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Garner S, Barkus E, Kraeuter AK. Positive and negative schizotypy personality traits are lower in individuals on ketogenic diet in a non-clinical sample. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:423-432. [PMID: 38991418 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Schizotypal personality comprises traits such as odd beliefs, perceptual abnormalities, and social difficulties; these traits are distributed throughout the general population. While not meeting the clinical threshold for schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder, schizotypal personality traits still provide insights for understanding early clinical risk factors. Ketogenic diet reportedly reduces psychotic symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, we investigated whether ketogenic diet is associated with lower schizotypal traits in the general population. Participants following a ketogenic or other diet were recruited using opportunity sampling. Individuals completed a survey investigating general demographic, socioeconomic, health, diet and lifestyle questions, followed by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised version (SPQ-BR). We found that individuals following a ketogenic diet (n = 118) had lower ideas of reference, magical thinking, suspiciousness, unusual perceptions, constricted affect, social anxiety scores, cognitive (positive) perceptual scores, interpersonal (negative) scores and total SPQ-BR compared to individuals on the other diets (n = 139). Magical thinking, constricted affect, social anxiety, cognitive perceptual, interpersonal scores and total SPQ-BR scores remained significant when we controlled for body mass index (BMI) and age. Disorganised features were not influenced by ketogenic diet. The longer individuals adhered to a ketogenic diet the lower their positive and negative schizotypy traits. These findings highlight that ketogenic diet is associated with lower non-clinical schizotypal personality traits. Our results suggest that ketogenic diet might have potential prophylactic properties for individuals at-risk for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garner
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Barkus
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Kraeuter
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; NUTRAN, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Szoke A, Pignon B, Godin O, Ferchiou A, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Schürhoff F. Multimorbidity and the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:253-263. [PMID: 38625632 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A global study of multimorbidity in schizophrenia, especially of the association with physical conditions, might offer much needed etiological insights. RECENT FINDINGS Our review suggests that life-style factors and medication related to schizophrenia are only part of the explanation of the increase in risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, pulmonary disorders, and some cancers. Positive associations with autoimmune disorders (with the exception of rheumatoid arthritis) and epilepsy are promising avenues of research but to date have not been fully exploited. The same holds for the negative comorbidity seen for rheumatoid arthritis and some cancers (e.g., prostate). As a whole, our review suggests that most of the explored conditions have a different prevalence in schizophrenia than in the general population. Several hypotheses emerged from this review such as the role of immune and genetic factors, of sex hormones, and of more general variability factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szoke
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - B Pignon
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France.
- DMU IMPACT Psychiatrie Et Addictologie, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Pavillon Hartmann, 40, Rue de Mesly, 94000, Créteil, France.
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France.
| | - O Godin
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - A Ferchiou
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - R Tamouza
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - M Leboyer
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - F Schürhoff
- UPEC, Univ Paris Est Creteil, 94000, Créteil, France
- Fondation Fondamental, 94000, Créteil, France
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Romanov DV, Nasonova TI, Isaikin AI, Filileeva OV, Sheyanov AM, Iuzbashian PG, Voronova EI, Parfenov VA. Personality Disorders and Traits of ABC Clusters in Fibromyalgia in a Neurological Setting. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3162. [PMID: 38137383 PMCID: PMC10740797 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that there is substantial comorbidity between fibromyalgia and Axis II pathology (i.e., personality disorders-PDs). The aim of the current study was to find out the exact cluster (A, B, C) of PDs or traits that are more prominent in FM and may be predictors of FM diagnosis. METHODS Data from 86 subjects (53 with FM and 33 controls without FM) were analyzed in an observational, cross-sectional, comparative study in a neurological setting. The assessment of categorical PDs and traits was performed independently with the Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Binary logistic regression was used to determine FM predictors among PD traits. RESULTS Compared with controls, FM patients had a higher rate of PD diagnoses (56.7 vs. 18.2%, p < 0.001). However, the rate was significantly higher only for borderline PD diagnosis (28.3% vs. 6.1% p < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that schizotypal and schizoid (cluster A), borderline (cluster B), and dependent (cluster C) personality traits may be significant predictors of fibromyalgia (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.415). CONCLUSIONS Our results may reflect the association of FM with personality traits of all three PD clusters: A (eccentric), B (dramatic), and C (anxious). However, the most consistent evidence seems to be for borderline PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Romanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.F.); (A.M.S.); (P.G.I.); (E.I.V.)
- Mental Health Research Center, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- International Institute of Psychosomatic Health, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana I. Nasonova
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.I.N.); (A.I.I.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Aleksey I. Isaikin
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.I.N.); (A.I.I.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Olga V. Filileeva
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.F.); (A.M.S.); (P.G.I.); (E.I.V.)
- International Institute of Psychosomatic Health, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey M. Sheyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.F.); (A.M.S.); (P.G.I.); (E.I.V.)
| | - Polina G. Iuzbashian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.F.); (A.M.S.); (P.G.I.); (E.I.V.)
| | - Evgenia I. Voronova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.F.); (A.M.S.); (P.G.I.); (E.I.V.)
- Mental Health Research Center, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Parfenov
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (T.I.N.); (A.I.I.); (V.A.P.)
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Quirk SE, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Kavanagh BE, Honkanen RJ, Heikkinen J, Williams LJ. Exploring the comorbidity between personality and musculoskeletal disorders among adults: A scoping review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1079106. [PMID: 36819943 PMCID: PMC9932280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1079106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is growing awareness of the comorbidity between mental and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their associated burden. We aimed to explore what is known regarding the existing epidemiological clinical-and population- based literature on the comorbidity between personality disorders (PDs) and MSDs specifically. In addition, we aimed to investigate their associated burden by examining a range of outcomes including morbidity/mortality, patient- and clinical-reported outcomes, work-related outcomes, hospital admissions, and financial costs. Finally, we sought to identify gaps in the literature and provide recommendations for further research. METHODS Studies with participants 15 years of age were eligible. Categorical PDs/features (DSM-III/IV/5 or ICD 9/10), identified by a health care professional, medical records, diagnostic interviews, or self-administered questionnaires. The definitions/groupings of MSDs were guided by the ICD-10 including conditions of the back, joints, and soft tissue, and disorders of bone density and structure. Published peer-reviewed and gray literature were considered. Eligible study designs were cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, and existing reviews of observational studies. Identification and selection of articles, data extraction and the presentation of the results was conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidance and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. RESULTS In total, 57 articles were eligible including 10 reviews and 47 individual studies. Across clinical and population settings, we detected evidence of comorbidity between PDs and chronic back/neck/spine conditions, arthritis, and fibromyalgia, and emerging evidence of associations between PDs and reduced bone mineral density. In terms of knowledge gaps, the burden associated with PDs and MSDs is poorly understood, as is their underlying mechanisms. DISCUSSION This scoping review might prompt further research into PDs and MSDs as separate groups of disorders, along with their comorbidity and the mechanisms that may link them. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://osf.io/mxbr2/registrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shae E Quirk
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Mental Health and Wellbeing Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bianca E Kavanagh
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Risto J Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jeremi Heikkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lana J Williams
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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McInerney M, Meiselbach MK. Distributional Effects of Recent Health Insurance Expansions on Weight-Related Outcomes. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 38:100870. [PMID: 32622182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We provide new evidence that weight-related outcomes improved for the severely obese following three recent health insurance expansions. Using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2001 through 2016, we examine the effects of Massachusetts health care reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) dependent coverage mandate, and the ACA Medicaid expansion on Body Mass Index (BMI) and the likelihood of obesity or severe obesity. Estimates from unconditional quantile regression show that Body Mass Index (BMI) fell among the severely obese who are at the top of the distribution of BMI following all three of these insurance expansions. We also observe a robust reduction in the likelihood of severe obesity following the ACA dependent coverage mandate, and suggestive evidence of a reduction in severe obesity following Massachusetts health care reform. Together, these results identify an important benefit arising from recent health insurance expansions: improved weight-related outcomes for those with severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa McInerney
- Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
| | - Mark K Meiselbach
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Hübler O. Health and weight - gender-specific linkages under heterogeneity, interdependence and resilience factors. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 26:96-111. [PMID: 28343116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that obesity is a serious health problem for our society. Empirical analyses often neglect a number of methodological issues and relevant influences on health. This paper investigates empirically whether neglecting these items leads to systematically different estimates. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study derives the following results. (1) Many combinations of weight and height lead to the same health status. (2) The relationship between health and body mass index is nonlinear. (3) Underweight strengthens individual health and severe obesity has a clear negative impact on health status. Underweight women are more affected than men but obese men are hit harder than women. (4) The hypothesis has to be rejected that weight has an exogenous influence on health. (5) A worse health status is linked with weight fluctuations and deviations between desired and actual working hours. (6) A healthy diet and long but not too long sleeping contribute to a good health status. Moreover, a good parental education and a high parental social status act favorably on health as does personal high income. (7) Four of the big five components of personality, namely openness, extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness, contribute to resilience against health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hübler
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Gerlach G, Loeber S, Herpertz S. Personality disorders and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2016; 17:691-723. [PMID: 27230851 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies demonstrate an association between personality traits and obesity as well as their prognostic influence on weight course. In contrast, only few studies have investigated the association between personality disorders (PDs) and obesity. OBJECTIVE The present review summarizes through a comprehensive and critical evaluation the results of 68 studies identified by database research (PubMed and PsycINFO) covering the last 35 years that investigated the association between PDs, overweight and obesity as well as the predictive value of PDs for the development of obesity and the effectiveness of weight reduction treatments. RESULTS Adults with any PD have a higher risk of obesity. In the female general population, there is an association between avoidant or antisocial PD and severe obesity. Further, women with paranoid or schizotypal PD have a higher risk of obesity. Clinical studies including foremost female participants showed a higher comorbidity of PDs, especially borderline PD and avoidant PD, in binge-eating disorder. Regarding both genders, patients with PD show less treatment success in conservative weight-loss treatment programmes for obesity than patients without PD. CONCLUSIONS In prevention and conservative weight-loss treatment strategies, more care should be taken to address the special needs of patients with comorbid PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerlach
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - S Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
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Gutiérrez-Bedmar M, Villalobos Martínez E, García-Rodríguez A, Muñoz-Bravo C, Mariscal A. Psychiatric Status across Body Mass Index in a Mediterranean Spanish Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145414. [PMID: 26684876 PMCID: PMC4686170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental and body weight disorders are among the major global health challenges, and their comorbidity may play an important role in treatment and prevention of both pathologies. A growing number of studies have examined the relationship between psychiatric status and body weight, but our knowledge is still limited. Objective The present study aims to investigate the cross-sectional relationships of psychiatric status and body mass index (BMI) in Málaga, a Mediterranean city in the South of Spain. Materials and Methods A total of 563 participants were recruited from those who came to his primary care physician, using a systematic random sampling, non-proportional stratified by BMI categories. Structured clinical interviews were used to assess current Axes-I and II mental disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). BMI was calculated as weight (Kg) divided by square of height in meters (m2). Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between BMI and the presence of any mental disorder. BMI was introduced in the models using restricted cubic splines. Results We found that high BMI values were directly associated with mood and adjustment disorders, and low BMI values were directly associated with avoidant and dependent personality disorders (PDs). We observed an inverse relationship between low BMI values and cluster A PDs. There were not significant relationships between anxiety or substance-related disorders and BMI. Conclusion Psychiatric status and BMI are related in a Mediterranean Spanish population. A multidisciplinary approach to both pathologies becomes increasingly more necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gutiérrez-Bedmar
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Carlos Muñoz-Bravo
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Mariscal
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between adolescent personality disorder (PD) and obesity 17 years later. METHODS The Children in the Community is a longitudinal study based on a randomly sampled cohort of families, in effect since 1975. PDs were assessed in youths by self-report and mother report in 1985 to 1986, when participants were at an average age of 16 years. Obesity was assessed in 2001 to 2004 when participants were an average age of 33 years (n = 621). RESULTS Prevalence of obesity was 16.59% (103/621) at an average age of 33 years. Prevalence of any adolescent PD was 17.55% (109/621) at an average age of 16 years. Adolescents who had any PD were 1.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-3.22) times as likely to be obese 17 years later after adjusting for demographic variables and known risk factors. Paranoid, histrionic, and obsessive-compulsive PDs in adolescence were significantly associated with obesity in adulthood, with odds ratios of 3.45 (95% CI = 1.46-8.17), 4.49 (95% CI = 1.91-10.53), and 6.80 (95% CI = 2.50-18.55), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report a significant independent long-term association based on prospective data between adolescent PDs and adult obesity in a community-based sample. Findings will contribute to the design of preventive measures against the development of obesity.
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Personality disorders, alcohol use, and alcohol misuse. Soc Sci Med 2014; 120:286-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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