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Mora T, Fichera E, Lopez-Valcarcel BG. How has the strict lockdown during the SARS-COV-2 outbreak changed the diet of Spaniards? SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101512. [PMID: 37771418 PMCID: PMC10523260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigate the impact of a specific macroeconomic shock that occurred as a response to the SARS-COV-2 outbreak, namely the strict lockdown imposed in Spain on the March 14, 2020. Methods We use fortnightly purchase data relating to over 50,000 households from a supermarket chain in Catalonia from March to June in 2019 and 2020. Using a panel data approach, we analyse the impact of the lockdown on the caloric content, sugar composition, and alcohol content in beverages and food purchases bought before and after lockdown. We corrected our results to take into account the likelihood of stockpiling. Results The lockdown is related to an increase in unhealthy beverage and food purchases. We find heterogeneous effects across groups of the sample based on cardholder characteristics. Families with children or babies and those in the upper two income quintiles had the unhealthiest changes. As the lockdown went through phases of relaxation, households made better food decisions but maintained unhealthy beverage choices. Conclusions The very restrictive lockdown negatively impacted the characteristics of food and beverage purchases made by Spaniards. However, we are unsure whether there was substitution to restaurant and bar visits. Additional work to find out whether there were permanent changes in purchasing behaviour after lockdown ended is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Mora
- Research Institute for Evaluation and Public Policies (IRAPP), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Fichera
- Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Chen L, Liu W. The effect of Internet access on body weight: Evidence from China. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 85:102670. [PMID: 36055079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Internet has significantly changed people's daily lives, including their health status. In this paper, we study the health implications of Internet access with a specific focus on body weight. We exploit an Internet speed upgrading project in China and conduct a difference-in-differences analysis, where the treatment intensity depends on cities' pre-existing Internet infrastructure conditions. We find consistent and robust evidence that increased Internet access reduces the incidence of being overweight. Regarding the mechanisms behind this result, we provide indirect evidence for the information channel, evidenced by improved health behaviors after the project: less engagement in risky health behaviors and increased participation in preventive health services and exercise. Internet diffusion also increases income, supporting the income channel through which the Internet can affect body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Chen
- Department of Economics, University of Rochester, 280 Hutchison Road, P.O. Box 270156, Rochester, NY 14627, United States.
| | - Wanlin Liu
- School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, No. 10, Huixin Dongjie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Sigaud L, Daley A, Rubin J, Noblet C. The effects of recent minimum wage increases on self-reported health in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2022; 305:115110. [PMID: 35691212 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Minimum wage policy continues to receive considerable popular and legislative attention in the United States. Despite a fast-growing empirical literature on the relationship between the minimum wage and health, previous studies generally use data from the 1990s to 2014. In this study, we estimate the impact of recent changes in state-level minimum wages on the self-reported health of adults in the post-Great Recession era. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and a difference-in-differences design, we exploit more than 150 state-level increases in the minimum wage between 2011 and 2019. Our results indicate that a higher minimum wage increases men's physical and mental health burdens but has an ambiguous effect on a more general measure of health. Among women, the minimum wage improves general health and reduces their physical and mental health burdens. Compared to past studies, our work indicates that the relationship between the minimum wage and health has changed over time. It also illustrates the need for policymakers to consider the broader consequences of minimum wage policy, including health effects and gender differences therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Sigaud
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 5782 Winslow Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Angela Daley
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 5782 Winslow Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Jonathan Rubin
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 302C Winslow Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Caroline Noblet
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 305 Winslow Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Gračner T. Bittersweet: How prices of sugar-rich foods contribute to the diet-related disease epidemic in Mexico. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 80:102506. [PMID: 34537582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
I provide new evidence on how price changes of nutritionally similar foods, such as those rich in sugar or fats, change obesity and diet-related diseases in the context of Mexico between 1996-2010. I merge a bar-code level price dataset with product-specific nutritional composition to two datasets with health outcomes: state-level administrative and nationally representative individual-level panel data. Exploiting within-city variation in prices using fixed effects models, I show that decreased prices of sugar-rich foods increase obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension prevalence; yet the prices of foods rich in other nutrients do not. Health responses to price changes are the largest for those abdominally obese or at the highest risk for chronic disease. The association between prices of sugary foods and chronic disease is meaningful: I estimate that in Mexico, price reductions of sugary foods explain roughly 15 percent of the rise in obesity and diabetes during the 15-year study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Gračner
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States.
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Passos CMD, Maia EG, Levy RB, Martins APB, Claro RM. Association between the price of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Brazil. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:589-598. [PMID: 32139251 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To estimate the relationship between the price of ultra-processed foods and prevalence of obesity in Brazil and examine whether the relationship differed according to socioeconomic status. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from the national Household Budget Survey from 2008/09 (n = 55 570 households, divided in 550 strata) were used. Weight and height of all individuals were used. Weight was measured by using portable electronic scales (maximum capacity of 150 kg). Height (or length) was measured using portable stadiometers (maximum capacity: 200 cm long) or infant anthropometers (maximum capacity: 105 cm long). Multivariate regression models (log-log) were used to estimate price elasticity. An inverse association was found between the price of ultra-processed foods (per kg) and the prevalence of overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) in Brazil. The price elasticity for ultra-processed foods was -0.33 (95% CI: -0.46; -0.20) for overweight and -0.59 (95% CI: -0.83; -0.36) for obesity. This indicated that a 1.00% increase in the price of ultra-processed foods would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity of 0.33% and 0.59%, respectively. For the lower income group, the price elasticity for price of ultra-processed foods was -0.34 (95% CI: -0.50; -0.18) for overweight and -0.63 (95% CI: -0.91; -0.36) for obesity. CONCLUSION The price of ultra-processed foods was inversely associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazil, mainly in the lowest socioeconomic status population. Therefore, the taxation of ultra-processed foods emerges as a prominent tool in the control of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Mendes Dos Passos
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Emanuella Gomes Maia
- Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renata Bertazzi Levy
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Moreira Claro
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Banik R, Naher S, Pervez S, Hossain MM. Fast food consumption and obesity among urban college going adolescents in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wing C, Simon K, Bello-Gomez RA. Designing Difference in Difference Studies: Best Practices for Public Health Policy Research. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39:453-469. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coady Wing
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;,
| | - Kosali Simon
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA, and National Bureau of Economic Research
| | - Ricardo A. Bello-Gomez
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;,
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Shori AB, Albaik M, Bokhari FM. Fast food consumption and increased body mass index as risk factors for weight gain and obesity in Saudi Arabia. OBESITY MEDICINE 2017; 8:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
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Lenhart O. The impact of minimum wages on population health: evidence from 24 OECD countries. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2017; 18:1031-1039. [PMID: 27844176 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-016-0847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between minimum wages and several measures of population health by analyzing data from 24 OECD countries for a time period of 31 years. Specifically, I test for health effects as a result of within-country variations in the generosity of minimum wages, which are measured by the Kaitz index. The paper finds that higher levels of minimum wages are associated with significant reductions of overall mortality rates as well as in the number of deaths due to outcomes that have been shown to be more prevalent among individuals with low socioeconomic status (e.g., diabetes, disease of the circulatory system, stroke). A 10% point increase of the Kaitz index is associated with significant declines in death rates and an increase in life expectancy of 0.44 years. Furthermore, I provide evidence for potential channels through which minimum wages impact population health by showing that more generous minimum wages impact outcomes such as poverty, the share of the population with unmet medical needs, the number of doctor consultations, tobacco consumption, calorie intake, and the likelihood of people being overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Lenhart
- Department of Marketing and Economics, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy., Bldg. 53/Room 120, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractOut-of-home foods (takeaway, take-out and fast foods) have become increasingly popular in recent decades and are thought to be a key driver in increasing levels of overweight and obesity due to their unfavourable nutritional content. Individual food choices and eating behaviours are influenced by many interrelated factors which affect the results of nutrition-related public health interventions. While the majority of research based on out-of-home foods comes from Australia, the UK and USA, the same issues (poor dietary habits and increased prevalence of non-communicable disease) are of equal concern for urban centres in developing economies undergoing ‘nutrition transition’ at a global scale. The present narrative review documents key facets, which may influence out-of-home food consumption, drawn from biological, societal, environmental, demographic and psychological spheres. Literature searches were performed and references from relevant papers were used to find supplementary studies. Findings suggest that the strongest determinants of out-of-home food availability are density of food outlets and deprivation within the built environment; however, the association between socio-economic status and out-of-home food consumption has been challenged. In addition, the biological and psychological drives combined with a culture where overweight and obesity are becoming the norm makes it ‘fashionable’ to consume out-of-home food. Other factors, including age group, ethnicity and gender demonstrate contrasting effects and a lack of consensus. It is concluded that further consideration of the determinants of out-of-home food consumption within specific populations is crucial to inform the development of targeted interventions to reduce the impact of out-of-home foods on public health.
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Otten JJ, Buszkiewicz J, Tang W, Aggarwal A, Long M, Vigdor J, Drewnowski A. The Impact of a City-Level Minimum-Wage Policy on Supermarket Food Prices in Seattle-King County. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091039. [PMID: 28891937 PMCID: PMC5615576 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Many states and localities throughout the U.S. have adopted higher minimum wages. Higher labor costs among low-wage food system workers could result in higher food prices. Methods: Using a market basket of 106 foods, food prices were collected at affected chain supermarket stores in Seattle and same-chain unaffected stores in King County (n = 12 total, six per location). Prices were collected at 1 month pre- (March 2015) and 1-month post-policy enactment (May 2015), then again 1-year post-policy enactment (May 2016). Unpaired t-tests were used to detect price differences by location at fixed time while paired t-tests were used to detect price difference across time with fixed store chain. A multi-level, linear differences-in-differences model, was used to detect the changes in the average market basket item food prices over time across regions, overall and by food group. Results: There were no significant differences in overall market basket or item-level costs at one-month (-$0.01, SE = 0.05, p = 0.884) or one-year post-policy enactment (-$0.02, SE = 0.08, p = 0.772). No significant increases were observed by food group. Conclusions: There is no evidence of change in supermarket food prices by market basket or increase in prices by food group in response to the implementation of Seattle's minimum wage ordinance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Otten
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - James Buszkiewicz
- Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Wesley Tang
- Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Anju Aggarwal
- Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Mark Long
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Jacob Vigdor
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Epidemiology, Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA.
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Lenhart O. Do Higher Minimum Wages Benefit Health? Evidence From the UK. JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT : [THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT] 2017; 36:828-852. [PMID: 28991424 DOI: 10.1002/pam.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the link between minimum wages and health outcomes by using the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in the United Kingdom in 1999 as an exogenous variation of earned income. A test for health effects by using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey for a period of ten years was conducted. It was found that the NMW significantly improved several measures of health, including self-reported health status and the presence of health conditions. When examining potential mechanisms, it was shown that changes in health behaviors, leisure expenditures, and financial stress can explain the observed improvements in health.
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Cawley J. An economy of scales: A selective review of obesity's economic causes, consequences, and solutions. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2015; 43:244-68. [PMID: 26279519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the economic research on obesity, covering topics such as the measurement of, and trends in, obesity, the economic causes of obesity (e.g. the monetary price and time cost of food, food assistance programs, income, education, macroeconomic conditions, and peer effects), and the economic consequences of obesity (e.g. lower wages, a lower probability of employment, and higher medical care costs). It also examines the extent to which obesity imposes negative externalities, and economic interventions that could potentially internalize such externalities, such as food taxes, subsidies for school-based physical activity programs, and financial rewards for weight loss. It discusses other economic rationales for government intervention with respect to obesity, such as imperfect information, time inconsistent preferences, and irrational behavior. It concludes by proposing a research agenda for the field. Overall, the evidence suggests that there is no single dominant economic cause of obesity; a wide variety of factors may contribute a modest amount to the risk. There is consistent evidence regarding the economic consequences of obesity, which are lower wages and higher medical care costs that impose negative externalities through health insurance. Studies of economic approaches to preventing obesity, such as menu labeling, taxes on energy-dense foods, and financial rewards for weight loss find only modest effects on weight and thus a range of policies may be necessary to have a substantial effect on the prevalence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cawley
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, United States; Department of Economics, Cornell University, United States; School of Economics, University of Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Cuestionando la efectividad de los impuestos a alimentos como medida de lucha frente a la obesidad. GACETA SANITARIA 2014; 28:69-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alviola PA, Nayga RM, Thomsen MR, Danforth D, Smartt J. The effect of fast-food restaurants on childhood obesity: a school level analysis. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 12:110-119. [PMID: 23827821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyze, using an instrumental variable approach, the effect of the number of fast-food restaurants on school level obesity rates in Arkansas. Using distance to the nearest major highway as an instrument, our results suggest that exposure to fast-food restaurants can impact weight outcomes. Specifically, we find that the number of fast-food restaurants within a mile from the school can significantly affect school level obesity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Alviola
- University of the Philippines Mindanao, Philippines; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Rodolfo M Nayga
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States; Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Norway; Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - James Smartt
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Kranz S, McCabe GP. Examination of the five comparable component scores of the diet quality indexes HEI-2005 and RC-DQI using a nationally representative sample of 2-18 year old children: NHANES 2003-2006. J Obes 2013; 2013:376314. [PMID: 24163762 PMCID: PMC3791824 DOI: 10.1155/2013/376314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with low diet quality and the suboptimal intake of food groups and nutrients. Two composite diet quality measurement tools are appropriate for Americans 2-18 years old: the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2005 and the Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI). The five components included in both indexes are fruits, vegetables, total grains, whole grains, and milk/dairy. Component scores ranged from 0 to 5 or 0 to 10 points with lower scores indicating suboptimal intake. To allow direct comparisons, one component was rescaled by dividing it by 2; then, all components ranged from 0 to 5 points. The aim of this study was to directly compare the scoring results of these five components using dietary data from a nationally representative sample of children (NHANES 2003-2006, N = 5,936). Correlation coefficients within and between indexes showed less internal consistency in the HEI; age- and ethnic-group stratified analyses indicated higher sensitivity of the RC-DQI. HEI scoring was likely to dichotomize the population into two groups (those with 0 and those with 5 points), while RC-DQI scores resulted in a larger distribution of scores. The scoring scheme of diet quality indexes for children results in great variation of the outcomes, and researchers must be aware of those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 204 Stone Hall, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- *Sibylle Kranz:
| | - George P. McCabe
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 932 Mathematical Sciences Building, 150 N. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2067, USA
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