes L Castillo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan; Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
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Chen Z, Su Y, Chen J, Li Z, Wang T. Study on the health risk of cyanuric acid in swimming pool water and its prevention and control measures. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1294842. [PMID: 38259736 PMCID: PMC10801151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1294842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanuric acid is a widely used fine chemical intermediate that acts as a free chlorine buffer in swimming pool water, wherein it is often used as a stabilizer to maintain the germicidal efficacy of chlorinated disinfectants. However, it has also been associated with health risks. Herein, we introduced the sources and functions of cyanuric acid in swimming pool water, focusing on potential health risks associated with excessive concentration of the component and the current control standards worldwide. Also, the prevention and control measures were summarized in terms of physical chemistry, biodegradation, and ultraviolet radiation to provide a basis for the development of public health policies for swimming pool management.
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Sun W, Chen X, Mei Y, Li X, Yang Y, An L. Co-exposure of melamine and cyanuric acid as a risk factor for oxidative stress and energy metabolism: Adverse effects on hippocampal neuronal and synaptic function induced by excessive ROS production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114230. [PMID: 36306617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CA) alone have relatively low toxicity, but together they may cause serious damage to multiple organs, including the central nervous system, however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to determine and compare the neurotoxic effects of MEL (20 μg/mL), CA (20 μg/mL) and their combination (10 μg/mL MEL and 10 μg/mL CA) on cultured hippocampal neurons. The cell viability, apoptosis, anti-oxidative and energy metabolic indices were detected following 24 h of incubations. The miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 neurons were recorded. Moreover, ROS scavenger NAC was co-infused to investigate the potential mechanism. We found the complex of MEL and CA but not their alone caused severe cell death and disturbed energy production through activation caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Meanwhile, the combination significantly reduced the amplitude, decay time and frequency of mEPSCs but not mIPSCs, indicating the pre- and post-synaptic inhibitory actions on neuronal activity. Paired-pulsed ratio (PPR) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses were critically depressed. However, the co-application of NAC could effectively mitigate the cellular apoptosis, energy metabolism dysfunction and the impairments in neuronal and synaptic function. Our findings provide the first evidence that the combination of MEL and CA can exert more prominently neurotoxic effects than their alone and certify that one of the potential mechanisms for neuronal and synaptic dysfunction is the ROS-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yazi Mei
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Lei An
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China; Department of Neurology, Jinan Geriatric/Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan 250013, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
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Exposure to melamine cyanuric acid in adult mice caused motor activity and skeletal muscle energy metabolism disorder. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Prenatal cyanuric acid exposure disrupts cognitive flexibility and mGluR1-mediated hippocampal long-term depression in male rats. Toxicol Lett 2022; 370:74-84. [PMID: 36152796 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanuric acid is one of the most widely used classes of industrial chemicals and is now well known as food adulterant and contaminant in pet food and infant formula. Previously, it was reported that animals prenatally exposed to cyanuric acid showed neurotoxic effects that impaired memory consolidating and suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. However, it is not clear if prenatal exposure to cyanuric acid induces deficits in reversal learning and long-term depression (LTD), which is required for the developmental reorganization of synaptic circuits and updating learned behaviors. Here, pregnant rats were i.p. injected with cyanuric acid (20 mg/kg) during the whole of gestation, and male offspring were selected to examine the levels of hippocampal mGluR1 and mGluR2/3 in young adulthood. The LTD at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway was induced by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) and recorded. Reversal learning and hippocampus-dependent learning strategy were tested in Morris-water maze (MWM) and T-maze tasks, respectively. To further confirm the potential mechanism, selective agonists of mGluR1 and mGluR2/3 and antagonists of mGluR were intra-hippocampal infused before behavioral and neuronal recording. We found the levels of alkaline phosphatase were markedly increased in the maternal placenta and fetal brain following prenatal exposure. The expression of mGluR1 but not mGluR2/3 was significantly decreased and mGluR1-mediated LTD was selectively weakened. Prenatal cyanuric acid impaired reversal learning ability, without changing place learning strategy. The mGluR1 agonist could effectively enhance LFS-induced LTD and mitigate reversal learning deficits. Meanwhile, the reductions in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPAR)-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) amplitude and frequency of cyanuric acid offspring were simultaneously alleviated by mGluR1 agonist infusions. Therefore, the results indicate the cognitive and synaptic impairments induced by prenatal cyanuric acid exposure are attributed to the disruption of the hippocampal mGluR1 signaling. Our findings provided the first evidence for the deteriorated effects of cyanuric acid on synaptic depression and advanced cognitive performance.
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