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Młynarska E, Hajdys J, Czarnik W, Fularski P, Leszto K, Majchrowicz G, Lisińska W, Rysz J, Franczyk B. The Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases-A Literature Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:2587. [PMID: 39203723 PMCID: PMC11357572 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Joanna Hajdys
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Witold Czarnik
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Klaudia Leszto
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Gabriela Majchrowicz
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Wiktoria Lisińska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland; (J.H.); (W.C.); (P.F.); (K.L.); (G.M.); (W.L.)
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Ding R, Huang L, Yan K, Sun Z, Duan J. New insight into air pollution-related cardiovascular disease: an adverse outcome pathway framework of PM2.5-associated vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:699-707. [PMID: 38636937 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the air quality has been generally improved in recent years, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a major contributor to air pollution, remains one of the major threats to public health. Vascular calcification is a systematic pathology associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although the epidemiological evidence has uncovered the association between PM2.5 exposure and vascular calcification, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept offers a comprehensive interpretation of all of the findings obtained by toxicological and epidemiological studies. In this review, reactive oxygen species generation was identified as the molecular initiating event (MIE), which targeted subsequent key events (KEs) such as oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy, from the cellular to the tissue/organ level. These KEs eventually led to the adverse outcome, namely increased incidence of vascular calcification and atherosclerosis morbidity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first AOP framework devoted to PM2.5-associated vascular calcification, which benefits future investigations by identifying current limitations and latent biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Linyuan Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Kanglin Yan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, You'anmen Wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, PR China
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Yan Q, Zheng R, Li Y, Hu J, Gong M, Lin M, Xu X, Wu J, Sun S. PM 2.5-induced premature senescence in HUVECs through the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171177. [PMID: 38402989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell senescence plays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) induces stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in vascular endothelial cells. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this process remain to be fully elucidated. Cellular senescence is closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), and emerging research has established a strong connection between the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway and the antioxidant system in vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of PM2.5 on vascular endothelial cell senescence and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our findings revealed that PM2.5 exposure led to an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and the expression of the cell cycle-blocking proteins P53/P21 and P16 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an elevated proportion of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase after PM2.5 exposure. In addition, PM2.5-induced cellular senescence was attributed to the disruption of the cellular antioxidative defense system through the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway. The expression of cellular senescence markers was reduced after targeted scavenging of mitochondrial ROS using MitoQ. Moreover, treatment with SRT1720, a SIRT1-specific activator, upregulated the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway, restored the antioxidant system, and attenuated the expression of cellular senescence markers. Taken together, our results suggest that PM2.5 downregulates the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway, resulting in impaired antioxidant defenses in HUVECs. This, in turn, allows for the accumulation of ROS, leading to inhibition of endothelial cell cycle progression and the onset of stress-induced senescence in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rao Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meidi Gong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manman Lin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuecong Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shikun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Gu W, Wei Y, Tang Y, Zhang S, Li S, Shi Y, Tang F, Awad AM, Zhang X, Tang F. Supplement of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphate inhibits atheromatous calcification in Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19214. [PMID: 37654451 PMCID: PMC10465865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is the endogenous inhibitor for vascular calcification (VC). The present study was to investigate the effects of adenosine disodium triphosphate (ADTP) and alendronate sodium (AL), two exogenous PPi sources, on the atheromatous calcification (AC) in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. ApoE KO mice were randomly divided into five groups: ApoE KO group, ApoE KO + ADTP (Low) group, ApoE KO + ADTP (High) group, ApoE KO + AL (Low) group and ApoE KO + AL (High) group. The mice in ApoE KO + ADTP (Low) group and ApoE KO + ADTP (High) group were intraperitoneally injected with ADTP with dose of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 2 months respectively. The mice in ApoE KO + AL (Low) group and ApoE KO + AL (High) group were intraperitoneally injected with AL with dose of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg/day for 2 months respectively. The age matched C57 mice were used as control group. All ApoE KO and C57 mice were fed with normal chow throughout the experiment. The calcification was evaluated using von Kossa method. The contents of PPi, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were measured. The results showed that compared with C57 mice, ApoE KO mice developed severe AC accompanied with high levels of TC, TG, LDL, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum and with low levels of PPi and IL-10 in serum. Both ADTP and AL dose-dependently reduced the AC in ApoE KO mice compared with that of ApoE mice, without affecting the contents of lipid profiles. In addition, ADTP and AL increased the contents of PPi and IL-10 while decreased the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in serum of ApoE KO mice, having no affection on ALP activity. The results suggested that ADTP and AL reduced AC in ApoE KO mice by increasing the PPi level and regulating the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Gu
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shining Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuangyi Li
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Youming Shi
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Fenxia Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ali Mohamed Awad
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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