1
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Cazzaniga C, Göder A, Rainey MD, Quinlan A, Coughlan S, Bernard S, Santocanale C. CDC7 inhibition drives an inflammatory response and a p53-dependent senescent-like state in breast epithelial cells. FEBS J 2024; 291:3147-3168. [PMID: 38555567 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that block DNA replication prevent cell proliferation, which may result in anticancer activity. The latter is dependent on the drug's mode of action as well as on cell type-dependent responses to treatment. The inhibition of Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), a key regulator of DNA replication, decreases the efficiency of origin firing and hampers the restarting of paused replication forks. Here, we show that upon prolonged CDC7 inhibition, breast-derived MCF10A cells progressively withdraw from the cell cycle and enter a reversible senescent-like state. This is characterised by the rewiring of the transcriptional programme with the induction of cytokine and chemokine expression and correlates with the accumulation of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-positive micronuclei. Importantly, cell fate depends on Cellular tumour antigen p53 (p53) function as cells no longer enter senescence but are funnelled into apoptosis upon p53 knockout. This work uncovers key features of the secondary response to CDC7 inhibitors, which could aid the development of these compounds as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cazzaniga
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Anja Göder
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael David Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Aisling Quinlan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Simone Coughlan
- SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefanus Bernard
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
- SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
- SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, University of Galway, Ireland
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2
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Nasheuer HP, Meaney AM. Starting DNA Synthesis: Initiation Processes during the Replication of Chromosomal DNA in Humans. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:360. [PMID: 38540419 PMCID: PMC10969946 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation reactions of DNA synthesis are central processes during human chromosomal DNA replication. They are separated into two main processes: the initiation events at replication origins, the start of the leading strand synthesis for each replicon, and the numerous initiation events taking place during lagging strand DNA synthesis. In addition, a third mechanism is the re-initiation of DNA synthesis after replication fork stalling, which takes place when DNA lesions hinder the progression of DNA synthesis. The initiation of leading strand synthesis at replication origins is regulated at multiple levels, from the origin recognition to the assembly and activation of replicative helicase, the Cdc45-MCM2-7-GINS (CMG) complex. In addition, the multiple interactions of the CMG complex with the eukaryotic replicative DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase α-primase, DNA polymerase δ and ε, at replication forks play pivotal roles in the mechanism of the initiation reactions of leading and lagging strand DNA synthesis. These interactions are also important for the initiation of signalling at unperturbed and stalled replication forks, "replication stress" events, via ATR (ATM-Rad 3-related protein kinase). These processes are essential for the accurate transfer of the cells' genetic information to their daughters. Thus, failures and dysfunctions in these processes give rise to genome instability causing genetic diseases, including cancer. In their influential review "Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions", Hanahan and Weinberg (2022) therefore call genome instability a fundamental function in the development process of cancer cells. In recent years, the understanding of the initiation processes and mechanisms of human DNA replication has made substantial progress at all levels, which will be discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Peter Nasheuer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
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3
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Mookkan M, Kandasamy S, Al-Odayni AB, Abduh NAY, Srinivasan S, Revannasidappa BC, Kumar V, Chinnasamy K, Aravindhan S, Shankar MK. A Structural and In Silico Investigation of Potential CDC7 Kinase Enzyme Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47187-47200. [PMID: 38107948 PMCID: PMC10719926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A crucial role in the regulation of DNA replication is played by the highly conserved CDC kinase. The CDC7 kinase could serve as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. The primary heterocyclic substance is pyrazole, and its derivatives offer great potential as treatments for cancer cell lines. Here, we synthesized the two pyrazole derivatives: 4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)hydrazinyl)-5-methyl-2-tosyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (PYRA-1) and 4-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)hydrazinyl)-5-methyl-2-tosyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (PYRA-2). The structural confirmation of both the compounds at the three-dimensional level is characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory. Furthermore, the in silico chemical biological properties were derived using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. PYRA-1 and PYRA-2 crystallize in the P-1 (a = 8.184(9), b = 14.251(13), c = 15.601(15), α = 91.57(8), β = 97.48(9), 92.67(9), V = 1801.1(3) 3, and Z = 2) and P21/n (a = 14.8648(8), b = 8.5998(4), c = 15.5586(8), β = 116.47(7), V = 1780.4(19) 3, and Z = 4), space groups, respectively. In both PYRA-1 and PYRA-2 compounds, C-H···O intermolecular connections are common to stabilize the crystal structure. In addition, short intermolecular interactions stabilizes with C-H···π and π-π stacking. Crystal packing analysis was quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis resulting in C···H, O···H, and H···H contacts in PYRA-1 exhibiting more contribution than in PYRA-2. The conformational stabilities of the molecules are same in the gas and liquid phases (water and DMSO). The docking scores measured for PYRA-1 and PYRA-2 with CDC7 kinase complexes are -5.421 and -5.884 kcal/mol, respectively. The MD simulations show that PYRA-2 is a more potential inhibitor than PYRA-1 against CDC7 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanbabu Mookkan
- Department
of Physics, Presidency College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai 600 005, India
| | - Saravanan Kandasamy
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Abdel-Basit Al-Odayni
- Department
of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naaser Ahmed Yaseen Abduh
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sugarthi Srinivasan
- Department
of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute
of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Bistuvalli Chandrashekara Revannasidappa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NGSM Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Nitte - Deemed to be University, Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka India
| | - Vasantha Kumar
- Department
of P.G. Chemistry, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara
College (Autonomous), Ujire 574240, India
| | | | - Sanmargam Aravindhan
- Department
of Physics, Presidency College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai 600 005, India
| | - Madan Kumar Shankar
- Department
of Chemistry-BMC, University of Uppsala, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
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4
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Deng T, Du L, Ding S, Peng X, Chen W, Yan Y, Hu B, Zhou J. Protein kinase Cdc7 supports viral replication by phosphorylating Avibirnavirus VP3 protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112523. [PMID: 37902398 PMCID: PMC10688373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus is still an important agent which largely threatens global poultry farming industry economics. VP3 is a multifunctional scaffold structural protein that is involved in virus morphogenesis and the regulation of diverse cellular signaling pathways. However, little is known about the roles of VP3 phosphorylation during the IBDV life cycle. In this study, we determined that IBDV infection induced the upregulation of Cdc7 expression and phosphorylated the VP3 Ser13 site to promote viral replication. Moreover, we confirmed that the negative charge addition of phosphoserine on VP3 at the S13 site was essential for IBDV proliferation. This study provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of VP3 phosphorylation-mediated regulation of IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxiang Ding
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiran Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boli Hu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Lee J, Bang JH, Ryu YC, Hwang BH. Multiple suppressing small interfering RNA for cancer treatment-Application to triple-negative breast cancer. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300060. [PMID: 37478121 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Certain cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), pose a challenging prognosis due to the absence of identifiable hormone-related receptors and effective targeted therapies. Consequently, novel therapeutics are required for these cancers, offering minimal side effects and reduced drug resistance. Unexpectedly, siRNA-7, initially employed as a control, exhibited significant efficacy in inhibiting cell viability in MDA-MB-231 cells. Through a genome-wide search of seed sequences, the targets of siRNA-7 were identified as cancer-related genes, namely PRKCE, RBPJ, ZNF737, and CDC7 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The mRNA repression analysis confirmed the simultaneous suppression by siRNA-7. Combinatorial administration of single-targeting siRNAs demonstrated a comparable reduction in viability to that achieved by siRNA-7. Importantly, siRNA-7 selectively inhibited cell viability in MDA-MB-231 cells, while normal HDF-n cells remained unaffected. Furthermore, in a xenograft mouse model, siRNA-7 exhibited a remarkable 76% reduction in tumor volume without any loss in body weight. These findings position siRNA-7 as a promising candidate for a novel, safe, specific, and potent TNBC cancer therapeutic. Moreover, the strategy of multiple suppressing small interfering RNA holds potential for the treatment of various diseases associated with gene overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyuk Bang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Chae Ryu
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Hee Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bio Material & Process Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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6
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Fang G, Chen H, Cheng Z, Tang Z, Wan Y. Azaindole derivatives as potential kinase inhibitors and their SARs elucidation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115621. [PMID: 37423125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, heterocycles have occupied an important position in the fields of drug design. Among them, azaindole moiety is regarded as one privileged scaffold to develop therapeutic agents. Since two nitrogen atoms of azaindole increase the possibility to form hydrogen bonds in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding site, azaindole derivatives are important sources of kinase inhibitors. Moreover, some of them have been on the market or in clinical trials for the treatment of some kinase-related diseases (e.g., vemurafenib, pexidartinib, decernotinib). In this review, we focused on the recent development of azaindole derivatives as potential kinase inhibitors based on kinase targets, such as adaptor-associated kinase 1 (AAK1), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), AXL, cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), dual-specificity tyrosine (Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and proviral insertion site in moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of most azaindole derivatives were also elucidated. In addition, the binding modes of some azaindoles complexed with kinases were also investigated during the SARs elucidation. This review may offer an insight for medicinal chemists to rationally design more potent kinase inhibitors bearing the azaindole scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Zhiyun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Zilong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China
| | - Yichao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, PR China.
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7
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Göder A, Quinlan A, Rainey MD, Bennett D, Shamavu D, Corso J, Santocanale C. PTBP1 enforces ATR-CHK1 signaling determining the potency of CDC7 inhibitors. iScience 2023; 26:106951. [PMID: 37378325 PMCID: PMC10291475 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC7 kinase is crucial for DNA replication initiation and fork processing. CDC7 inhibition mildly activates the ATR pathway, which further limits origin firing; however, to date the relationship between CDC7 and ATR remains controversial. We show that CDC7 and ATR inhibitors are either synergistic or antagonistic depending on the degree of inhibition of each individual kinase. We find that Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) is important for ATR activity in response to CDC7 inhibition and genotoxic agents. Compromised PTBP1 expression makes cells defective in RPA recruitment, genomically unstable, and resistant to CDC7 inhibitors. PTBP1 deficiency affects the expression and splicing of many genes indicating a multifactorial impact on drug response. We find that an exon skipping event in RAD51AP1 contributes to checkpoint deficiency in PTBP1-deficient cells. These results identify PTBP1 as a key factor in replication stress response and define how ATR activity modulates the activity of CDC7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Göder
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Aisling Quinlan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Michael D. Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Declan Bennett
- School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Daniel Shamavu
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Jacqueline Corso
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91W2TY, Ireland
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8
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Chava S, Bugide S, Malvi P, Gupta R. Co-targeting of specific epigenetic regulators in combination with CDC7 potently inhibit melanoma growth. iScience 2022; 25:104752. [PMID: 35942091 PMCID: PMC9356103 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer that frequently metastasizes, but current therapies only benefit some patients. Here, we demonstrate that the serine/threonine kinase cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) is overexpressed in melanoma, and patients with higher expression have shorter survival. Transcription factor ELK1 regulates CDC7 expression, and CDC7 inhibition promotes cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis, leading to inhibition of melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. Our chemical genetics screen with epigenetic inhibitors revealed stronger melanoma tumor growth inhibition when XL413 is combined with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK343 or BRPF1/2/3 inhibitor OF1. Mechanistically, XL413 with GSK343 or OF1 synergistically altered the expression of tumor-suppressive genes, leading to higher apoptosis than the single agent alone. Collectively, these results identify CDC7 as a driver of melanoma tumor growth and metastasis that can be targeted alone or in combination with EZH2 or BRPF1/2/3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Chava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Suresh Bugide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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9
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JENKINSON F, ZEGERMAN P. Roles of phosphatases in eukaryotic DNA replication initiation control. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Kanemaki MT. A rethink about enzymes that drive DNA replication. Nature 2022; 605:228-229. [PMID: 35508723 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-01128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Cheng J, Li N, Huo Y, Dang S, Tye BK, Gao N, Zhai Y. Structural Insight into the MCM double hexamer activation by Dbf4-Cdc7 kinase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1396. [PMID: 35296675 PMCID: PMC8927117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dbf4-dependent kinase Cdc7 (DDK) regulates DNA replication initiation by phosphorylation of the MCM double hexamer (MCM-DH) to promote helicase activation. Here, we determine a series of cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of yeast DDK bound to the MCM-DH. These structures, occupied by one or two DDKs, differ primarily in the conformations of the kinase core. The interactions of DDK with the MCM-DH are mediated exclusively by subunit Dbf4 straddling across the hexamer interface on the three N-terminal domains (NTDs) of subunits Mcm2, Mcm6, and Mcm4. This arrangement brings Cdc7 close to its only essential substrate, the N-terminal serine/threonine-rich domain (NSD) of Mcm4. Dbf4 further displaces the NSD from its binding site on Mcm4-NTD, facilitating an immediate targeting of this motif by Cdc7. Moreover, the active center of Cdc7 is occupied by a unique Dbf4 inhibitory loop, which is disengaged when the kinase core assumes wobbling conformations. This study elucidates the versatility of Dbf4 in regulating the ordered multisite phosphorylation of the MCM-DH by Cdc7 kinase during helicase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ningning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunjing Huo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shangyu Dang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bik-Kwoon Tye
- Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Ning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yuanliang Zhai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Deng MR, Li Y, Luo X, Zheng XL, Chen Y, Zhang YL, Zhang W, Zhou H, Zhu H. Discovery of Mycothiogranaticins from Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001 and the Regulatory Effect of Mycothiol on the Granaticin Biosynthesis. Front Chem 2021; 9:802279. [PMID: 35004619 PMCID: PMC8733708 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.802279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Granaticins are benzoisochromanequinone polyketides with remarkable antibacterial and anticancer activities. Three sulfur-containing granaticin congeners, mycothiogranaticins A (1), B (2) and granaticin MA (3) were discovered from a granaticin-producing strain of Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001. Two of them were structurally determined with mycothiol or N-acetylcysteine moieties and found to be bio-actively reluctant. Disruption of the mshA gene (SVTN_RS20640) that encodes the D-inositol-3-phosphate glycosyltransferase crucial for mycothiol biosynthesis, fully abolished the production of mycothiogranaticins. The result substantiated that the newly discovered mycothiogranaticins are consequences of the combination of the granaticin and mycothiol biosynthetic pathways. The overall granaticin production of the ΔmshA mutant strain was unexpectedly decreased by at least more than 50%, while similar production level of granaticins to that of the wild type strain was observed in an mycothiol-S transferase gene (SVTN_RS22215) disruptant Δmst. These results indicated that the mycothiol deficiency was responsible for the decreased production of granaticins. Mycothiol may positively regulate the biosynthesis of granaticin possibly by maintaining the cellular redox balance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that mycothiol can not only be a direct building block of polyketides but also play a regulatory role in the polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yu-Lian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules Analysis and Biotransformation of Universities in Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application — Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Upregulation of CDC7 Associated with Cervical Cancer Incidence and Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6663367. [PMID: 33763482 PMCID: PMC7952153 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6663367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor of women. Using integrated bioinformatics, this study identified key disease-causing genes in cervical cancer that may provide effective biomarkers or therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and treatment. Results We used high-throughput sequencing data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to identify new cervical cancer biomarkers. The GSE63678 dataset was downloaded. The data was analyzed via bioinformatics methods, and 61 differentially expressed genes were obtained. These differential genes were analyzed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichments analyses. GO analysis demonstrated that the basic biological functions of differential genes were mostly regulating cell division, mitotic nuclear division, and immune response. Analysis of the KEGG pathway showed the primary involved in the cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions. Using TCGA database to query differential expression of differential genes in cervical cancer, the CDC7 gene was found to be highly expressed. In silico analysis of protein interactions using the STRING database revealed that CDC7 interacts with many proteins. These findings were then validated in vitro with immunohistochemistry and qRt-PCR to confirm that CDC7 is highly expressed in cervical cancer tissues. Cell function tests demonstrated that inhibition of CDC7 expression could inhibit the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer HeLa and SiHa cells and promote apoptosis. Conclusion With comprehensive bioinformatics combined with clinical and cellular function analysis, CDC7 is important to the development of cervical cancer. Targeting of this biomarker may improve the early diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.
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A new horizon for the old antibacterial drug clofoctol. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1302-1310. [PMID: 33581321 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic antibacterial drug clofoctol (CFT) has long been used to treat respiratory tract infections in Europe. In recent years, the drug was found to target two biologically important proteins, the Cdc7/Dbf4 protein kinase complex and the mRNA-binding protein cold shock domain containing E1 (CSDE1), also known as upstream-of-N-Ras protein (UNR). These interactions are at the origin of the antitumor activity of CFT, recently evidenced in prostate cancer and neuroglioma. Drug-protein binding models provide a structural basis to guide the design of more potent anticancer compounds. A renewed interest in CFT can be anticipated for the treatment of cancers, and possibly Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
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SLFN11 promotes CDT1 degradation by CUL4 in response to replicative DNA damage, while its absence leads to synthetic lethality with ATR/CHK1 inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015654118. [PMID: 33536335 PMCID: PMC8017720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015654118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schlafen-11 (SLFN11) inactivation in ∼50% of cancer cells confers broad chemoresistance. To identify therapeutic targets and underlying molecular mechanisms for overcoming chemoresistance, we performed an unbiased genome-wide RNAi screen in SLFN11-WT and -knockout (KO) cells. We found that inactivation of Ataxia Telangiectasia- and Rad3-related (ATR), CHK1, BRCA2, and RPA1 overcome chemoresistance to camptothecin (CPT) in SLFN11-KO cells. Accordingly, we validate that clinical inhibitors of ATR (M4344 and M6620) and CHK1 (SRA737) resensitize SLFN11-KO cells to topotecan, indotecan, etoposide, cisplatin, and talazoparib. We uncover that ATR inhibition significantly increases mitotic defects along with increased CDT1 phosphorylation, which destabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments in SLFN11-KO cells. We also reveal a chemoresistance mechanism by which CDT1 degradation is retarded, eventually inducing replication reactivation under DNA damage in SLFN11-KO cells. In contrast, in SLFN11-expressing cells, SLFN11 promotes the degradation of CDT1 in response to CPT by binding to DDB1 of CUL4CDT2 E3 ubiquitin ligase associated with replication forks. We show that the C terminus and ATPase domain of SLFN11 are required for DDB1 binding and CDT1 degradation. Furthermore, we identify a therapy-relevant ATPase mutant (E669K) of the SLFN11 gene in human TCGA and show that the mutant contributes to chemoresistance and retarded CDT1 degradation. Taken together, our study reveals new chemotherapeutic insights on how targeting the ATR pathway overcomes chemoresistance of SLFN11-deficient cancers. It also demonstrates that SLFN11 irreversibly arrests replication by degrading CDT1 through the DDB1-CUL4CDT2 ubiquitin ligase.
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Targeting nuclear protein TDP-43 by cell division cycle kinase 7 inhibitors: A new therapeutic approach for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112968. [PMID: 33139113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no known cure. Aggregates of the nuclear protein TDP-43 have been recognized as a hallmark of proteinopathy in both familial and sporadic cases of ALS. Post-translational modifications of this protein, include hyperphosphorylation, cause disruption of TDP-43 homeostasis and as a consequence, promotion of its neurotoxicity. Among the kinases involved in these changes, cell division cycle kinase 7 (CDC7) plays an important role by directly phosphorylating TDP-43. In the present manuscript the discovery, synthesis, and optimization of a new family of selective and ATP-competitive CDC7 inhibitors based on 6-mercaptopurine scaffold are described. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of these inhibitors to reduce TDP-43 phosphorylation in both cell cultures and transgenic animal models such as C. elegans and Prp-hTDP43 (A315T) mice. Altogether, the compounds described here may be useful as versatile tools to explore the role of CDC7 in TDP-43 phosphorylation and also as new drug candidates for the future development of ALS therapies.
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Structural Basis for the Activation and Target Site Specificity of CDC7 Kinase. Structure 2020; 28:954-962.e4. [PMID: 32521228 PMCID: PMC7416108 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CDC7 is an essential Ser/Thr kinase that acts upon the replicative helicase throughout the S phase of the cell cycle and is activated by DBF4. Here, we present crystal structures of a highly active human CDC7-DBF4 construct. The structures reveal a zinc-finger domain at the end of the kinase insert 2 that pins the CDC7 activation loop to motif M of DBF4 and the C lobe of CDC7. These interactions lead to ordering of the substrate-binding platform and full opening of the kinase active site. In a co-crystal structure with a mimic of MCM2 Ser40 phosphorylation target, the invariant CDC7 residues Arg373 and Arg380 engage phospho-Ser41 at substrate P+1 position, explaining the selectivity of the S-phase kinase for Ser/Thr residues followed by a pre-phosphorylated or an acidic residue. Our results clarify the role of DBF4 in activation of CDC7 and elucidate the structural basis for recognition of its preferred substrates. DBF4 activates CDC7 kinase via a two-step mechanism Zinc-finger domain in CDC7 KI2 interacts with DBF4 motif M Invariant CDC7 residues Arg373 and Arg380 engage P+1 substrate site
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Rainey MD, Quinlan A, Cazzaniga C, Mijic S, Martella O, Krietsch J, Göder A, Lopes M, Santocanale C. CDC7 kinase promotes MRE11 fork processing, modulating fork speed and chromosomal breakage. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48920. [PMID: 32496651 PMCID: PMC7403700 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDC7 kinase is essential for the activation of DNA replication origins and has been implicated in the replication stress response. Using a highly specific chemical inhibitor and a chemical genetic approach, we now show that CDC7 activity is required to coordinate multiple MRE11‐dependent processes occurring at replication forks, independently from its role in origin firing. CDC7 localizes at replication forks and, similarly to MRE11, mediates active slowing of fork progression upon mild topoisomerase inhibition. Both proteins are also retained on stalled forks, where they promote fork processing and restart. Moreover, MRE11 phosphorylation and localization at replication factories are progressively lost upon CDC7 inhibition. Finally, CDC7 activity at reversed forks is required for their pathological MRE11‐dependent degradation in BRCA2‐deficient cells. Thus, upon replication interference CDC7 is a key regulator of fork progression, processing and integrity. These results highlight a dual role for CDC7 in replication, modulating both initiation and elongation steps of DNA synthesis, and identify a key intervention point for anticancer therapies exploiting replication interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aisling Quinlan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Chiara Cazzaniga
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sofija Mijic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliviano Martella
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Göder
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Wang S, Dong G, Sheng C. Structural simplification: an efficient strategy in lead optimization. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:880-901. [PMID: 31649841 PMCID: PMC6804494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trend toward designing large hydrophobic molecules for lead optimization is often associated with poor drug-likeness and high attrition rates in drug discovery and development. Structural simplification is a powerful strategy for improving the efficiency and success rate of drug design by avoiding "molecular obesity". The structural simplification of large or complex lead compounds by truncating unnecessary groups can not only improve their synthetic accessibility but also improve their pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce side effects and so on. This review will summarize the application of structural simplification in lead optimization. Numerous case studies, particularly those involving successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug-like candidates, will be introduced and analyzed to illustrate the design strategies and guidelines for structural simplification.
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Key Words
- 11β-HSD, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity
- AM2, adrenomedullin-2 receptor
- BIOS, biology-oriented synthesis
- CCK, cholecystokinin receptor
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Drug design
- Drug discovery
- GlyT1, glycine transport 1
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HLM, human liver microsome
- JAKs, Janus tyrosine kinases
- LE, ligand efficiency
- Lead optimization
- LeuRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- MCRs, multicomponent reactions
- MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- MW, molecular weight
- NP, natural product
- NPM, nucleophosmin
- PD, pharmacodynamic
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Pharmacophore-based simplification
- Reducing chiral centers
- Reducing rings number
- SAHA, vorinostat
- SAR, structure‒activity relationship
- SCONP, structural classification of natural product
- Structural simplification
- Structure-based simplification
- TSA, trichostatin A
- TbLeuRS, T. brucei LeuRS
- ThrRS, threonyl-tRNA synthetase
- VANGL1, van-Gogh-like receptor protein 1
- aa-AMP, aminoacyl-AMP
- aa-AMS, aminoacylsulfa-moyladenosine
- aaRSs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- hA3 AR, human A3 adenosine receptor
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Lind J, Czernilofsky F, Vallet S, Podar K. Emerging protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2019; 24:133-152. [PMID: 31327278 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1647165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Significant advances have been made during the last two decades in terms of new therapeutic options but also of innovative approaches to diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma (MM). While patient survival has been significantly prolonged, most patients relapse. Including the milestone approval of the first kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate for CML in 2001, 48 small molecule protein kinase (PK) inhibitors have entered clinical practice until now. However, no PK inhibitor has been approved for MM therapy yet. Areas covered: This review article summarizes up-to-date knowledge on the pathophysiologic role of PKs in MM. Derived small molecules targeting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK- pathway, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR- pathway as well as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), Aurora kinases (AURK), and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are most promising. Preclinical as well as early clinical data focusing on these molecules will be presented and critically reviewed. Expert opinion: Current MM therapy is directed against general vulnerabilities. Novel therapeutic strategies, inhibition of PKs in particular, are directed to target tumor-specific driver aberrations such as genetic abnormalities and microenvironment-driven deregulations. Results of ongoing Precision Medicine trials with PK inhibitors alone or in combination with other agents are eagerly awaited and hold the promise of once more improving MM patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lind
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Felix Czernilofsky
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences , Krems an der Donau , Austria
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McLaughlin RP, He J, van der Noord VE, Redel J, Foekens JA, Martens JWM, Smid M, Zhang Y, van de Water B. A kinase inhibitor screen identifies a dual cdc7/CDK9 inhibitor to sensitise triple-negative breast cancer to EGFR-targeted therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:77. [PMID: 31262335 PMCID: PMC6604188 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a profound clinical challenge. Despite frequent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and reliance on downstream signalling pathways in TNBC, resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) remains endemic. Therefore, the identification of targeted agents, which synergise with current therapeutic options, is paramount. METHODS Compound-based, high-throughput, proliferation screening was used to profile the response of TNBC cell lines to EGFR-TKIs, western blotting and siRNA transfection being used to examine the effect of inhibitors on EGFR-mediated signal transduction and cellular dependence on such pathways, respectively. A kinase inhibitor combination screen was used to identify compounds that synergised with EGFR-TKIs in TNBC, utilising sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay as read-out for proliferation. The impact of drug combinations on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and signal transduction was assessed using flow cytometry, automated live-cell imaging and western blotting, respectively. RNA sequencing was employed to unravel transcriptomic changes elicited by this synergistic combination and to permit identification of the signalling networks most sensitive to co-inhibition. RESULTS We demonstrate that a dual cdc7/CDK9 inhibitor, PHA-767491, synergises with multiple EGFR-TKIs (lapatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib) to overcome resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in various TNBC cell lines. Combined inhibition of EGFR and cdc7/CDK9 resulted in reduced cell proliferation, accompanied by induction of apoptosis, G2-M cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA replication and abrogation of CDK9-mediated transcriptional elongation, in contrast to mono-inhibition. Moreover, high expression of cdc7 and RNA polymerase II Subunit A (POLR2A), the direct target of CDK9, is significantly correlated with poor metastasis-free survival in a cohort of breast cancer patients. RNA sequencing revealed marked downregulation of pathways governing proliferation, transcription and cell survival in TNBC cells treated with the combination of an EGFR-TKI and a dual cdc7/CDK9 inhibitor. A number of genes enriched in these downregulated pathways are associated with poor metastasis-free survival in TNBC. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that dual inhibition of cdc7 and CDK9 by PHA-767491 is a potential strategy for targeting TNBC resistant to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan P. McLaughlin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jichao He
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera E. van der Noord
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jevin Redel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John A. Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Department of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cao JX, Lu Y. Targeting CDC7 improves sensitivity to chemotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 12:63-74. [PMID: 30588031 PMCID: PMC6304257 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) is a serine/threonine kinase that is essential for DNA replication in human cells which has been identified to play a critical role in multiple cancer types. However, the expression and clinical significance of CDC7 in ESCC has never been reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS CDC7 expression was detected in 30 ESCC and matched adjacent normal tissues, and a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays were performed to evaluate the effects of CDC7 on the proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemoresistance of ESCC cells. RESULTS The results showed that CDC7 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. Functional studies demonstrated that knockdown of CDC7 inhibited proliferation by arresting ESCC cells in the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis. Knockdown of CDC7 also inhibited cell migration and invasion in ESCC cells. Furthermore, knockdown of CDC7 sensitized ESCC cells to Cis and 5-FU. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CDC7 is highly expressed in ESCC tissues, and silencing CDC7 enhances chemosensitivity of ESCC cells, providing a new avenue for ESCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xiang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China,
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Cheng AN, Lo YK, Lin YS, Tang TK, Hsu CH, Hsu JTA, Lee AYL. Identification of Novel Cdc7 Kinase Inhibitors as Anti-Cancer Agents that Target the Interaction with Dbf4 by the Fragment Complementation and Drug Repositioning Approach. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:241-251. [PMID: 30293817 PMCID: PMC6197782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cdc7-Dbf4 is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in initiation of DNA replication and DNA damage tolerance in eukaryotic cells. Cdc7 has been found overexpressed in human cancer cell lines and tumor tissues, and the knockdown of Cdc7 expression causes an p53-independent apoptosis, suggesting that Cdc7 is a target for cancer therapy. Only a handful Cdc7 kinase inhibitors have been reported. All Cdc7 kinase inhibitors, including PHA-767491, were identified and characterized as ATP-competitive inhibitors. Unfortunately, these ATP-competitive Cdc7 inhibitors have no good effect on clinical trial. METHODS Here, we have developed a novel drug-screening platform to interrupt the interaction between Cdc7 and Dbf4 based on Renilla reniformis luciferase (Rluc)-linked protein-fragment complementation assay (Rluc-PCA). Using drug repositioning approach, we found several promising Cdc7 inhibitors for cancer therapy from a FDA-approved drug library. FINDINGS Our data showed that dequalinium chloride and clofoctol we screened inhibit S phase progression, accumulation in G2/M phase, and Cdc7 kinase activity. In addition, in vivo mice animal study suggests that dequalinium chloride has a promising anti-tumor activity in oral cancer. Interestingly, we also found that dequalinium chloride and clofoctol sensitize the effect of platinum compounds and radiation due to synergistic effect. In conclusion, we identified non-ATP-competitive Cdc7 kinase inhibitors that not only blocks DNA synthesis at the beginning but also sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage agents. INTERPRETATION The inhibitors will be a promising anti-cancer agent and enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy and radiation for current cancer therapy. FUND: This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Lo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tswen-Kei Tang
- Department of Nursing, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hua Hsu
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - John T-A Hsu
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Gandini A, Bartolini M, Tedesco D, Martinez-Gonzalez L, Roca C, Campillo NE, Zaldivar-Diez J, Perez C, Zuccheri G, Miti A, Feoli A, Castellano S, Petralla S, Monti B, Rossi M, Moda F, Legname G, Martinez A, Bolognesi ML. Tau-Centric Multitarget Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease: Development of First-in-Class Dual Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β and Tau-Aggregation Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7640-7656. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Gandini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Carlos Roca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E. Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Perez
- Instituto de Quimica Medica, CSIC, Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- S3 Center of the Institute of Nanosciences, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Miti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- S3 Center of the Institute of Nanosciences, Italian National Research Council (CNR), I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feoli
- EpigeneticMedChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- EpigeneticMedChemLab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, via Celoria 11, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologica, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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25
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Abramson HN. Kinase inhibitors as potential agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81926-81968. [PMID: 27655636 PMCID: PMC5348443 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of therapeutic options available for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) - from immunomodulating agents to proteasome inhibitors to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and, most recently, monoclonal antibodies. Used in conjunction with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, these modalities have nearly doubled the disease's five-year survival rate over the last three decades to about 50%. In spite of these advances, MM still is considered incurable as resistance and relapse are common. While small molecule protein kinase inhibitors have made inroads in the therapy of a number of cancers, to date their application to MM has been less than successful. Focusing on MM, this review examines the roles played by a number of kinases in driving the malignant state and the rationale for target development in the design of a number of kinase inhibitors that have demonstrated anti-myeloma activity in both in vitro and in vivo xenograph models, as well as those that have entered clinical trials. Among the targets and their inhibitors examined are receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, cell cycle control kinases, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway kinases, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase, casein kinase, integrin-linked kinase, sphingosine kinase, and kinases involved in the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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26
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Furanone derivatives as new inhibitors of CDC7 kinase: development of structure activity relationship model using 3D QSAR, molecular docking, and in silico ADMET. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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O Cdc7 kinase where art thou? Curr Genet 2017; 64:677-680. [PMID: 29134273 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although Cdc7 protein kinase is important for regulating DNA replication in all eukaryotes and is a target for cancer therapy, it has never been localized in cells. Recently, a novel molecular genomic method used by our laboratory to localize Cdc7 to regions of chromosomes. Originally, mutations in the CDC7 gene were found in the classic cdc mutant collection of Hartwell et al. (Genetics 74:267-286, 1973). The CDC7 gene was found to encode a protein kinase called DDK that has been studied for many years, establishing its precise role in the initiation of DNA replication at origins. Recently, clinical studies are underway with DDK inhibitors against DDK in cancer patients. However, the conundrum is that Cdc7 has never been detected at origins of replication even though many studies have suggested it should be there. We used "Calling Card" system in which DNA binding proteins are localized to the genome via retrotransposon insertion and deep-sequencing methods. We have shown that Cdc7 localizes at many regions of the genome and was enriched at functional origins of replication. These results are consistent with DDK's role in many additional genomic processes including mutagenesis, chromatid cohesion, and meiotic recombination. Thus, the main conclusion from our studies is that Cdc7 kinase is found at many locations in the genome, but is enriched at functional origins of replication. Furthermore, we propose that application of the Calling Card system to other eukaryotes should be useful in identification of functional origins in other eukaryotic cells.
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28
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Datta A, Ghatak D, Das S, Banerjee T, Paul A, Butti R, Gorain M, Ghuwalewala S, Roychowdhury A, Alam SK, Das P, Chatterjee R, Dasgupta M, Panda CK, Kundu GC, Roychoudhury S. p53 gain-of-function mutations increase Cdc7-dependent replication initiation. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:2030-2050. [PMID: 28887320 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated p53 missense mutants confer gain of function (GOF) and promote tumorigenesis by regulating crucial signaling pathways. However, the role of GOF mutant p53 in regulating DNA replication, a commonly altered pathway in cancer, is less explored. Here, we show that enhanced Cdc7-dependent replication initiation enables mutant p53 to confer oncogenic phenotypes. We demonstrate that mutant p53 cooperates with the oncogenic transcription factor Myb in vivo and transactivates Cdc7 in cancer cells. Moreover, mutant p53 cells exhibit enhanced levels of Dbf4, promoting the activity of Cdc7/Dbf4 complex. Chromatin enrichment of replication initiation factors and subsequent increase in origin firing confirm increased Cdc7-dependent replication initiation in mutant p53 cells. Further, knockdown of CDC7 significantly abrogates mutant p53-driven cancer phenotypes in vitro and in vivo Importantly, high CDC7 expression significantly correlates with p53 mutational status and predicts poor clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Collectively, this study highlights a novel functional interaction between mutant p53 and the DNA replication pathway in cancer cells. We propose that increased Cdc7-dependent replication initiation is a hallmark of p53 gain-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Datta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dishari Ghatak
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumit Das
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Taraswi Banerjee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anindita Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Sangeeta Ghuwalewala
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Roychowdhury
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sk Kayum Alam
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pijush Das
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India .,Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
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29
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Fischer PM. Approved and Experimental Small-Molecule Oncology Kinase Inhibitor Drugs: A Mid-2016 Overview. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:314-367. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Fischer
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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30
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Tudzarova S, Mulholland P, Dey A, Stoeber K, Okorokov AL, Williams GH. p53 controls CDC7 levels to reinforce G1 cell cycle arrest upon genotoxic stress. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2958-2972. [PMID: 27611229 PMCID: PMC5105930 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation is a key event in the cell cycle, which is dependent on 2 kinases - CDK2 and CDC7. Here we report a novel mechanism in which p53 induces G1 checkpoint and cell cycle arrest by downregulating CDC7 kinase in response to genotoxic stress. We demonstrate that p53 controls CDC7 stability post-transcriptionally via miR-192/215 and post-translationally via Fbxw7β E3 ubiquitin ligase. The p53-dependent pathway of CDC7 downregulation is interlinked with the p53-p21-CDK2 pathway, as p21-mediated inhibition of CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of CDC7 on Thr376 is required for GSK3ß-phosphorylation and Fbxw7ß-dependent degradation of CDC7. Notably, sustained oncogenic high levels of active CDC7 exert a negative feedback onto p53, leading to unrestrained S-phase progression and accumulation of DNA damage. Thus, p53-dependent control of CDC7 levels is essential for blocking G1/S cell-cycle transition upon genotoxic stress, thereby safeguarding the genome from instability and thus representing a novel general stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Tudzarova
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK.,b Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Paul Mulholland
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK
| | - Ayona Dey
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Kai Stoeber
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK
| | - Andrei L Okorokov
- a Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Gareth H Williams
- c Department of Pathology , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London , London , UK.,d Oncologica Ltd, The Science Village, Chesterford Research Park , Cambridge , UK
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31
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Wu KZL, Wang GN, Fitzgerald J, Quachthithu H, Rainey MD, Cattaneo A, Bachi A, Santocanale C. DDK dependent regulation of TOP2A at centromeres revealed by a chemical genetics approach. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8786-8798. [PMID: 27407105 PMCID: PMC5062981 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells the CDC7/DBF4 kinase, also known as DBF4-dependent kinase (DDK), is required for the firing of DNA replication origins. CDC7 is also involved in replication stress responses and its depletion sensitises cells to drugs that affect fork progression, including Topoisomerase 2 poisons. Although CDC7 is an important regulator of cell division, relatively few substrates and bona-fide CDC7 phosphorylation sites have been identified to date in human cells. In this study, we have generated an active recombinant CDC7/DBF4 kinase that can utilize bulky ATP analogues. By performing in vitro kinase assays using benzyl-thio-ATP, we have identified TOP2A as a primary CDC7 substrate in nuclear extracts, and serine 1213 and serine 1525 as in vitro phosphorylation sites. We show that CDC7/DBF4 and TOP2A interact in cells, that this interaction mainly occurs early in S-phase, and that it is compromised after treatment with CDC7 inhibitors. We further provide evidence that human DBF4 localises at centromeres, to which TOP2A is progressively recruited during S-phase. Importantly, we found that CDC7/DBF4 down-regulation, as well S1213A/S1525A TOP2A mutations can advance the timing of centromeric TOP2A recruitment in S-phase. Our results indicate that TOP2A is a novel DDK target and have important implications for centromere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Z L Wu
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Fitzgerald
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Huong Quachthithu
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael D Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Angela Cattaneo
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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32
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Yang CC, Suzuki M, Yamakawa S, Uno S, Ishii A, Yamazaki S, Fukatsu R, Fujisawa R, Sakimura K, Tsurimoto T, Masai H. Claspin recruits Cdc7 kinase for initiation of DNA replication in human cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12135. [PMID: 27401717 PMCID: PMC4945878 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Claspin transmits replication stress signal from ATR to Chk1 effector kinase as a mediator. It also plays a role in efficient replication fork progression during normal growth. Here we have generated conditional knockout of Claspin and show that Claspin knockout mice are dead by E12.5 and Claspin knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells show defect in S phase. Using the mutant cell lines, we report the crucial roles of the acidic patch (AP) near the C terminus of Claspin in initiation of DNA replication. Cdc7 kinase binds to AP and this binding is required for phosphorylation of Mcm. AP is involved also in intramolecular interaction with a N-terminal segment, masking the DNA-binding domain and a newly identified PIP motif, and Cdc7-mediated phosphorylation reduces the intramolecular interaction. Our results suggest a new role of Claspin in initiation of DNA replication during normal S phase through the recruitment of Cdc7 that facilitates phosphorylation of Mcm proteins. Claspin mediates the transmission of a replication-stress signal from ATR to Chk1 and is necessary for efficient fork progression. Here the authors demonstrate that the C-terminal acidic patch is important for this role due to its interaction with Cdc7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Yang
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamakawa
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Syuzi Uno
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Ishii
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Rino Fukatsu
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujisawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tsurimoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisao Masai
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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33
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Jin SF, Ma HL, Liu ZL, Fu ST, Zhang CP, He Y. XL413, a cell division cycle 7 kinase inhibitor enhanced the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone on TGF-β1-stimulated C3H10T1/2 cells via Smad2/4. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:289-99. [PMID: 26589264 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone is an orally bioavailable synthetic compound with therapeutic potential for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It is thought to act through antioxidant and anti-fibrotic pathways. Pirfenidone inhibits proliferation and/or myofibroblast differentiation of a wide range of cell types, however, little studies have analyzed the effect of pirfenidone on the mesenchymal stem cells, which play an important role on the origin of myofibroblasts. We recently found that pirfenidone had anti-proliferative activity via G1 phase arrest and cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) kinase expression decrease in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated murine mesenchymal stem C3H10T1/2 cells. Pirfenidone also had inhibiting effect on the migration and α-SMA expression. Moreover, in this study we showed for the first time that Cdc7 inhibitor XL413 enhanced the anti-fibrotic activity of pirfenidone via depressed the expression of Smad2/4 proteins, and also prevented the nuclear accumulation and translocation of Smad2 protein. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pirfenidone inhibited proliferation, migration and differentiation of TGF-β1-stimulated C3H10T1/2 cells, which could be enhanced by Cdc7 inhibitor XL413, via Smad2/4. Combination with pirfenidone and XL413 might provide a potential candidate for the treatment of TGF-β1 associated fibrosis. It needs in vivo studies to further validate its therapeutic function and safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-fang Jin
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-long Ma
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-long Liu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shui-ting Fu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-ping Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Faculty of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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34
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Balasubramanian PK, Balupuri A, Cho SJ. Molecular Modeling Studies of Trisubstituted Thiazoles as Cdc7 Kinase Inhibitors through 3D-QSAR and Molecular Docking Simulation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra K. Balasubramanian
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju 501-759 Republic of Korea
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35
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Deng MR, Guo J, Ma LY, Li YX, Feng GD, Mo CY, Zhu HH. Complete genome sequence of Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001 T, a genetically manipulable producer of the benzoisochromanequinone antibiotic granaticin. J Biotechnol 2015; 200:6-7. [PMID: 25687102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the complete genome sequence of Streptomyces vietnamensis GIMV4.0001(T), a new and genetically manipulable producer of the benzoisochromanequinone antibiotic granaticin, whose unique sugar attachment pattern in structure has drawn much attention among chemical and biochemical researchers. The genome of S. vietnamensis GIMV4.0001(T) consists of one linear chromosome (8,867,142 bp, 72.09% G+C content) and one linear megaplasmid named pSVL1 (286,635 bp, 69.04% G+C content), encoding a total of 7356 protein coding genes. Twenty-nine gene clusters for secondary metabolites were predicted on the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Lian-Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Yan-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Guang-Da Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Cui-Yun Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hong-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510075, China.
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36
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El-Dean AMK, Zaki RM, Abdulrazzaq AY. A convenient synthesis and biological activity of novel thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole compounds as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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MiR-630 inhibits proliferation by targeting CDC7 kinase, but maintains the apoptotic balance by targeting multiple modulators in human lung cancer A549 cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1426. [PMID: 25255219 PMCID: PMC4225225 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAome analyses have shown microRNA-630 (miR-630) to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis. However, its apoptotic role is still debated and its participation in DNA replication is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that miR-630 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting cell-cycle kinase 7 (CDC7) kinase, but maintains the apoptotic balance by targeting multiple activators of apoptosis under genotoxic stress. We identified a novel regulatory mechanism of CDC7 gene expression, in which miR-630 downregulated CDC7 expression by recognizing and binding to four binding sites in CDC7 3'-UTR. We found that miR-630 was highly expressed in A549 and NIH3T3 cells where CDC7 was downregulated, but lower in H1299, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa and 2BS cells where CDC7 was upregulated. Furthermore, the induction of miR-630 occurred commonly in a variety of human cancer and immortalized cells in response to genotoxic agents. Importantly, downregulation of CDC7 by miR-630 was associated with cisplatin (CIS)-induced inhibitory proliferation in A549 cells. Mechanistically, miR-630 exerted its inhibitory proliferation by blocking CDC7-mediated initiation of DNA synthesis and by inducing G1 arrest, but maintains apoptotic balance under CIS exposure. On the one hand, miR-630 promoted apoptosis by downregulation of CDC7; on the other hand, it reduced apoptosis by downregulating several apoptotic modulators such as PARP3, DDIT4, EP300 and EP300 downstream effector p53, thereby maintaining the apoptotic balance. Our data indicate that miR-630 has a bimodal role in the regulation of apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Our data also support the notion that a certain mRNA can be targeted by several miRNAs, and in particular an miRNA may target a set of mRNAs. These data afford a comprehensive view of microRNA-dependent control of gene expression in the regulation of apoptosis under genotoxic stress.
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38
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A high through-put screen for small molecules modulating MCM2 phosphorylation identifies Ryuvidine as an inducer of the DNA damage response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98891. [PMID: 24902048 PMCID: PMC4047068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an essential process for cell division and as such it is a process that is directly targeted by several anticancer drugs. CDC7 plays an essential role in the activation of replication origins and has recently been proposed as a novel target for drug discovery. The MCM DNA helicase complex (MCM2-7) is a key target of the CDC7 kinase, and MCM phosphorylation status at specific sites is a reliable biomarker of CDC7 cellular activity. In this work we describe a cell-based assay that utilizes the "In Cell Western Technique" (ICW) to identify compounds that affect cellular CDC7 activity. By screening a library of approved drugs and kinase inhibitors we found several compounds that can affect CDC7-dependent phosphorylation of MCM2 in HeLa cells. Among these, Mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase inhibitor, and Ryuvidine, previously described as a CDK4 inhibitor, cause a reduction in phosphorylated MCM2 levels and a sudden blockade of DNA synthesis that is accompanied by an ATM-dependent checkpoint response. This study sheds light on the previously observed cytotoxity of Ryuvidine, strongly suggesting that it is related to its effect of causing DNA damage.
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Yamada M, Masai H, Bartek J. Regulation and roles of Cdc7 kinase under replication stress. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1859-66. [PMID: 24841992 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc7 (cell division cycle 7) kinase together with its activation subunit ASK (also known as Dbf4) play pivotal roles in DNA replication and contribute also to other aspects of DNA metabolism such as DNA repair and recombination. While the biological significance of Cdc7 is widely appreciated, the molecular mechanisms through which Cdc7 kinase regulates these various DNA transactions remain largely obscure, including the role of Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 under replication stress, a condition associated with diverse (patho)physiological scenarios. In this review, we first highlight the recent findings on a novel pathway that regulates the stability of the human Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 complex under replication stress, its interplay with ATR-Chk1 signaling, and significance in the RAD18-dependent DNA damage bypass pathway. We also consider Cdc7 function in a broader context, considering both physiological conditions and pathologies associated with enhanced replication stress, particularly oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we integrate the emerging evidence and propose a concept of Cdc7-ASK/Dbf4 contributing to genome integrity maintenance, through interplay with RAD18 that can serve as a molecular switch to dictate DNA repair pathway choice. Finally, we discuss the possibility of targeting Cdc7, particularly in the context of the Cdc7/RAD18-dependent translesion synthesis, as a potential innovative strategy for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamada
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hisao Masai
- Genome Dynamics Project; Department of Genome Medicine; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic; Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Reichelt A, Bailis JM, Bartberger MD, Yao G, Shu H, Kaller MR, Allen JG, Weidner MF, Keegan KS, Dao JH. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of trisubstituted thiazoles as Cdc7 kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:364-82. [PMID: 24793884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7) protein kinase is essential for DNA replication and maintenance of genome stability. We systematically explored thiazole-based compounds as inhibitors of Cdc7 kinase activity in cancer cells. Our studies resulted in the identification of a potent, selective Cdc7 inhibitor that decreased phosphorylation of the direct substrate MCM2 in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited DNA synthesis and cell viability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichelt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Michael D Bartberger
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Guomin Yao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Hong Shu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Matthew R Kaller
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - John G Allen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Margaret F Weidner
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Kathleen S Keegan
- Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Jennifer H Dao
- Molecular Structure and Characterization, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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41
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Abstract
The accurate duplication and transmission of genetic information is critical for cell growth and proliferation, and this is ensured in part by the multi-layered regulation of DNA synthesis. One of the key steps in this process is the selection and activation of the sites of replication initiation, or origins, across the genome. Interestingly, origin usage changes during development and in different pathologies, suggesting an integral interplay between the establishment of replication initiation along the chromosomes and cellular function. The present review discusses how the spatiotemporal organization of replication origin activation may play crucial roles in the control of biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Gómez-Escoda
- *Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, CNRS UMR 6290, 2 avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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42
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Wu X, Zeng H, Zhu X, Ma Q, Hou Y, Wu X. Novel pyrrolopyridinone derivatives as anticancer inhibitors towards Cdc7: QSAR studies based on dockings by solvation score approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:323-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Li Z, Zhang X, Jiang X, Wei D, Zhang C. Preparation and identification of a novel antibody against human CDC7 kinase. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:349-53. [PMID: 24111867 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), which is conservatively expressed in the eukaryotic cells, is being intensely studied because of its significant function in DNA replication. In order to get further information on human CDC7, we generated a novel antibody against human CDC7. The steady strain of hybridoma (2G12) that can secrete specific monoclonal antibodies against human CDC7 was obtained by hybridoma technique. It is poised to contribute novel ways to study the cell cycle. The isotope of the monoclonal antibody was tested to be IgG2a/κ, and its characterizations were shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. The affinity constant (Kaff) of the monoclonal antibody was measured by non-competitive ELISA. By Western blot analysis, we found that CDC7 was largely expressed on the HCCLM3 cell line. Further identifications were adopted by the HRP-labeled MAbs. Thus, the antibody might boost studies on tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, West China Medical Centre, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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44
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Harrington PE, Bourbeau MP, Fotsch C, Frohn M, Pickrell AJ, Reichelt A, Sham K, Siegmund AC, Bailis JM, Bush T, Escobar S, Hickman D, Heller S, Hsieh F, Orf JN, Rong M, San Miguel T, Tan H, Zalameda L, Allen JG. The optimization of aminooxadiazoles as orally active inhibitors of Cdc7. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6396-400. [PMID: 24120542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of aminooxadiazoles was optimized for inhibition of Cdc7. Early lead isoquinoline 1 suffered from modest cell potency (cellular IC50=0.71 μM measuring pMCM2), low selectivity against structurally related kinases, and high IV clearance in rats (CL=18 L/h/kg). Extensive optimization resulted in azaindole 26 (Cdc7 IC50=1.1 nM, pMCM2 IC50=32 nM) that demonstrated robust lowering of pMCM2 in a mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model when dosed orally. Modifications to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of this series were guided by trapping experiments with glutathione in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Harrington
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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45
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Natoni A, Coyne MRE, Jacobsen A, Rainey MD, O’Brien G, Healy S, Montagnoli A, Moll J, O’Dwyer M, Santocanale C. Characterization of a Dual CDC7/CDK9 Inhibitor in Multiple Myeloma Cellular Models. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:901-18. [PMID: 24202326 PMCID: PMC3795371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two key features of myeloma cells are the deregulation of the cell cycle and the dependency on the expression of the BCL2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins. The cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) is an essential S-phase kinase and emerging CDC7 inhibitors are effective in a variety of preclinical cancer models. These compounds also inhibit CDK9 which is relevant for MCL-1 expression. The activity and mechanism of action of the dual CDC7/CDK9 inhibitor PHA-767491 was assessed in a panel of multiple myeloma cell lines, in primary samples from patients, in the presence of stromal cells and in combination with drugs used in current chemotherapeutic regimens. We report that in all conditions myeloma cells undergo cell death upon PHA-767491 treatment and we report an overall additive effect with melphalan, bortezomib and doxorubicin, thus supporting further assessment of targeting CDC7 and CDK9 in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Natoni
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Mark R. E. Coyne
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan Jacobsen
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Michael D. Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Gemma O’Brien
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Healy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Alessia Montagnoli
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Via Pasteur 10, Nerviano 20014, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Jürgen Moll
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Via Pasteur 10, Nerviano 20014, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Michael O’Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.O.); (C.S.); Tel.: +353-91-544-281 (M.O.); Fax: +353-91-542-469 (M.O.); Tel.: +353-91-495-174 (C.S.); Fax: +353-91-495-547 (C.S.)
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.O.); (C.S.); Tel.: +353-91-544-281 (M.O.); Fax: +353-91-542-469 (M.O.); Tel.: +353-91-495-174 (C.S.); Fax: +353-91-495-547 (C.S.)
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46
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Mulvey CM, Tudzarova S, Crawford M, Williams GH, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Subcellular proteomics reveals a role for nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking at the DNA replication origin activation checkpoint. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1436-53. [PMID: 23320540 PMCID: PMC4261602 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of DNA replication initiation factors such as CDC7 kinase triggers the origin activation checkpoint in healthy cells and leads to a protective cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase of the mitotic cell division cycle. This protective mechanism is thought to be defective in cancer cells. To investigate how this checkpoint is activated and maintained in healthy cells, we conducted a quantitative SILAC analysis of the nuclear- and cytoplasmic-enriched compartments of CDC7-depleted fibroblasts and compared them to a total cell lysate preparation. Substantial changes in total abundance and/or subcellular location were detected for 124 proteins, including many essential proteins associated with DNA replication/cell cycle. Similar changes in protein abundance and subcellular distribution were observed for various metabolic processes, including oxidative stress, iron metabolism, protein translation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This is accompanied by reduced abundance of two karyopherin proteins, suggestive of reduced nuclear import. We propose that altered nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking plays a key role in the regulation of cell cycle arrest. The results increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of the DNA replication origin activation checkpoint and are consistent with our proposal that cell cycle arrest is an actively maintained process that appears to be distributed over various subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Mulvey
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Crawford
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth H. Williams
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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47
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Tong Y, Stewart KD, Florjancic AS, Harlan JE, Merta PJ, Przytulinska M, Soni N, Swinger KK, Zhu H, Johnson EF, Shoemaker AR, Penning TD. Azaindole-Based Inhibitors of Cdc7 Kinase: Impact of the Pre-DFG Residue, Val 195. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:211-5. [PMID: 24900653 DOI: 10.1021/ml300348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role played by the unique pre-DFG residue Val 195 of Cdc7 kinase on the potency of azaindole-chloropyridines (1), a series of novel analogues with various chloro replacements were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cdc7. X-ray cocrystallization using a surrogate protein, GSK3β, and modeling studies confirmed the azaindole motif as the hinge binder. Weaker hydrophobic interactions with Met 134 and Val 195 by certain chloro replacements (e.g., H, methyl) led to reduced Cdc7 inhibition. Meanwhile, data from other replacements (e.g., F, O) indicated that loss of such hydrophobic interaction could be compensated by enhanced hydrogen bonding to Lys 90. Our findings not only provide an in-depth understanding of the pre-DFG residue as another viable position impacting kinase inhibition, they also expand the existing knowledge of ligand-Cdc7 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Tong
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kent D. Stewart
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alan S. Florjancic
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John E. Harlan
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Philip J. Merta
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Magdalena Przytulinska
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nirupama Soni
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kerren K. Swinger
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Haizhong Zhu
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Eric F. Johnson
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Alexander R. Shoemaker
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Thomas D. Penning
- Cancer
Research, ‡Structural Biology, §Lead Discovery, and ∥Protein Biochemistry, Global Pharmaceutical Research
and Development, Abbott Laboratories, 100
Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, United States
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48
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Diaz-Moralli S, Tarrado-Castellarnau M, Miranda A, Cascante M. Targeting cell cycle regulation in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:255-71. [PMID: 23356980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is an essential mechanism for growth, development and regeneration of eukaryotic organisms; however, it is also the cause of one of the most devastating diseases of our era: cancer. Given the relevance of the processes in which cell proliferation is involved, its regulation is of paramount importance for multicellular organisms. Cell division is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between proteins, metabolism and microenvironment including several signaling pathways and mechanisms of control aiming to enable cell proliferation only in response to specific stimuli and under adequate conditions. Three main players have been identified in the coordinated variation of the many molecules that play a role in cell cycle: i) The cell cycle protein machinery including cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-cyclin complexes and related kinases, ii) The metabolic enzymes and related metabolites and iii) The reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and cellular redox status. The role of these key players and the interaction between oscillatory and non-oscillatory species have proved essential for driving the cell cycle. Moreover, cancer development has been associated to defects in all of them. Here, we provide an overview on the role of CDK-cyclin complexes, metabolic adaptations and oxidative stress in regulating progression through each cell cycle phase and transitions between them. Thus, new approaches for the design of innovative cancer therapies targeting crosstalk between cell cycle simultaneous events are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Diaz-Moralli
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Depamphilis ML, de Renty CM, Ullah Z, Lee CY. "The Octet": Eight Protein Kinases that Control Mammalian DNA Replication. Front Physiol 2012; 3:368. [PMID: 23055977 PMCID: PMC3458233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a fertilized human egg into an average sized adult requires about 29 trillion cell divisions, thereby producing enough DNA to stretch to the Sun and back 200 times (DePamphilis and Bell, 2011)! Even more amazing is the fact that throughout these mitotic cell cycles, the human genome is duplicated once and only once each time a cell divides. If a cell accidentally begins to re-replicate its nuclear DNA prior to cell division, checkpoint pathways trigger apoptosis. And yet, some cells are developmentally programmed to respond to environmental cues by switching from mitotic cell cycles to endocycles, a process in which multiple S phases occur in the absence of either mitosis or cytokinesis. Endocycles allow production of viable, differentiated, polyploid cells that no longer proliferate. What is surprising is that among the 516 (Manning et al., 2002) to 557 (BioMart web site) protein kinases encoded by the human genome, only eight regulate nuclear DNA replication directly. These are Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk6, Cdk7, Cdc7, Checkpoint kinase-1 (Chk1), and Checkpoint kinase-2. Even more remarkable is the fact that only four of these enzymes (Cdk1, Cdk7, Cdc7, and Chk1) are essential for mammalian development. Here we describe how these protein kinases determine when DNA replication occurs during mitotic cell cycles, how mammalian cells switch from mitotic cell cycles to endocycles, and how cancer cells can be selectively targeted for destruction by inducing them to begin a second S phase before mitosis is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin L Depamphilis
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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50
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Gooding M, Tudzarova S, Worthington RJ, Kingsbury SR, Rebstock AS, Dube H, Simone MI, Visintin C, Lagos D, Quesada JMF, Laman H, Boshoff C, Williams GH, Stoeber K, Selwood DL. Exploring the Interaction Between siRNA and the SMoC Biomolecule Transporters: Implications for Small Molecule-Mediated Delivery of siRNA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:9-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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