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Li N, Dhilipkannah P, Jiang F. High-Throughput Detection of Multiple miRNAs and Methylated DNA by Droplet Digital PCR. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050359. [PMID: 33946992 PMCID: PMC8146424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered miRNA expression and DNA methylation have highly active and diverse roles in carcinogenesis. Simultaneous detection of the molecular aberrations may have a synergistic effect on the diagnosis of malignancies. Herein, we develop a high-throughput assay for detecting multiple miRNAs and DNA methylation using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) coupled with a 96-microwell plate. The microplate-based ddPCR could absolutely and reproducibly quantify 15 miRNAs and 14 DNA methylation sites with a high sensitivity (one copy/µL and 0.1%, respectively). Analyzing sputum and plasma of 40 lung cancer patients and 36 cancer-free smokers by this approach identified an integrated biomarker panel consisting of two sputum miRNAs (miRs-31-5p and 210-3p), one sputum DNA methylation (RASSF1A), and two plasma miRNAs (miR-21-5p and 126) for the diagnosis of lung cancer with higher sensitivity and specificity compared with a single type of biomarker. The diagnostic value of the integrated biomarker panel for the early detection of lung cancer was confirmed in a different cohort of 36 lung cancer patients and 39 cancer-free smokers. The high-throughput assay for quantification of multiple molecular aberrations across sputum and plasma could improve the early detection of lung cancer.
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2
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Su Y, Fang HB, Jiang F. An epigenetic classifier for early stage lung cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:68. [PMID: 29796119 PMCID: PMC5964676 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylated genes detected in sputum are promise biomarkers for lung cancer. Yet the current PCR technologies for quantification of DNA methylation and diagnostic value of the sputum biomarkers are not sufficient to be used for lung cancer early detection. The emerging droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a straightforward means for precise, direct, and absolute quantification of nucleic acids. Here, we investigate whether ddPCR can sensitively and robustly quantify DNA methylation in sputum for more precise diagnosis of lung cancer. Results First, the analytic performance of methylation-specific ddPCR (ddMSP) and quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) is determined in methylated and unmethylated DNA samples. Second, 29 genes, previously proposed as potential sputum biomarkers for lung cancer, are analyzed by using ddMSP in a training set of 127 lung cancer patients and 159 controls. ddMSP has higher sensitivity, precision, and reproducibility for quantification of methylation compared with qMSP (all p < 0.05). A classifier comprising four sputum methylation biomarkers for lung cancer is developed by using ddMSP, producing 86.6% sensitivity and 90.6% specificity, independent of stage and histology of lung cancer (all p > 0.05). The classifier has higher accuracy compared with sputum cytology (88.8 vs. 70.6%, p < 0.01). The diagnostic performance is confirmed in a testing set of 89 cases and 107 controls. Conclusions ddMSP is a robust tool for reliable quantification of DNA methylation in sputum, and the epigenetic classifier could help diagnose lung cancer at the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Su
- 1Department of Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Hong Bin Fang
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, N.W, Washington D.C., 20057 USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- 3Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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3
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Peng M, Chen C, Hulbert A, Brock MV, Yu F. Non-blood circulating tumor DNA detection in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69162-69173. [PMID: 28978187 PMCID: PMC5620327 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor DNA contains specific somatic alterations that are crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Due to the spatial and temporal intra-tumor heterogeneity, multi-sampling is needed to adequately characterize the somatic alterations. Tissue biopsy, however, is limited by the restricted access to sample and the challenges to recapitulate the tumor clonal diversity. Non-blood circulating tumor DNA are tumor DNA fragments presents in non-blood body fluids, such as urine, saliva, sputum, stool, pleural fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of tumor DNA in these non-blood body fluids and their application to the diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of cancers. Non-blood circulating tumor DNA has an enormous potential for large-scale screening of local neoplasms because of its non-invasive nature, close proximity to the tumors, easiness and it is an economically viable option. It permits longitudinal assessments and allows sequential monitoring of response and progression. Enrichment of tumor DNA of local cancers in non-blood body fluids may help to archive a higher sensitivity than in plasma ctDNA. The direct contact of cancerous cells and body fluid may facilitate the detection of tumor DNA. Furthermore, normal DNA always dilutes the plasma ctDNA, which may be aggravated by inflammation and injury when very high amounts of normal DNA are released into the circulation. Altogether, our review indicate that non-blood circulating tumor DNA presents an option where the disease can be tracked in a simple and less-invasive manner, allowing for serial sampling informing of the tumor heterogeneity and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyun Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R China
| | - Alicia Hulbert
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R China
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Leng S, Wu G, Klinge DM, Thomas CL, Casas E, Picchi MA, Stidley CA, Lee SJ, Aisner S, Siegfried JM, Ramalingam S, Khuri FR, Karp DD, Belinsky SA. Gene methylation biomarkers in sputum as a classifier for lung cancer risk. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63978-63985. [PMID: 28969046 PMCID: PMC5609978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CT screening for lung cancer reduces mortality, but will cost Medicare ∼2 billion dollars due in part to high false positive rates. Molecular biomarkers could augment current risk stratification used to select smokers for screening. Gene methylation in sputum reflects lung field cancerization that remains in lung cancer patients post-resection. This population was used in conjunction with cancer-free smokers to evaluate classification accuracy of a validated eight-gene methylation panel in sputum for cancer risk. Sputum from resected lung cancer patients (n=487) and smokers from Lovelace (n=1380) and PLuSS (n=718) cohorts was studied for methylation of an 8-gene panel. Area under a receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to assess the prediction performance in logistic regressions with different sets of variables. The prevalence for methylation of all genes was significantly increased in the ECOG-ACRIN patients compared to cancer-free smokers as evident by elevated odds ratios that ranged from 1.6 to 8.9. The gene methylation panel showed lung cancer prediction accuracy of 82–86% and with addition of clinical variables improved to 87–90%. With sensitivity at 95%, specificity increased from 25% to 54% comparing clinical variables alone to their inclusion with methylation. The addition of methylation biomarkers to clinical variables would reduce false positive screens by ruling out one-third of smokers eligible for CT screening and could increase cancer detection rates through expanding risk assessment criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Leng
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guodong Wu
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Donna M Klinge
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia L Thomas
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elia Casas
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Maria A Picchi
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christine A Stidley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Sandra J Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seena Aisner
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suresh Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steven A Belinsky
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Liu D, Peng H, Sun Q, Zhao Z, Yu X, Ge S, Wang H, Fang H, Gao Q, Liu J, Wu L, Song M, Wang Y. The Indirect Efficacy Comparison of DNA Methylation in Sputum for Early Screening and Auxiliary Detection of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28644424 PMCID: PMC5551117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation in sputum has been an attractive candidate biomarker for the non-invasive screening and detection of lung cancer. Materials and Methods: Databases including PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane library, Web of Science databases, Chinese Biological Medicine (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Vip Databases and Google Scholar were searched to collect the diagnostic trials on aberrant DNA methylation in the screening and detection of lung cancer published until 1 December 2016. Indirect comparison meta-analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the included candidate genes. Results: The systematic literature search yielded a total of 33 studies including a total of 4801 subjects (2238 patients with lung cancer and 2563 controls) and covering 32 genes. We identified that methylated genes in sputum samples for the early screening and auxiliary detection of lung cancer yielded an overall sensitivity of 0.46 (0.41–0.50) and specificity of 0.83 (0.80–0.86). Combined indirect comparisons identified the superior gene of SOX17 (sensitivity: 0.84, specificity: 0.88), CDO1 (sensitivity: 0.78, specificity: 0.67), ZFP42 (sensitivity: 0.87, specificity: 0.63) and TAC1 (sensitivity: 0.86, specificity: 0.75). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis demonstrates that methylated SOX17, CDO1, ZFP42, TAC1, FAM19A4, FHIT, MGMT, p16, and RASSF1A are potential superior biomarkers for the screening and auxiliary detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Hongli Peng
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhongyao Zhao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xinwei Yu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia.
| | - Siqi Ge
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia.
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Honghong Fang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Qing Gao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jiaonan Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Manshu Song
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Youxin Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia.
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Ma Y, Bai Y, Mao H, Hong Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Liu F, Wu Z, Jin Q, Zhou H, Cao J, Zhao J, Zhong X, Mao H. A panel of promoter methylation markers for invasive and noninvasive early detection of NSCLC using a quantum dots-based FRET approach. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:641-648. [PMID: 27240011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads to a significant proportion of cancer-related deaths, and early detection of NSCLC can significantly increase cancer survival rates. A promising approach has been studied to exploit DNA methylation, which is closely correlated to early cancer diagnosis. Herein, in order to realize the early detection of NSCLC, we utilized the developed quantum dots-based (QDs-based) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosensor technique to analyze the promoter methylation in early stage NSCLC tissue samples and noninvasive bronchial brushing specimens. Using this method, the methylation levels can be quantitatively determined by measuring the signal amplification during FRET. A panel of three tumor suppressor genes (PCDHGB6, HOXA9 and RASSF1A) was assessed in 50 paired early stage NSCLC and their adjacent nontumorous tissue (NT) samples, and 50 early stage NSCLC bronchial brushing and normal specimens. The combined detection was able to identify not only tissue samples but noninvasive bronchial brushing specimens from control cases with a high degree of sensitivity of 92% (AUC=0.977, P<0.001) and 80% (AUC=0.907, P<0.001) respectively, indicating the versatility of promoter expression in invasive and noninvasive NSCLC samples. Therefore this approach can be used to sensitively analyze the methylation levels of cancer-related genes, which might be a potential tool for noninvasive early clinical diagnosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China; Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hailei Mao
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qunying Hong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Medicine/Cancer Prevention, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hongju Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200050, China.
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Wang X, Ling L, Su H, Cheng J, Jin L. Aberrant methylation of genes in sputum samples as diagnostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:4467-74. [PMID: 24969871 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.11.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to comprehensively review the evidence for using sputum DNA to detect non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Chinese Biological Medicine (CBM), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Vip Databases and Google Scholar from 2003 to 2013. The meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effect model with sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odd ratios (DOR), summary receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves), area under the curve (AUC), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as effect measurements. RESULTS There were twenty-two studies meeting the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Combined sensitivity and specificity were 0.62 (95%CI: 0.59-0.65) and 0.73 (95%CI: 0.70-0.75), respectively. The DOR was 10.3 (95%CI: 5.88-18.1) and the AUC was 0.78. CONCLUSIONS The overall accuracy of the test was currently not strong enough for the detection of NSCLC for clinical application. Discovery and evaluation of additional biomarkers with improved sensitivity and specificity from studies rated high quality deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China E-mail :
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Hwang JA, Lee BB, Kim Y, Park SE, Heo K, Hong SH, Kim YH, Han J, Shim YM, Lee YS, Kim DH. HOXA11 hypermethylation is associated with progression of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2317-25. [PMID: 24259349 PMCID: PMC3926829 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at understanding the functional significance of HOXA11 hypermethylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HOXA11 hypermethylation was characterized in six lung cancer cell lines, and its clinical significance was analyzed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 317 NSCLC patients, and Ki-67 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The promoter region of HOXA11 was highly methylated in six lung cancer cell lines, but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. The loss of expression was restored by treatment of the cells with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC). Transient transfection of HOXA11 into H23 lung cancer cells resulted in the inhibition of cell migration and proliferation. HOXA11 hypermethylation was found in 218 (69%) of 317 primary NSCLCs. HOXA11 hypermethylation was found at a higher prevalence in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (74% vs. 63%, respectively). HOXA11 hypermethylation was associated with Ki-67 proliferation index (P = 0.03) and pT stage (P = 0.002), but not with patient survival. Patients with pT2 and pT3 stages were 1.85 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-3.29; P = 0.04) and 5.47 times (95% CI = 1.18-25.50; P = 0.01), respectively, more likely to show HOXA11 hypermethylation than those with pT1 stage, after adjusting for age, sex, and histology. In conclusion, the present study suggests that HOXA11 hypermethylation may contribute to the progression of NSCLC by promoting cell proliferation or migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
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Hwang JA, Lee BB, Kim Y, Hong SH, Kim YH, Han J, Shim YM, Yoon CY, Lee YS, Kim DH. HOXA9 inhibits migration of lung cancer cells and its hypermethylation is associated with recurrence in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E72-80. [PMID: 24817037 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at understanding the clinicopathological significance of HOXA9 hypermethylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HOXA9 hypermethylation was characterized in six lung cancer cell lines, and its clinicopathological significance was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR in 271 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and 27 fresh-frozen tumor and matched normal tissues from 298 NSCLC patients, and Ki-67 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The promoter region of HOXA9 was highly methylated in six lung cancer cell lines, but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. The loss of expression was restored by treatment of the cells with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC). Transient transfection of HOXA9 into H23 lung cancer cells resulted in the inhibition of cell migration but not proliferation. Conversely, sequence-specific siRNA-mediated knockdown of HOXA9 enhanced cell migration. The mRNA levels of HOXA9 in 27 fresh-frozen tumor tissues were significantly lower than in matched normal tissues (P<0.0001; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). HOXA9 hypermethylation was found in 191 (70%) of 271 primary NSCLCs. HOXA9 hypermethylation was not associated with tumor size (P=0.12) and Ki-67 proliferation index (P=0.15). However, patients with HOXA9 hypermethylation had poor recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio=3.98, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-17.09, P=0.01) in never-smokers, after adjusting for age, sex, tumor size, adjuvant therapy, pathologic stage, and histology. In conclusion, the present study suggests that HOXA9 inhibits migration of lung cancer cells and its hypermethylation is an independent prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival in never-smokers with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Bo Bin Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Yeong Yoon
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Hubers AJ, van der Drift MA, Prinsen CFM, Witte BI, Wang Y, Shivapurkar N, Stastny V, Bolijn AS, Hol BEA, Feng Z, Dekhuijzen PNR, Gazdar AF, Thunnissen E. Methylation analysis in spontaneous sputum for lung cancer diagnosis. Lung Cancer 2014; 84:127-33. [PMID: 24598366 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is the most fatal cancer in the developed world due to presence of metastases at time of diagnosis. The aim of this study is to examine DNA hypermethylation in sputum compared to sputum cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer. A novel risk analysis is introduced, using the distinction between diagnostic and risk markers. METHODS Two independent sets were randomly composed from a prospectively collected sputum bank (Set 1: n = 98 lung cancer patients, n = 90 controls; Set 2: n = 60 lung cancer patients, n = 445 controls). Sputum cytology was performed for all samples. The following DNA hypermethylation markers were tested in both sets: RASSF1A, APC and cytoglobin (CYGB). Two statistical analyses were conducted: multivariate logistic regression and a risk classification model based on post-test probabilities. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, RASSF1A was the best of the three markers in discriminating lung cancer cases from controls in both sets (sensitivity 41-52%, specificity 94-96%). The risk model showed that 36% of lung cancer patients were defined as "high risk" (≥ 60% chance on lung cancer) based on RASSF1A hypermethylation in Set 1. The model was reproducible in Set 2. Risk markers (APC, CYGB) have less diagnostic value. Sensitivity of cytology for lung cancer diagnosis was 22%. RASSF1A hypermethylation yielded a sensitivity of 45%. The combined sensitivity for RASSF1A with cytological diagnosis increased to 52% with similar specificity (94%). CONCLUSION In a diagnostic setting, hypermethylation analysis in sputum is possible when a diagnostic marker is used. However, risk markers are insufficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jasmijn Hubers
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miep A van der Drift
- Department of Pulmonology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens F M Prinsen
- Department of Pathology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit I Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Narayan Shivapurkar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Victor Stastny
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Anne S Bolijn
- Department of Pathology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard E A Hol
- Department of Pulmonology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ziding Feng
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - P N Richard Dekhuijzen
- Department of Pulmonology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Erik Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Fleischhacker M, Dietrich D, Liebenberg V, Field JK, Schmidt B. The role of DNA methylation as biomarkers in the clinical management of lung cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:363-83. [DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.814397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hubers AJ, Prinsen CFM, Sozzi G, Witte BI, Thunnissen E. Molecular sputum analysis for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:530-7. [PMID: 23868001 PMCID: PMC3738145 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality rate worldwide, mainly because of the presence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Early detection of lung cancer improves prognosis, and towards this end, large screening trials in high-risk individuals have been conducted since the past century. Despite all efforts, the need for novel (complementary) lung cancer diagnostic and screening methods still exists. In this review, we focus on the assessment of lung cancer-related biomarkers in sputum in the past decennium. Besides cytology, mutation and microRNA analysis, special attention has been paid to DNA promoter hypermethylation, of which all available literature is summarised without time restriction. A model is proposed to aid in the distinction between diagnostic and risk markers. Research on the use of sputum for non-invasive detection of early-stage lung cancer has brought new insights and advanced molecular techniques. The sputum shows a promising potential for routine diagnostic and possibly screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hubers
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Karimi S, Mohammadi F, Porabdollah M, Mohajerani SA, Khodadad K, Nadji SA. Characterization of Melanoma-Associated Antigen-A Genes Family Differential Expression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 13:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Qiu X, Qiao Y, Liu B, Li Y, You J, Zhou Q. [Advances of DNA methylation in early diagnosis of lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:234-41. [PMID: 22510510 PMCID: PMC5999983 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and thus a major health problem nowadays. No early diagnostic method is ideal up to now. Changes in DNA methylation occur on early stage of lung cancer. Detection of DNA methylation is expected to be an important method in early diagosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Shin KC, Lee KH, Lee CH, Shin IH, Suh HS, Jeon CH. MAGE A1-A6 RT-PCR and MAGE A3 and p16 methylation analysis in induced sputum from patients with lung cancer and non-malignant lung diseases. Oncol Rep 2011; 27:911-6. [PMID: 22134685 PMCID: PMC3583547 DOI: 10.3892/or.2011.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) A1-A6 RT-PCR system was developed for the detection of lung cancer cells in the sputum. However, we identified MAGE expression in some patients with non-malignant lung diseases. To understand these patterns of MAGE expression, we performed MAGE A3 methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and p16 MSP. We collected 24 biopsy specimens of lung cancer tissue and performed MAGE A1-A6 RT-PCR, MAGE A3 MSP and p16 MSP. RNA and DNA were simultaneously extracted from induced sputum specimens of 133 patients with lung diseases and 30 random sputum specimens of healthy individuals and the 3 molecular analyses were performed. The patients were diagnosed as 65 cases of lung cancer and 68 of benign lung diseases. Positive rates of MAGE A1-A6 RT-PCR, MAGE A3 MSP and p16 MSP were as follows: in lung cancer tissue, 87.5, 58.3 and 70.8%; in the sputum of lung cancer patients, 50.8, 46.2 and 63.1%; benign lung diseases, 10.3, 30.9 and 39.7%; and healthy individuals, 3.3, 6.7 and 3.3%. Of the 40 MAGE-positive cases, 33 were diagnosed with lung cancer and 7 as having benign lung diseases. From the 7 cases of MAGE-positive benign lung diseases, 6 cases showed methylation abnormalities. The MAGE-positive group revealed significantly higher rates of methylation abnormalities. Of the 40 MAGE-positive cases, 39 cases were found to be lung cancer or benign lung diseases with abnormal methylation. Thus, MAGE expression in the sputum suggests the presence of lung cancer cells or pre-cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Cheol Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Wen J, Fu J, Zhang W, Guo M. Genetic and epigenetic changes in lung carcinoma and their clinical implications. Mod Pathol 2011; 24:932-43. [PMID: 21423157 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2011.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent advance in targeted therapy for lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations has demonstrated a promising development toward personalized therapy for lung cancer patients. The development of lung cancer is a complex process, involving a series of genetic and epigenetic changes. Tobacco smoke is the predominant etiologic risk factor for lung cancer. However, some lung cancers, especially adenocarcinomas, arise in patients who have never smoked, suggesting the importance of host genetic/epigenetic susceptibility in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. Understanding of these genetic and epigenetic changes will further aid in the biomarker-driven personalized therapy for lung cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the genetic and epigenetic alterations observed in lung cancers, including chromosomal loss of heterozygosity, tumor-suppressor gene mutation, gene methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression changes. Clinical and preclinical studies have implied specific genetic/epigenetic changes for clinical application in lung cancer patients. However, more efforts are required in validation of the identified molecular markers in lung cancer patients for early detections, assessment for treatment response, and survival predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite many efforts to improve early detection, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. Stage is the main determinant of prognosis and the basis for deciding treatment options. Screening tests for lung cancer have not been successful so far. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW The article reviews the available literature related to biomarkers in use at present and those that could be used for early diagnosis, staging, prognosis, response to therapy and prediction of recurrence. The single biomarkers are analysed, divided according to the technological methods used and the locations of sampling. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain knowledge on biomarkers in use and those now under study. The reader will also gain insights into the difficulties pertaining to the development of biomarkers, results reproducibility and clinical application. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although some markers seem to be promising, at present there is no consensus on the proven value of their clinical use in lung cancer. The future lies probably in a panel of biomarkers instead of individual assays, or in predictive models derived from the integration of clinical variables and gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Paci
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Azienda Santa Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy +39 0522 296929 ; +39 0522 296191 ;
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Anglim PP, Alonzo TA, Laird-Offringa IA. DNA methylation-based biomarkers for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer: an update. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:81. [PMID: 18947422 PMCID: PMC2585582 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in the United States. This disease is clinically divided into two sub-types, small cell lung cancer, (10–15% of lung cancer cases), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 85–90% of cases). Early detection of NSCLC, which is the more common and less aggressive of the two sub-types, has the highest potential for saving lives. As yet, no routine screening method that enables early detection exists, and this is a key factor in the high mortality rate of this disease. Imaging and cytology-based screening strategies have been employed for early detection, and while some are sensitive, none have been demonstrated to reduce lung cancer mortality. However, mortality might be reduced by developing specific molecular markers that can complement imaging techniques. DNA methylation has emerged as a highly promising biomarker and is being actively studied in multiple cancers. The analysis of DNA methylation-based biomarkers is rapidly advancing, and a large number of potential biomarkers have been identified. Here we present a detailed review of the literature, focusing on DNA methylation-based markers developed using primary NSCLC tissue. Viable markers for clinical diagnosis must be detectable in 'remote media' such as blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, or even exhaled breath condensate. We discuss progress on their detection in such media and the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular marker panels identified to date. Lastly, we look to future advancements that will be made possible with the interrogation of the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Anglim
- Departments of Surgery and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176, USA.
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Feng Q, Hawes SE, Stern JE, Wiens L, Lu H, Dong ZM, Jordan CD, Kiviat NB, Vesselle H. DNA methylation in tumor and matched normal tissues from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:645-54. [PMID: 18349282 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We used MethyLight assays to analyze DNA methylation status of 27 genes on 49 paired cancerous and noncancerous tissue samples from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent surgical resection. Seven genes (RARB, BVES, CDKN2A, KCNH5, RASSF1, CDH13, and RUNX) were found to be methylated significantly more frequently in tumor tissues than in noncancerous tissues. Only methylation of CCND2 and APC was frequently detected in both cancerous and noncancerous tissues, supporting the hypothesis that the methylation of these two genes is a preneoplastic change and may be associated with tobacco smoking exposure. Methylation of any one of eight genes (RASSF1, DAPK1, BVES, CDH13, MGMT, KCNH5, RARB, or CDH1) was present in 80% of NSCLC tissues but only in 14% of noncancerous tissues. Detection of methylation of these genes in blood might have utility in monitoring and detecting tumor recurrence in early-stage NSCLC after curative surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195-7115, USA
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Piperi C, Vlastos F, Farmaki E, Martinet N, Papavassiliou AG. Epigenetic effects of lung cancer predisposing factors impact on clinical diagnosis and prognosis. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1495-501. [PMID: 18363846 PMCID: PMC3918065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process requiring the acquisition of genetic mutations that confer the malignant phenotype as well as epigenetic alterations that may be both manipulated in the course of therapy. Aberrant gene function and transcriptional silencing by CpG island hypermethylation has become a critical component in the initiation and progression of lung cancer. Growing evidence shows that acquired epigenetic abnormalities participate with genetic alterations to cause this dysregulation. Human and animal studies have fostered significant advances in elucidating the role of gene-specific methylation in cancer initiation and progression, the modulation of DNA methylation by carcinogen exposure and the ability of pharmacologic agents to reverse promoter hypermethylation, making it an attractive target to pursue for prevention of lung cancer. This review focuses on how lung cancer predisposing factors participate in epigenetic alterations of lung neoplasia, and discusses the growing implications of these alterations for strategies to control cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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The impact of genetic markers on the diagnosis of lung cancer: a current perspective. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 2:1044-51. [PMID: 17975498 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318158eed4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading worldwide source of cancer-related death. It is acknowledged that prognosis and treatment outcomes in lung cancer might be improved by increasing the effectiveness of early-stage diagnosis. Several recently published studies have produced intriguing results regarding the detection of biomarkers in tumor samples, but also in easily accessible specimens such as sputum, plasma, and exhaled breath condensate. This review presents advances in genetic diagnostics of lung cancer, with particular reference to the clinical usefulness of individual biomarkers, specimens, and methods. The adequacy of their sensitivity and specificity for cancer screening and early detection is discussed in detail.
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