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Kito Y, Kachi K, Yoshida M, Hori Y, Kato A, Sahashi H, Toyohara T, Kuno K, Adachi A, Urakabe K, Kataoka H. Potential of Anti-Leukotriene Drugs as New Therapeutic Agents for Inhibiting Cholangiocarcinoma Progression. Molecules 2024; 29:3379. [PMID: 39064957 PMCID: PMC11280175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a cancer with a poor prognosis due to difficulties in diagnosis and limited treatment options, highlighting the urgent need for new targeted therapies. In a clinical setting, we found that leukotriene levels in bile were higher than in serum. Immunohistochemical analysis of surgically resected samples also revealed that CysLT receptor 1 (CysLTR1) was more highly expressed in CCA than in normal bile duct tissue, prompting us to investigate leukotriene as a potential therapeutic target in CCA. In vitro studies using CCA cell lines expressing CysLTR1 showed that leukotriene D4, a major ligand of CysLTR1, promoted cell proliferation, with increased phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Additionally, treatment with two clinically available anti-allergic drugs-zileuton, an inhibitor of CysLT formation, and montelukast, a CysLTR1 inhibitor-had inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migratory capacity, accompanied by the reduced phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. Furthermore, the simultaneous administration of both drugs synergistically enhanced the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Our study suggests that use of these drugs may represent a novel approach to treat CCA through drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Kenta Kachi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi 507-8522, Japan
| | - Michihiro Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Yasuki Hori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Akihisa Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Hidenori Sahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Tadashi Toyohara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Kayoko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Akihisa Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Kenji Urakabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.Y.); (Y.H.); (A.K.); (H.S.); (T.T.); (K.K.); (A.A.); (K.U.); (H.K.)
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Topi G, Satapathy SR, Ghatak S, Hellman K, Ek F, Olsson R, Ehrnström R, Lydrup ML, Sjölander A. High Oestrogen receptor alpha expression correlates with adverse prognosis and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:198. [PMID: 38549115 PMCID: PMC10979551 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In normal colon tissue, oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is expressed at low levels, while oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is considered the dominant subtype. However, in colon carcinomas, the ERα/β ratio is often increased, an observation that prompted us to further investigate ERα's role in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we assessed ERα nuclear expression in 351 CRC patients. Among them, 119 exhibited positive ERα nuclear expression, which was significantly higher in cancer tissues than in matched normal tissues. Importantly, patients with positive nuclear ERα expression had a poor prognosis. Furthermore, positive ERα expression correlated with increased levels of the G-protein coupled cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) and nuclear β-catenin, both known tumour promoters. In mouse models, ERα expression was decreased in Cysltr1-/- CAC (colitis-associated colon cancer) mice but increased in ApcMin/+ mice with wild-type Cysltr1. In cell experiments, an ERα-specific agonist (PPT) increased cell survival via WNT/β-catenin signalling. ERα activation also promoted metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model by affecting the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. Pharmacological blockade or siRNA silencing of ERα limited cell survival and metastasis while restoring tight junction protein expression. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of ERα as a prognostic marker for CRC and its role in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hellman
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Satapathy SR, Ghatak S, Sjölander A. The tumor promoter cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 regulates PD-L1 expression in colon cancer cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:138. [PMID: 37316937 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-1 in solid tumors has been shown to be clinically beneficial. However, in colorectal cancer (CRC), only a subset of patients benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Previously, we showed that high cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) levels are associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Recently, we have revealed the role of the tumor promoter CysLT1R in drug resistance and stemness in colon cancer (CC) cells. Here, we show the role of the CysLT1R/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the regulation of PD-L1 using both in vitro and in vivo preclinical model systems. Interestingly, we found that both endogenous and IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression in CC cells is mediated through upregulation of CysLT1R, which enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Therapeutic targeting of CysLT1R with its antagonist montelukast (Mo), as well as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated or doxycycline-inducible functional absence of CysLT1R, negatively regulated PD-L1 expression in CC cells. Interestingly, an anti-PD-L1 neutralizing antibody exhibited stronger effects together with the CysLT1R antagonist in cells (Apcmut or CTNNB1mut) with either endogenous or IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression. Additionally, mice treated with Mo showed depletion of PD-L1 mRNA and protein. Moreover, in CC cells with combined treatment of a Wnt inhibitor and an anti-PD-L1 antibody was effective only in β-catenin-dependent (APCmut) context. Finally, analysis of public dataset showed positive correlations between the PD-L1 and CysLT1R mRNA levels. These results elucidate a previously underappreciated CysLT1R/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the context of PD-L1 inhibition in CC, which might be considered for improving the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in CC patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Gao X, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Integrated Single-Cell and Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses Identify Dipeptidase 2 as an Immune-Associated Prognostic Biomarker for Lung Adenocarcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:871. [PMID: 37375818 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidase 2 (DPEP2) is a dipeptidyl peptidase that plays an important role in the hydrolysis of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) to leukotriene E4 (LTE4). Previous studies have suggested that LTD4 promotes tumor progression and survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, we hypothesized that DPEP2 may play a pivotal role in this tumor. Given that lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of NSCLC, our study aimed to examine the expression and function of DPEP2 in LUAD. Based on bioinformatics and the analysis of clinical samples, our findings revealed that DPEP2 is highly expressed in normal lung tissues, but downregulated in LUAD tissues, and its expression levels were significantly associated with clinical indicators of tumor grade and prognosis. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that DPEP2 is involved in biological processes such as chemokine signaling pathways, leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, and humoral immune responses in LUAD. In addition, DPEP2 expression was significantly associated with various immune cells, especially monocytes-macrophages. Single-cell transcriptome data further confirmed the expression of DPEP2 dominantly in macrophages from normal lung tissues. Analysis of the TCIA database revealed that high DPEP2 expression is associated with a stronger response to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as CTLA4 and PD1, and determines sensitivity to LUAD therapeutic agents. Furthermore, we found that DPEP2 inhibits the migration and invasion of LUAD cells. Therefore, DPEP2 may serve as a potential immune biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD, providing novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Department of Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaomei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Department of Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics & State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Department of Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Ghatak S, Satapathy SR, Sjölander A. DNA Methylation and Gene Expression of the Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors as a Prognostic and Metastatic Factor for Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043409. [PMID: 36834820 PMCID: PMC9963074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the western world, is the third most common cancer for both men and women. As a heterogeneous disease, colon cancer (CC) is caused by both genetic and epigenetic changes. The prognosis for CRC is affected by a variety of features, including late diagnosis, lymph node and distant metastasis. The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT), as leukotriene D4 and C4 (LTD4 and LTC4), are synthesized from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, and play an important role in several types of diseases such as inflammation and cancer. Their effects are mediated via the two main G-protein-coupled receptors, CysLT1R and CysLT2R. Multiple studies from our group observed a significant increase in CysLT1R expression in the poor prognosis group, whereas CysLT2R expression was higher in the good prognosis group of CRC patients. Here, we systematically explored and established the role of the CysLTRs, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1(CYSLTR1) and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2) gene expression and methylation in the progression and metastasis of CRC using three unique in silico cohorts and one clinical CRC cohort. Primary tumor tissues showed significant CYSLTR1 upregulation compared with matched normal tissues, whereas it was the opposite for the CYSLTR2. Univariate Cox proportional-hazards (CoxPH) analysis yielded a high expression of CYSLTR1 and accurately predicted high-risk patients in terms of overall survival (OS; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.87, p = 0.03) and disease-free survival [DFS] Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.54, p = 0.05). Hypomethylation of the CYSLTR1 gene and hypermethylation of the CYSLTR2 gene were found in CRC patients. The M values of the CpG probes for CYSLTR1 are significantly lower in primary tumor and metastasis samples than in matched normal samples, but those for CYSLTR2 are significantly higher. The differentially upregulated genes between tumor and metastatic samples were uniformly expressed in the high-CYSLTR1 group. Two epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, E-cadherin (CDH1) and vimentin (VIM) were significantly downregulated and upregulated in the high-CYSLTR1 group, respectively, but the result was opposite to that of CYSLTR2 expression in CRC. CDH1 expression was high in patients with less methylated CYSLTR1 but low in those with more methylated CYSLTR2. The EMT-associated observations were also validated in CC SW620 cell-derived colonospheres, which showed decreased E-cadherin expression in the LTD4 stimulated cells, but not in the CysLT1R knockdown SW620 cells. The methylation profiles of the CpG probes for CysLTRs significantly predicted lymph node (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.76, p < 0.0001) and distant (AUC = 0.83, p < 0.0001) metastasis. Intriguingly, the CpG probes cg26848126 (HR = 1.51, p = 0.03) for CYSLTR1, and cg16299590 (HR = 2.14, p = 0.03) for CYSLTR2 significantly predicted poor prognosis in terms of OS, whereas the CpG probe cg16886259 for CYSLTR2 significantly predicts a poor prognosis group in terms of DFS (HR = 2.88, p = 0.03). The CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 gene expression and methylation results were successfully validated in a CC patient cohort. In this study, we have demonstrated that CysLTRs' methylation and gene expression profile are associated with the progression, prognosis, and metastasis of CRC, which might be used for the assessment of high-risk CRC patients after validating the result in a larger CRC cohort.
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Su KK, Zheng XH, Bréchot C, Zheng XP, Zhu DH, Huang R, Zhang YH, Tao JJ, Lou YJ, Li LJ. Five-lipoxygenase-activating protein-mediated CYLD attenuation is a candidate driver in hepatic malignant lesion. Front Oncol 2022; 12:912881. [PMID: 35978827 PMCID: PMC9376481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-associated cancer. However, the lipid pro-inflammatory mediators have only been seldom investigated in HCC pathogenesis. Cylindromatosis (CYLD) attenuation is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to evaluate the significance of hepatic lipid pro-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonate-affected CYLD expression via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Resection liver tissues from HCC patients or donors were evaluated for the correlation of 5-LO/cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) signaling to the expression of CYLD. The impact of functional components in 5-LO/CysLTs cascade on survival of HCC patients was subsequently assessed. Both livers from canines, a preponderant animal for cancer research, and genetic-modified human HCC cells treated with hepatocarcinogen aristolochic acid I (AAI) were further used to reveal the possible relevance between 5-LO pathway activation and CYLD suppression. Five-LO-activating protein (FLAP), an essential partner of 5-LO, was significantly overexpressed and was parallel to CYLD depression, CD34 neovascular localization, and high Ki-67 expression in the resection tissues from HCC patients. Importantly, high hepatic FLAP transcription markedly shortened the median survival time of HCC patients after surgical resection. In the livers of AAI-treated canines, FLAP overexpression was parallel to enhanced CysLTs contents and the simultaneous attenuation of CYLD. Moreover, knock-in FLAP significantly diminished the expression of CYLD in AAI-treated human HCC cells. In summary, the hepatic FLAP/CysLTs axis is a crucial suppressor of CYLD in HCC pathogenesis, which highlights a novel mechanism in hepatocarcinogenesis and progression. FLAP therefore can be explored for the early HCC detection and a target of anti-HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-kai Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-hua Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Xiao-ping Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-hua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-jing Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-jia Lou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lan-juan Li,
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Jang HY, Kim IW, Oh JM. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Associated With a Decreased Incidence of Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858855. [PMID: 35463337 PMCID: PMC9021999 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are promising chemoprevention options to target cysteinyl leukotriene signaling in cancer. However, only a number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or observational studies have been conducted to date; thus, the effect of LTRAs on patients is yet to be elucidated. Using insurance claim data, we aimed to evaluate whether LTRAs have cancer preventive effects by observing patients who took LTRAs. Method Patients diagnosed with asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic cough, and have no history of cancer were followed-up from 2005 to 2017. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer risk of LTRA users. Result We followed-up (median: 5.6 years) 188,906 matched patients (94,453 LTRA users and 94,453 non-users). LTRA use was associated with a decreased risk of cancer (adjusted HR [aHR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83–0.87). The cancer risk showed a tendency to decrease rapidly when LTRAs were used in high dose (aHR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.40–0.79) or for longer durations of more than 3 years (aHR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.60–0.76) and 5 years (aHR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.26–0.42). The greater preventive effects of LTRAs were also observed in patients with specific risk factors related to sex, age, smoking, and the presence of comorbidities. Conclusion In this study, we found that LTRA use was associated with a decreased risk of cancer. The high dose and long duration of the use of LTRAs correlated with a lower cancer risk. Since LTRAs are not yet used for the prevention or treatment of cancer, our findings could be used for developing a new chemo-regimen or designing feasible RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Wha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Mi Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Topi G, Ghatak S, Satapathy SR, Ehrnström R, Lydrup ML, Sjölander A. Combined Estrogen Alpha and Beta Receptor Expression Has a Prognostic Significance for Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:739620. [PMID: 35360718 PMCID: PMC8963951 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.739620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that high estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) expression is independently associated with better prognosis in female colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is expressed at very low levels in normal colon mucosa, and its prognostic role in CRC has not been explored. Herein, we investigated the combined role of ERα and ERβ expression in the prognosis of female patients with CRC, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study to investigate this topic. A total number of 306 primary CRCs were immunostained for ERα and ERβ expression. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The combined expression of high ERβ + negative ERα correlates with longer OS (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11–0.45, P <0.0001) and DFS (HR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.03–0.26, P < 0.0001) and a more favorable tumor outcome, as well as significantly higher expression of antitumorigenic proteins than combined expression of low ERβ + positive ERα. Importantly, we found that low ERβ expression was associated with local recurrence of CRC, whereas ERα expression was correlated with liver metastasis. Overall, our results show that the combined high ERβ + negative ERα expression correlated with a better prognosis for CRC patients. Our results suggest that the combined expression of ERα and ERβ could be used as a predictive combination marker for CRC patients, especially for predicting DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Roy Ehrnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Lydrup
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anita Sjölander
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Dash P, Ghatak S, Topi G, Satapathy SR, Ek F, Hellman K, Olsson R, Mehdawi LM, Sjölander A. High PGD 2 receptor 2 levels are associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients and induce VEGF expression in colon cancer cells and migration in a zebrafish xenograft model. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:586-597. [PMID: 34750492 PMCID: PMC8854381 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intense research, the prognosis for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poor. The prostaglandin D2 receptors DP1 and DP2 are explored here as potential therapeutic targets for advanced CRC. METHODS A CRC cohort was analysed to determine whether DP1 and DP2 receptor expression correlates with patient survival. Four colon cancer cell lines and a zebrafish metastasis model were used to explore how DP1/DP2 receptor expression correlates with CRC progression. RESULTS Analysis of the clinical CRC cohort revealed high DP2 expression in tumour tissue, whereas DP1 expression was low. High DP2 expression negatively correlated with overall survival. Other pathological indicators, such as TNM stage and metastasis, positively correlated with DP2 but not DP1 expression. In accordance, the in vitro results showed high DP2 expression in four CC-cell lines, but only one expressed DP1. DP2 stimulation resulted in increased proliferation, p-ERK1/2 and VEGF expression/secretion. DP2-stimulated cells exhibited increased migration in the zebrafish metastasis model. CONCLUSION Our results support DP2 receptor expression and signalling as a therapeutic target in CRC progression based on its expression in CRC tissue correlating with poor patient survival and that it triggers proliferation, p-ERK1/2 and VEGF expression and release and increased metastatic activity in CC-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujarini Dash
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Geriolda Topi
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Hellman
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Chemical Biology & Therapeutics Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lubna M. Mehdawi
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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10
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Khodabakhsh P, Khoie N, Dehpour AR, Abdollahi A, Ghazi-Khansari M, Shafaroodi H. Montelukast suppresses the development of irritable bowel syndrome phenotype possibly through modulating NF-κB signaling in an experimental model. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:313-325. [PMID: 35013876 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disorder with multi-factorial pathophysiology that causes recurring pain or discomfort in the abdomen, as well as altered bowel habits. Montelukast, a well-known cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) antagonist, is widely used for the anti-inflammatory management of asthma. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological inhibition of CysLT1R on acetic acid-induced diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) in rats. Behavioral pain responses to noxious mechanical stimulation were decreased in the montelukast-treated rats as compared to the model animals following colorectal distension (CRD)-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Stool frequency decreased dose-dependently by montelukast in IBS rats exposed to restraint stress. A significantly shorter immobility time was also observed in IBS rats who received montelukast vs IBS group in the forced swimming test (depression-like behavior). Furthermore, there were significant decreases in the NF-κB protein expression, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, and IL-1ß) levels, and histopathological inflammatory injuries concomitant with increased anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in montelukast-treated rats compared with the IBS group. Cysteinyl leukotriene production and CysLT1R mRNA expression showed no remarkable differences among the experimental groups. The present results suggest the possible beneficial effects of montelukast in the management of D-IBS symptoms. The molecular mechanism underlying such effects, at least to some extent, might be through modulating CysLT1R-mediated NF-κB signaling. Yet, more studies are required to demonstrate the clinical potential of this drug for IBS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nilgoon Khoie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, IKHC, Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Tsai MJ, Chang WA, Chuang CH, Wu KL, Cheng CH, Sheu CC, Hsu YL, Hung JY. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010120. [PMID: 35008546 PMCID: PMC8745400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite many advances being made in recent decades. Changes in the tumor microenvironment, including dysregulated immunity, may contribute to carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) pathway is involved in several signal pathways, having various functions in different tissues. We summarized major findings of studies about the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer. Many in vitro studies suggested the roles of CysLTs in cell survival/proliferation via CysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R). CysLT1R antagonism decreased cell vitality and induced cell death in several types of cancer cells, such as colorectal, urological, breast, lung and neurological malignancies. CysLTs were also associated with multidrug resistance of cancer, and CysLT1R antagonism might reverse chemoresistance. Some animal studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of CysLT1R antagonist in inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression of some cancer types, particularly colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The expression of CysLT1R was shown in various cancer tissues, particularly colorectal cancer and urological malignancies, and higher expression was associated with a poorer prognosis. The chemo-preventive effects of CysLT1R antagonists were demonstrated in two large retrospective cohort studies. In summary, the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer have been delineated, whereas further studies are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 5651)
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12
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Mehrabi SF, Ghatak S, Mehdawi LM, Topi G, Satapathy SR, Sjölander A. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neutrophils and Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1 as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers for Patients with Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215520. [PMID: 34771682 PMCID: PMC8583027 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. CRC is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We have earlier shown that high levels of the inflammatory receptor CysLT1 goes with poor prognosis for CRC patients. In this study, we found that high levels of neutrophils (CD66b) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) goes with poor prognosis for colon cancer patient. We discovered a strong positive correlation between CysLT1, CD66b and BDNF. Our data support that these three proteins can be used as a combined biomarker for CC patients. Abstract The tumor microenvironment has been recognized as a complex network in which immune cells play an important role in cancer progression. We found significantly higher CD66b neutrophil expression in tumor tissue than in matched normal mucosa in the Malmö colon cancer (CC) cohort and poorer survival of stage I-III patients with high CD66b expression. Additionally, mice lacking CysLT1R expression (cysltr1−/−) produce less brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) compared to WT mice and Montelukast (a CysLT1R antagonist)-treated mice also reduced BDNF expression in a mouse xenograft model with human SW480 CC cells. CD66b and BDNF expression was significantly higher in patient tumor tissues than in the matched normal mucosa. The univariate Cox PH analysis yielded CD66b and BDNF as an independent predictor of overall survival, which was also found in the public TCGA-COAD dataset. We also discovered a strong positive correlation between CD66b, BDNF and CysLT1R expression in the Malmö CC cohort and in the TCGA-COAD dataset. Our data suggest that CD66b/BDNF/CysLT1R expression as a prognostic combined biomarker signature for CC patients.
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13
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Kachi K, Kato H, Naiki-Ito A, Komura M, Nagano-Matsuo A, Naitoh I, Hayashi K, Kataoka H, Inaguma S, Takahashi S. Anti-Allergic Drug Suppressed Pancreatic Carcinogenesis via Down-Regulation of Cellular Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147444. [PMID: 34299067 PMCID: PMC8304964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disease, and thus its chemoprevention is an important issue. Based on the recent report that patients with allergic diseases have a low risk for pancreatic cancer, we examined the potential chemopreventive effect of anti-allergic agents using a hamster pancreatic carcinogenesis model. Among the three anti-allergic drugs administered, montelukast showed a tendency to suppress the incidence of pancreatic cancer. Further animal study revealed a significantly decreased incidence of pancreatic cancer in the high-dose montelukast group compared with controls. The development of the pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions was also significantly suppressed. The Ki-67 labeling index was significantly lower in pancreatic carcinomas in the high-dose montelukast group than in controls. In vitro experiments revealed that montelukast suppressed proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with decreased expression of phospho-ERK1/2. Montelukast induced G1 phase arrest. Conversely, leukotriene D4 (LTD4), an agonist of CYSLTR1, increased cellular proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells with an accumulation of phospho-ERK1/2. In our cohort, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with high CYSLTR1 expression showed a significantly unfavorable clinical outcome compared with those with low expression. Our results indicate that montelukast exerts a chemopreventive effect on pancreatic cancer via the LTD4–CYSLTR1 axis and has potential for treatment of pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kachi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (K.K.); (I.N.); (K.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
| | - Masayuki Komura
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
| | - Aya Nagano-Matsuo
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
| | - Itaru Naitoh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (K.K.); (I.N.); (K.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Kazuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (K.K.); (I.N.); (K.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (K.K.); (I.N.); (K.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Shingo Inaguma
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya 464-8547, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; (H.K.); (A.N.-I.); (M.K.); (A.N.-M.)
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (S.T.)
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14
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Saier L, Peyruchaud O. Emerging role of cysteinyl LTs in cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:5036-5055. [PMID: 33527344 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are inflammatory lipid mediators that play a central role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory diseases. Recently, there has been an increased interest in determining how these lipid mediators orchestrate tumour development and metastasis through promoting a pro-tumour micro-environment. Up-regulation of CysLTs receptors and CysLTs production is found in a number of cancers and has been associated with increased tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of CysLTs and their receptors in cancer progression will help investigate the potential of targeting CysLTs signalling for anti-cancer therapy. This review gives an overview of the biological effects of CysLTs and their receptors, along with current knowledge of their regulation and expression. It also provides a recent update on the molecular mechanisms that have been postulated to explain their role in tumorigenesis and on the potential of anti-CysLTs in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Saier
- INSERM, Unit 1033, LYOS, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, Unit 1033, LYOS, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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15
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Small-wedge synchrotron and serial XFEL datasets for Cysteinyl leukotriene GPCRs. Sci Data 2020; 7:388. [PMID: 33184270 PMCID: PMC7661540 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural studies of challenging targets such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have accelerated during the last several years due to the development of new approaches, including small-wedge and serial crystallography. Here, we describe the deposition of seven datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired from lipidic cubic phase (LCP) grown microcrystals of two human GPCRs, Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLT1R and CysLT2R), in complex with various antagonists. Five datasets were collected using small-wedge synchrotron crystallography (SWSX) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility with multiple crystals under cryo-conditions. Two datasets were collected using X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at the Linac Coherent Light Source, with microcrystals delivered at room temperature into the beam within LCP matrix by a viscous media microextrusion injector. All seven datasets have been deposited in the open-access databases Zenodo and CXIDB. Here, we describe sample preparation and annotate crystallization conditions for each partial and full datasets. We also document full processing pipelines and provide wrapper scripts for SWSX and SFX data processing. Measurement(s) | X-ray diffraction data • protein complex • protein structure data • protein crystallization | Technology Type(s) | small-wedge synchrotron crystallography • x-ray crystallography assay • X-ray free electron laser serial femtosecond crystallography | Factor Type(s) | type of G-protein-coupled receptor • type of antagonist |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13128758
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16
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Slater K, Heeran AB, Garcia-Mulero S, Kalirai H, Sanz-Pamplona R, Rahman A, Al-Attar N, Helmi M, O’Connell F, Bosch R, Portela A, Villanueva A, Gallagher WM, Jensen LD, Piulats JM, Coupland SE, O’Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. High Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor 1 Expression Correlates with Poor Survival of Uveal Melanoma Patients and Cognate Antagonist Drugs Modulate the Growth, Cancer Secretome, and Metabolism of Uveal Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2950. [PMID: 33066024 PMCID: PMC7600582 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare, but often lethal, form of ocular cancer arising from melanocytes within the uveal tract. UM has a high propensity to spread hematogenously to the liver, with up to 50% of patients developing liver metastases. Unfortunately, once liver metastasis occurs, patient prognosis is extremely poor with as few as 8% of patients surviving beyond two years. There are no standard-of-care therapies available for the treatment of metastatic UM, hence it is a clinical area of urgent unmet need. Here, the clinical relevance and therapeutic potential of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT1 and CysLT2) in UM was evaluated. High expression of CYSLTR1 or CYSLTR2 transcripts is significantly associated with poor disease-free survival and poor overall survival in UM patients. Digital pathology analysis identified that high expression of CysLT1 in primary UM is associated with reduced disease-specific survival (p = 0.012; HR 2.76; 95% CI 1.21-6.3) and overall survival (p = 0.011; HR 1.46; 95% CI 0.67-3.17). High CysLT1 expression shows a statistically significant (p = 0.041) correlation with ciliary body involvement, a poor prognostic indicator in UM. Small molecule drugs targeting CysLT1 were vastly superior at exerting anti-cancer phenotypes in UM cell lines and zebrafish xenografts than drugs targeting CysLT2. Quininib, a selective CysLT1 antagonist, significantly inhibits survival (p < 0.0001), long-term proliferation (p < 0.0001), and oxidative phosphorylation (p < 0.001), but not glycolysis, in primary and metastatic UM cell lines. Quininib exerts opposing effects on the secretion of inflammatory markers in primary versus metastatic UM cell lines. Quininib significantly downregulated IL-2 and IL-6 in Mel285 cells (p < 0.05) but significantly upregulated IL-10, IL-1β, IL-2 (p < 0.0001), IL-13, IL-8 (p < 0.001), IL-12p70 and IL-6 (p < 0.05) in OMM2.5 cells. Finally, quininib significantly inhibits tumour growth in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models of UM. These preclinical data suggest that antagonism of CysLT1, but not CysLT2, may be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Slater
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.); (A.R.); (N.A.-A.); (W.M.G.)
- Genomics Medicine Ireland Limited, Cherrywood Business Park Building 4, D18 K7W4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling B. Heeran
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.H.); (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Sandra Garcia-Mulero
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (R.S.-P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.K.); (S.E.C.)
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Oncology Data Analytics Program (ODAP), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and CIBERESP, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (R.S.-P.)
| | - Arman Rahman
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.); (A.R.); (N.A.-A.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Nebras Al-Attar
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.); (A.R.); (N.A.-A.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Mays Helmi
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; (M.H.); (L.D.J.)
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.H.); (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Xenopat S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21 Edifici Hèlix, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Anna Portela
- Xenopat S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21 Edifici Hèlix, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Xenopat S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21 Edifici Hèlix, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - William M. Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.); (A.R.); (N.A.-A.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Lasse D. Jensen
- Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine, Department of Health, Medical and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; (M.H.); (L.D.J.)
| | - Josep M. Piulats
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Cancer (ICO), IDIBELL-OncoBell, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
- Clinical Research in Solid Tumors Group (CREST), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute IDIBELL-OncoBell, CIBERONC, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Liverpool Ocular Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; (H.K.); (S.E.C.)
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.H.); (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Breandán N. Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.S.); (A.R.); (N.A.-A.); (W.M.G.)
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Kennedy SA, Morrissey ME, Dunne MR, O'Connell F, Butler CT, Cathcart MC, Buckley AM, Mehigan BJ, Larkin JO, McCormick P, Kennedy BN, O'Sullivan J. Combining 1,4-dihydroxy quininib with Bevacizumab/FOLFOX alters angiogenic and inflammatory secretions in ex vivo colorectal tumors. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:952. [PMID: 33008336 PMCID: PMC7532092 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with one in every five patients diagnosed with metastatic CRC (mCRC). In mCRC cases, the 5-year survival rate remains at approximately 14%, reflecting the lack of effectiveness of currently available treatments such as the anti-VEGF targeting antibody Bevacizumab combined with the chemotherapy folinic acid, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX). Approximately 60% of patients do not respond to this combined treatment. Furthermore, Bevacizumab inhibits dendritic cell (DC) maturation in poor responders, a key process for tumor eradication. Method Following drug treatment, secreted expression levels of angiogenic and inflammatory markers in tumor conditioned media generated from human ex vivo colorectal tumors were measured by ELISA. Dendritic cell phenotypic and maturation markers were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Our novel compound, 1,4-dihydroxy quininib, acts in an alternative pathway compared to the approved therapy Bevacizumab. 1,4-dihydroxy quininib alone, and in combination with Bevacizumab or FOLFOX significantly reduced TIE-2 expression which is involved in the promotion of tumor vascularization. Combination treatment with 1,4-dihydroxy quininib significantly increased the expression level of DC phenotypic and maturation markers. Conclusion Our results indicate the anti-angiogenic small molecule 1,4-dihydroxy quininib could be an alternative novel treatment in combination therapy for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Maria E Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary-Clare Cathcart
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Amy M Buckley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Tumour suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase induces differentiation in colon cancer via GLI1 inhibition. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:74. [PMID: 32814764 PMCID: PMC7438320 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. We and others have shown that colorectal cancer patients with elevated cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2R) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) levels exhibit good prognoses. However, both CysLT2R and 15-PGDH, which act as tumour suppressors, are often suppressed in colorectal cancer. We previously reported that leukotriene C4 (LTC4)-induced differentiation in colon cancer via CysLT2R signalling. Here, we investigated the involvement of Hedgehog (Hh)-GLI1 signalling, which is often hyperactivated in colorectal cancer. We found that the majority of colorectal cancer patients had high-GLI1 expression, which was negatively correlated with CysLT2R, 15-PGDH, and Mucin-2 and overall survival compared with the low-GLI1 group. LTC4-induced 15-PGDH downregulated both the mRNA and protein expression of GLI1 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Interestingly, the LTC4-induced increase in differentiation markers and reduction in Wnt targets remained unaltered in GLI1-knockdown cells. The restoration of GLI1 in 15-PGDH-knockdown cells did not ameliorate the LTC4-induced effects, indicating the importance of both 15-PGDH and GLI1. LTC4-mediated reduction in the DCLK1 and LGR5 stemness markers in colonospheres was abolished in cells lacking 15-PGDH or GLI1. Both DCLK1 and LGR5 were highly increased in tumour tissue compared with the matched controls. Reduced Mucin-2 levels were observed both in zebrafish xenografts with GLI1-knockdown cells and in the cysltr2-/- colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mouse model. Furthermore, GLI1 expression was positively correlated with stemness and negatively correlated with differentiation in CRC patients when comparing tumour and mucosal tissues. In conclusion, restoring 15-PGDH expression via CysLT2R activation might benefit colorectal cancer patients.
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Leukotriene receptor antagonists enhance HCC treatment efficacy by inhibiting ADAMs and suppressing MICA shedding. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:203-213. [PMID: 32683508 PMCID: PMC7838147 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In our previous genome-wide association study, we demonstrated the association between MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Increasing membrane-bound MICA (mMICA) in cancer cells by reducing MICA sheddases facilitates natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our recent study clarified that A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), including ADAM9, are MICA sheddases in HCC, and that the suppression of ADAMs increases mMICA, demonstrating the rationality of mMICA-NK targeted therapy. Furthermore, we showed that regorafenib suppresses ADAM9 transcriptionally and translationally. A library of FDA-approved drugs was screened for more efficient inhibitors of ADAM9. Flow cytometry evaluation of the expression of mMICA after treatment with various candidate drugs identified leukotriene receptor antagonists as potential ADAM9 inhibitors. Furthermore, leukotriene receptor antagonists alone or in combination with regorafenib upregulated mMICA, which was in turn downregulated by leukotriene C4 and D4 via ADAM9 function. Our study demonstrates that leukotriene receptor antagonists could be developed as novel drugs for immunological control and suppression of ADAM9 in HCC. Further, leukotriene receptor antagonists should be explored as combination therapy partners with conventional multi-kinase inhibitors for developing therapeutic strategies with enhanced efficacies for HCC management and treatment.
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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 promotes 5-fluorouracil resistance and resistance-derived stemness in colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 488:50-62. [PMID: 32474153 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a therapy-resistant cancer with a low 5-year survival frequency. The drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used as a first-line therapy in metastatic colon cancer in combination with leucovorin or oxaliplatin with a >40% resistance rate. High CysLT1R expression in tumors is associated with poor survival of colon cancer patients. We sought to examine the role of CysLT1R in 5-FU resistance and established 5-FU-resistant (5-FU-R) colon cancer cells. These 5-FU-R-cells expressed increased levels of CysLT1R and showed increased survival and migration compared to nonresistant cells. Increases in thymidylate synthase and active β-catenin were also observed in the 5-FU-R-cells. LTD4/CysLT1R signaling was further increased and abolished after CYSLTR1 CRISPR-Cas9-knockdown and reduced in CysLT1R-doxycycline-knockdown experiments and CysLT1R-antagonist montelukast/5-FU-treated cells. Montelukast and 5-FU resulted in synergistic effects by reducing HT-29 cell and 5-FU-R-HT-29 cell migration and zebrafish xenograft metastasis. An increase in the stem cell markers in 5-FU-R-cells and 5-FU-R-cell-derived colonospheres and in CysLT1R-Dox-knockdown cells increased colonosphere formation and stem cell markers was noticed after 5-FU treatment. IL-4-mediated stemness in both HT-29-colonospheres and 5-FU-R-cell derived colonospheres was abolished by montelukast or montelukast + 5-FU-treatment. Targeting CysLT1R signaling by montelukast might reverse drug resistance and decrease resistance-derived stemness in colon cancer patients.
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21
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Topi G, Satapathy SR, Dash P, Fred Mehrabi S, Ehrnström R, Olsson R, Lydrup ML, Sjölander A. Tumour-suppressive effect of oestrogen receptor β in colorectal cancer patients, colon cancer cells, and a zebrafish model. J Pathol 2020; 251:297-309. [PMID: 32333795 DOI: 10.1002/path.5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been suggested to have anti-proliferative and anti-tumour effects in breast and prostate cancer cells, but other studies have indicated its tumour-promoting effects. Understanding the complex effects of this receptor in different contexts requires further study. We reported that high ERβ expression is independently associated with improved prognosis in female colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Herein, we investigated the possible anti-tumour effect of ERβ and its selective agonist. CRC patients with high ERβ expression had significantly higher levels of membrane-associated β-catenin, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2 R), and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), which have anti-tumour effects, but lower levels of nuclear β-catenin, cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1 R), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which have tumour-promoting effects. These interesting findings were further supported by two different publicly available CRC mRNA datasets that showed a significant positive correlation between ERβ expression and 15-PGDH and CysLT2 R expression and a negative correlation between ERβ expression and β-catenin, CysLT1 R, and COX-2 expression. We next evaluated ERβ expression in three different colon cancer mouse models; ERβ expression was negatively correlated with tumourigenesis. Furthermore, treatment with the ERβ-agonist ERB-041 reduced CysLT1 R, active β-catenin, and COX-2 levels but increased phospho-β-catenin, CysLT2 R, and 15-PGDH levels in HCT-116, Caco-2, and SW-480 colon cancer cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. Interestingly, ERB-041-treated cells showed significantly decreased migration, survival, and colonosphere formation and increased apoptotic activity, as indicated by increased CASPASE-3 and apoptotic blebs. Finally, patients with low ERβ expression had significantly more distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis than patients with high ERβ expression. Therefore, we studied the effects of ERB-041-treated colon cancer cells in a zebrafish xenograft model. We found significantly less distant metastasis of ERB-041-treated cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. These results further support ERβ's anti-tumour role in CRC and the possible use of its agonist in CRC patients. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pujarini Dash
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Syrina Fred Mehrabi
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- The Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Division, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Lydrup
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Structural basis of ligand selectivity and disease mutations in cysteinyl leukotriene receptors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5573. [PMID: 31811124 PMCID: PMC6897958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotriene G protein-coupled receptors CysLT1 and CysLT2 regulate pro-inflammatory responses associated with allergic disorders. While selective inhibition of CysLT1R has been used for treating asthma and associated diseases for over two decades, CysLT2R has recently started to emerge as a potential drug target against atopic asthma, brain injury and central nervous system disorders, as well as several types of cancer. Here, we describe four crystal structures of CysLT2R in complex with three dual CysLT1R/CysLT2R antagonists. The reported structures together with the results of comprehensive mutagenesis and computer modeling studies shed light on molecular determinants of CysLTR ligand selectivity and specific effects of disease-related single nucleotide variants. Cysteinyl leukotriene G protein-coupled receptors CysLT1 and CysLT2 regulate pro-inflammatory responses associated with allergic disorders. Here, authors describe four crystal structures of CysLT2R in complex with three dual CysLT1R/CysLT2R antagonists, which shed light on CysLTR ligand selectivity.
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23
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Cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor promotes endothelial permeability, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 116:199-204. [PMID: 30559191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817325115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are proinflammatory mediators that enhance vascular permeability through distinct receptors (CysLTRs). We found that CysLT2R regulates angiogenesis in isolated mouse endothelial cells (ECs) and in Matrigel implants in WT mice and enhances EC contraction and permeability via the Rho-dependent myosin light chain 2 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin axis. Since solid tumors utilize aberrant angiogenesis for their growth and metastasis and their vessels exhibit vascular hyperpermeability, we hypothesized that CysLT2R, via its actions on the endothelium, might regulate tumor growth. Both tumor growth and metastases of adoptively transferred syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells are significantly reduced in CysLT2R-null mice (Cysltr2 -/-) compared with WT and CysLT1R-null mice (Cysltr1 -/-). In WT recipients of LLC cells, CysLT2R expression is significantly increased in the tumor vasculature, compared with CysLT1R. Further, the tumor vasculature in Cysltr2 -/- recipients exhibited significantly improved integrity, as revealed by increased pericyte coverage and decreased leakage of i.v.-administered Texas Red-conjugated dextran. Administration of a selective CysLT2R antagonist significantly reduced LLC tumor volume, vessel density, dextran leakage, and metastases in WT mice, highlighting CysLT2R as a VEGF-independent regulator of the vasculature promoting risk of metastasis. Thus, both genetic and pharmacological findings establish CysLT2R as a gateway for angiogenesis and EC dysregulation in vitro and ex vivo and in an in vivo model with a mouse tumor. Our data suggest CysLT2R as a possible target for intervention.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. It is of practical importance to identify novel therapeutic targets of CRC to develop new anti-cancer drugs and to discover novel biomarkers of CRC to develop new detection methods. Eicosanoids, which are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, are important lipid-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Substantial studies have shown that the profiles of eicosanoids are deregulated in CRC, and the enzymes, metabolites, and receptors in the eicosanoid signaling cascade play critical roles in regulating colonic inflammation and colon tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the roles of the COX, LOX, and CYP pathways in the carcinogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Z Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Pei-An Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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25
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Bellamkonda K, Satapathy SR, Douglas D, Chandrashekar N, Selvanesan BC, Liu M, Savari S, Jonsson G, Sjölander A. Montelukast, a CysLT1 receptor antagonist, reduces colon cancer stemness and tumor burden in a mouse xenograft model of human colon cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 437:13-24. [PMID: 30144515 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is implicated in the etiology of sporadic colon cancer (CC), which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Here, we report that inhibition of the inflammatory receptor CysLT1 through its antagonist, montelukast, is beneficial in minimizing stemness in CC and thereby minimizing tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of human colon cancer. Upon treatment with montelukast, colonospheres derived from HT-29 and SW-480 human colon cancer cells exhibited a significant phenotypic change coupled with the downregulation of mRNA and protein expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers ALDH1 and DCLK1. Moreover, montelukast reduced the size of HT-29 cell-derived tumors in mice. The reduction in tumor size was associated with decreased levels of ALDH1A1, DCLK1, BCL2 mRNA and macrophage infiltration into the tumor tissue. Interestingly, this treatment elevated levels of the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH while reducing COX-2 expression. Our data highlight the association of CysLT1R with CSCs and demonstrate that inhibition of CysLT1R could prove beneficial in minimizing CSC-induced tumor growth. This work advances the notion that targeting CSCs is a promising approach to improve outcomes in those afflicted with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Bellamkonda
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Desiree Douglas
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Naveenkumar Chandrashekar
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Minghui Liu
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Sayeh Savari
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Jonsson
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmo¨, Sweden.
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Slater K, Hoo PS, Buckley AM, Piulats JM, Villanueva A, Portela A, Kennedy BN. Evaluation of oncogenic cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 as a therapeutic target for uveal melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:335-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Osman J, Savari S, Chandrashekar NK, Bellamkonda K, Douglas D, Sjölander A. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 facilitates tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34773-34786. [PMID: 28410235 PMCID: PMC5471010 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1R) has been shown to be up-regulated in the adenocarcinomas of colorectal cancer patients, which is associated with a poor prognosis. In a spontaneous model of colon cancer, CysLT1R disruption was associated with a reduced tumor burden in double-mutant female mice (ApcMin/+/Cysltr1-/-) compared to ApcMin/+ littermates. In the current study, we utilized a genetic approach to investigate the effect of CysLT1R in the induced azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) model of colitis-associated colon cancer. We found that AOM/DSS female mice with a global disruption of the Cysltr1 gene (Cysltr1-/-) had a higher relative body weight, a more normal weight/length colon ratio and smaller-sized colonic polyps compared to AOM/DSS wild-type counterparts. The Cysltr1-/- colonic polyps exhibited low-grade dysplasia, while wild-type polyps had an adenoma-like phenotype. The Cysltr1-/- colonic polyps exhibited significant decreases in nuclear β-catenin and COX-2 protein expression, while the normal crypts surrounding the polyps exhibited increased Mucin 2 expression. Furthermore, Cysltr1-/- mice exhibited an overall reduction in inflammation, with a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines, polyp 5-LOX expression and infiltration of CD45 leukocytes and F4/80 macrophages. In conclusion, the present genetic approach in an AOM/DSS model further supports an important role for CysLT1R in colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Osman
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sayeh Savari
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Naveen Kumar Chandrashekar
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kishan Bellamkonda
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Desiree Douglas
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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29
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Mehdawi LM, Satapathy SR, Gustafsson A, Lundholm K, Alvarado-Kristensson M, Sjölander A. A potential anti-tumor effect of leukotriene C4 through the induction of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35033-35047. [PMID: 28402256 PMCID: PMC5471032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cyclooxygenase-2, which plays a key role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is often up-regulated in CRC and in other types of cancer. PGE2 induces angiogenesis and tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. The tumor suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key enzyme in PGE2 catabolism, converting it into its inactive metabolite 15-keto-PGE2, and is often down-regulated in cancer. Interestingly, CRC patients expressing high levels of the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) receptor have a good prognosis; therefore, we investigated a potential link between CysLT2 signaling and the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH in colon cancer cells.We observed a significant up-regulation of 15-PGDH after treatment with LTC4, a CysLT2 ligand, in colon cancer cells at both the mRNA and protein levels, which could be reduced by a CysLT2 antagonist or a JNK inhibitor. LTC4 induced 15-PGDH promoter activity via JNK/AP-1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we also observed that LTC4, via the CysLT2/JNK signaling pathway, increased the expression of the differentiation markers sucrase-isomaltase and mucin-2 in colon cancer cells and that down-regulation of 15-PGDH totally abolished the observed increase in these markers.In conclusion, the restoration of 15-PGDH expression through CysLT2 signaling promotes the differentiation of colon cancer cells, indicating an anti-tumor effect of CysLT2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna M Mehdawi
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annika Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kent Lundholm
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Sjölander
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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Topi G, Ehrnström R, Jirström K, Palmquist I, Lydrup ML, Sjölander A. Association of the oestrogen receptor beta with hormone status and prognosis in a cohort of female patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 83:279-289. [PMID: 28763692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is the predominant oestrogen receptor in the normal colon mucosa and has been reported to exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. However, the role of ERβ in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression remains unclear. AIM To investigate the role of ERβ and its association with hormone status and lifestyle indicators in a female cohort of patients with CRC. METHODS Tissue microarrays of primary CRC tumour samples from 320 female patients were conducted with a monoclonal anti-ERβ antibody. The staining intensity was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The association of ERβ expression with overall survival, disease-free survival, hormone status and lifestyle was evaluated, and effect estimators with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS Among the 314 samples with successfully detected ERβ, 182 (58%) had low expression and 132 (42%) had high expression. The Cox multivariate analysis indicated that patients with high ERβ expression had a decreased risk of overall mortality by 50% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.50; CI, 0.30-0.83) and of cancer recurrence by 76% (HR, 0.24; CI, 0.11-0.52) after adjusting for age, tumour-node-metastasis stage and tumour intravascular invasion. Furthermore, high ERβ expression was significantly correlated with shorter breastfeeding time and longer use of hormone replacement therapy. No association was found between ERβ expression and lifestyle indicators. CONCLUSION Elevated ERβ expression is independently associated with a better prognosis and hormone status but not lifestyle indicators in female CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Palmquist
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Lydrup
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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31
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Montelukast Induces Apoptosis-Inducing Factor-Mediated Cell Death of Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071353. [PMID: 28672809 PMCID: PMC5535846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing novel chemo-prevention techniques and advancing treatment are key elements to beating lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Our previous cohort study showed that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, mainly montelukast, decreased the lung cancer risk in asthma patients. In the current study, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to demonstrate the inhibiting effect of montelukast on lung cancer and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Using Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice, we showed that feeding montelukast significantly delayed the tumor growth in mice (p < 0.0001). Montelukast inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation and induced the cell death of lung cancer cells. Further investigation showed the down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), up-regulation of Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in montelukast-treated lung cancer cells. Montelukast also markedly decreased the phosphorylation of several proteins, such as with no lysine 1 (WNK1), protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), MAPK/Erk kinase (MEK), and proline-rich Akt substrate of 40-kDa (PRAS40), which might contribute to cell death. In conclusion, montelukast induced lung cancer cell death via the nuclear translocation of AIF. This study confirmed the chemo-preventive effect of montelukast shown in our previous cohort study. The utility of montelukast in cancer prevention and treatment thus deserves further studies.
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32
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Vinnakota K, Zhang Y, Selvanesan BC, Topi G, Salim T, Sand-Dejmek J, Jönsson G, Sjölander A. M2-like macrophages induce colon cancer cell invasion via matrix metalloproteinases. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3468-3480. [PMID: 28098359 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory milieu plays an important role in colon cancer development and progression. Previously, we have shown that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an important component of the tumor microenvironment, are enriched in tumors compared with normal tissue and confer a poorer prognosis. In the present study, we found that matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), which degrades extracellular matrix proteins, was increased in biopsies from colon cancer patients and in mouse xenografts with SW480 cell-derived tumors. SW480 colon cancer cells exposed to M2-like macrophage-conditioned medium (M2-medium) exhibited increased MMP-9 mRNA, protein expression and gelatinase activity. A similar effect was obtained by the addition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and leukotriene D4 (LTD4 ). MMP-9 expression and activity were reduced by a TNFα blocking antibody adalimumab and a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1, the receptor for LTD4 ) antagonist montelukast. M2-medium also induced changes in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers E-cadherin, β-catenin, vimentin, and snail in SW480 cells. We also found that both M2-medium and TNFα and LTD4 induced stabilization/nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Furthermore, we also observed an elongated phenotype that may indicate increased invasiveness, as confirmed in a collagen I invasion assay. M2-medium increased the invasive ability, and a similar effect was also obtained by the addition of TNFα and LTD4 . The specific MMP inhibitor I or adalimumab and montelukast reduced the number of invasive cells. In conclusion, our findings show that M2-medium enriched in TNFα and LTD4 promote colon cancer cell invasion via MMP-9 expression and activation and the induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayni Vinnakota
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tavga Salim
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Janna Sand-Dejmek
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Jönsson
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Moore GY, Pidgeon GP. Cross-Talk between Cancer Cells and the Tumour Microenvironment: The Role of the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E236. [PMID: 28125014 PMCID: PMC5343774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of a range of bioactive lipids signalling molecules known collectively as eicosanoids. 5-lipoxygenase metabolites such as 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) and a number of leukotrienes are mostly derived from arachidonic acid and have been shown to be lipid mediators of inflammation in different pathological states including cancer. Upregulated 5-lipoxygenase expression and metabolite production is found in a number of cancer types and has been shown to be associated with increased tumorigenesis. 5-lipoxygenase activity is present in a number of diverse cell types of the immune system and connective tissue. In this review, we discuss potential routes through which cancer cells may utilise the 5-lipoxygenase pathway to interact with the tumour microenvironment during the development and progression of a tumour. Furthermore, immune-derived 5-lipoxygenase signalling can drive both pro- and anti-tumour effects depending on the immune cell subtype and an overview of evidence for these opposing effects is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Y Moore
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Graham P Pidgeon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Butler CT, Reynolds AL, Tosetto M, Dillon ET, Guiry PJ, Cagney G, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. A Quininib Analogue and Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-independent Angiogenesis and Exerts an Additive Antiangiogenic Response with Bevacizumab. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:3552-3567. [PMID: 28035003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess blood vessel growth contributes to the pathology of metastatic cancers and age-related retinopathies. Despite development of improved treatments, these conditions are associated with high economic costs and drug resistance. Bevacizumab (Avastin®), a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is used clinically to treat certain types of metastatic cancers. Unfortunately, many patients do not respond or inevitably become resistant to bevacizumab, highlighting the need for more effective antiangiogenic drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Previous studies discovered quininib, an antiangiogenic small molecule antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLT1 and CysLT2). Here, we screened a series of quininib analogues and identified a more potent antiangiogenic novel chemical entity (IUPAC name (E)-2-(2-quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-benzene-1,4-diol HCl) hereafter designated Q8. Q8 inhibits developmental angiogenesis in Tg(fli1:EGFP) zebrafish and inhibits human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC-1) proliferation, tubule formation, and migration. Q8 elicits antiangiogenic effects in a VEGF-independent in vitro model of angiogenesis and exerts an additive antiangiogenic response with the anti-VEGF biologic bevacizumab. Cell-based receptor binding assays confirm that Q8 is a CysLT1 antagonist and is sufficient to reduce cellular levels of NF-κB and calpain-2 and secreted levels of the proangiogenic proteins intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, and VEGF. Distinct reductions of VEGF by bevacizumab explain the additive antiangiogenic effects observed in combination with Q8. In summary, Q8 is a more effective antiangiogenic drug compared with quininib. The VEGF-independent activity coupled with the additive antiangiogenic response observed in combination with bevacizumab demonstrates that Q8 offers an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat resistance associated with conventional anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare T Butler
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Alison L Reynolds
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Miriam Tosetto
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland, and
| | - Eugene T Dillon
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Patrick J Guiry
- UCD School of Chemistry, UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
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35
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Yektaei-Karin E, Zovko A, Nilsson A, Näsman-Glaser B, Kanter L, Rådmark O, Wallvik J, Ekblom M, Dolinska M, Qian H, Stenke L. Modulation of leukotriene signaling inhibiting cell growth in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1903-1913. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1262029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Zovko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lena Kanter
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Wallvik
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marja Ekblom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Monika Dolinska
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Stenke
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Moreno JJ. Eicosanoid receptors: Targets for the treatment of disrupted intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:7-19. [PMID: 27940058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways and the consequent eicosanoid synthesis in the physiology and pathophysiology of the intestinal epithelium is currently being established. Each eicosanoid (prostanoid, leukotriene, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) preferentially recognizes one or more receptors coupled to one or more signal-transduction processes. This overview focuses on the role of eicosanoid receptors in the maintenance of intestinal epithelium physiology through the control of proliferation/differentiation/apoptosis processes. Furthermore, it is reported that the role of these receptors on the regulation of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium have arisen through the regulation of absorption/secretion processes, tight-junction state and the control of the intestinal immune response. Also, this review considers the implication of AA cascade in the disruption of epithelial homeostasis during inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer as well as the therapeutic values and potential of the eicosanoid receptors as novel targets for the treatments of the pathologies above mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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37
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Mehdawi L, Osman J, Topi G, Sjölander A. High tumor mast cell density is associated with longer survival of colon cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2016; 55:1434-1442. [PMID: 27355473 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2016.1198493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators play an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous studies have shown that CRC patients with increased expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) have a poorer prognosis, and Cysltr1-/- mice display fewer intestinal polyps. However, the role of mast cells (MCs) in colon cancer progression remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the relevance of MCs in CRC. MATERIAL AND METHODS A tissue microarray from 72 CRC patients was stained with MC anti-tryptase and -chymase antibodies. Mouse colon tissue was stained with MC anti-tryptase antibody. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify MCs in patients and mice. RESULTS Patient colon cancer tissue had in comparison with normal colon tissue a reduced number of MCs, predominantly of chymase-positive cells. Further analysis revealed that patients with a relative high MCD in their cancer tissues showed significantly longer overall survival compared to those with a low MCD [hazard ratio (HR) 0.539; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.302-0.961]. Similar results were observed in subgroups of patients with either no distant metastasis (p = 0.004), or <75 years (p = 0.015) at time of diagnosis. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that MCD independently correlated with reduced risk of death in colon cancer patients (HR 0.380; 95% CI 0.202-0.713). Additionally, a negative correlation was found between cytoplasmic CysLTR1 expression and number of MCs. In agreement, in the CAC mouse model, Cysltr1-/- mice showed significantly higher MCs in their polyp/tumor areas compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION A high MCD in cancer tissue correlated with longer patient survival independently from other risk factors for CRC. The concept that MCs have an anti-tumor effect in CRC is further supported by the findings of a negative correlation with CysLTR1 expression in patients and a high MCD in colon polyps/tumors from CysLTR1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Mehdawi
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Janina Osman
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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38
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Shan J, Yu X, Li L, Lei R, Lin D, Guan S, Wang X. Nuclear expression and/or reduced membranous expression of β-catenin correlate with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5546. [PMID: 27930552 PMCID: PMC5266024 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential subcellular localizations of β-catenin (including membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus) play different roles in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the correlation between each subcellular localization of β-catenin and the prognosis of CRC patients remains undetermined. METHODS Systematic strategies were applied to search for eligible published studies in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The correlation between each subcellular localizations of β-catenin expression and patients' clinicopathological features or prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS Finally, this meta-analysis, including 6238 cases from 34 studies, revealed that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus (HR: 1.50[95% CI: 1.08-2.10]) or reduced expression of β-catenin in the membrane (HR: 1.33[95% CI: 1.15-1.54]) significantly correlated with lower 5-year overall survival (OS). Conversely, overexpression of β-catenin in the cytoplasm (HR: 1.00[95% CI: 0.85-1.18]) did not show significant association with 5-year OS. CONCLUSION This study suggested that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus or reduced expression in the membrane, but not its overexpression in cytoplasm, could serve as a valuable prognostic predictor for CRC. However, additional large and well-designed prospective studies are required to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Shan
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Rui Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Daozhe Lin
- Department of surgical oncology, Third Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Siqi Guan
- Department of Reproductive, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Oncology and Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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39
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Burke L, Butler CT, Murphy A, Moran B, Gallagher WM, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. Evaluation of Cysteinyl Leukotriene Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:103. [PMID: 27709113 PMCID: PMC5030284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current pharmacotherapy options include cytotoxic chemotherapy, anti-VEGF, and anti-EGFR targeting drugs, but these are limited by toxic side effects, limited responses and ultimately resistance. Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) signaling regulates intestinal homeostasis with mounting evidence suggesting that CysLT signaling also plays a role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Therefore, CysLT signaling represents a novel target for this malignancy. This review evaluates reported links between CysLT signaling and established hallmarks of cancer in addition to its pharmacological potential as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Burke
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College DublinDublin, Ireland; Translational Oncology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's HospitalDublin, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce Moran
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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40
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Mehdawi LM, Prasad CP, Ehrnström R, Andersson T, Sjölander A. Non-canonical WNT5A signaling up-regulates the expression of the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH and induces differentiation of colon cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1415-1429. [PMID: 27522468 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme in prostaglandin E2 catabolism and is down-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue. Canonical Wnt signaling is frequently elevated in colon cancers and has been shown to down-regulate 15-PGDH expression. Therefore, we have in the current study investigated if the non-canonical ligand WNT5A relates to increased expression of 15-PGDH in colon cancer cells. In the same cohort of patients, we demonstrated a parallel and significant loss of 15-PGDH and WNT5A protein expression in CRC tissues compared with matched normal colon tissues. Furthermore, patients with low 15-PGDH/WNT5A expression in their tumors showed reduced survival compared with patients with high 15-PGDH/WNT5A expression. To investigate if WNT5A signaling directly affects 15-PGDH expression, we performed in vitro analyses of colon cancer cells (HT-29 and Caco-2). Both cell lines, when treated with recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A) or Foxy-5, a WNT5A-mimicking peptide, responded by increasing their expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein. Our investigations showed that rWNT5A and Foxy-5 induced this increased expression of 15-PGDH through reduced β-catenin signaling as well as increased JNK/AP-1 signaling in colon cancer cells. WNT5A signaling also induced increased 15-PGDH expression in a breast cancer cell line both in vitro and in vivo. In agreement, WNT5A signaling also increased the expression of the differentiation markers sucrose-isomaltase and mucin-2 in colon cancer cells. Our results show that WNT5A signaling regulates 15-PGDH expression, thus uncovering a novel mechanism by which WNT5A acts as a tumor suppressor and suggests that increased 15-PGDH expression could be used as an indicator of a positive response to Foxy-5 in patients treated with this WNT5A agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna M Mehdawi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Roy Ehrnström
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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41
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Venerito M, Helmke C, Jechorek D, Wex T, Rosania R, Antweiler K, Weigt J, Malfertheiner P. Leukotriene receptor expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer and non-transformed esophageal epithelium: a matched case control study. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:85. [PMID: 27475906 PMCID: PMC4967508 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotriene B4 (LTB4R and LTB4R2) and cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2) contribute to malignant cell transformation. We aimed to investigate the expression of LTB4R, LTB4R2, CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adjacent non-transformed squamous epithelium of the esophagus, as well as in control biopsy samples from esophageal squamous epithelium of patients with functional dyspepsia. METHODS Expression of LTB4R, LTB4R2, CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in biopsy samples of 19 patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer and 9 sex- and age-matched patients with functional dyspepsia. RESULTS LTB4R, LTB4R2, CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 were expressed in all biopsy samples. Major findings were: 1) protein levels of all leukotriene receptors were significantly increased in esophageal squamous cell cancer compared to control mucosa (p < 0.05); 2) CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 gene expression was decreased in cancer tissue compared to control at 0.26-fold and 0.23-fold respectively; 3) an up-regulation of LTB4R (mRNA and protein expression) and a down-regulation of CYSLTR2 (mRNA expression) in non-transformed epithelium of cancer patients compared to control (p < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The expression of leukotriene receptors was deregulated in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Up-regulation of LTB4R and down-regulation of CYSLTR2 gene expression may occur already in normal squamous esophageal epithelium of patients with esophageal cancer suggesting a potential role of these receptors in early steps of esophageal carcinogenesis. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Helmke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Jechorek
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - T Wex
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - R Rosania
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Antweiler
- Department of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Weigt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - P Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Bellamkonda K, Chandrashekar NK, Osman J, Selvanesan BC, Savari S, Sjölander A. The eicosanoids leukotriene D4 and prostaglandin E2 promote the tumorigenicity of colon cancer-initiating cells in a xenograft mouse model. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:425. [PMID: 27388564 PMCID: PMC4937611 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancers worldwide. Recent studies have identified cancer-initiating cells (CICs) as a subgroup of replication-competent cells in the development of colorectal cancer. Although it is understood that an inflammation-rich tumor microenvironment presumably supports CIC functions, the contributory factors are not very well defined. The present study advances our understanding of the role of the eicosanoids leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the tumorigenic ability of CICs and investigates the consequential changes occurring in the tumor environment that might support tumor growth. Methods In this study we used human HCT-116 colon cancer ALDH+ cells in a nude mouse xenograft model. Protein expression and immune cell was determined in tumor-dispersed cells by flow cytometry and in tumor sections by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expressions were quantified using RT-q-PCR and plasma cytokine levels by Multiplex ELISA. Results We observed that LTD4 and PGE2 treatment augmented CIC-induced tumor growth. LTD4-and PGE2-treated xenograft tumors revealed a robust increase in ALDH and Dclk1 protein expression, coupled with activated β-catenin signaling and COX-2 up-regulation. Furthermore, LTD4 or PGE2 accentuated the accumulation of CD45 expressing cells within xenograft tumors. Further analysis revealed that these infiltrating immune cells consisted of neutrophils (LY6G) and M2 type macrophages (CD206+). In addition, LTD4 and PGE2 treatment significantly elevated the plasma levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes and PGE2, as well as levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and CXCL1/KC/GRO. In addition, increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were detected in tumors from mice that had been treated with LTD4 or PGE2. Conclusion Our data suggest that both LTD4 and PGE2 promote CICs in initiating tumor growth by allowing modifications in the tumor environment. Our data indicate that new therapeutic strategies targeting eicosanoids, specifically LTD4 and PGE2, could be tested for better therapeutic management of colon cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2466-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishan Bellamkonda
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Naveen Kumar Chandrashekar
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Janina Osman
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sayeh Savari
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Paulucci BP, Pereira J, Picciarelli P, Levy D, Di Francesco RC. Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) in the lymphocytes of hyperplastic tonsils: comparison between allergic and nonallergic snoring children. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1151-1158. [PMID: 27221082 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) are involved in allergic processes and play a role in adenotonsillar hyperplasia (AH). Clinically, only CysLTR1 may be blocked by montelukast. Our objective was to compare the expression of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the B and T cells of hyperplasic tonsils of sensitized (SE) and control (NS) snoring children. METHODS Sixty children, 5 to 10 years of age, referred for adenotonsillectomy, were divided into SE and NS groups, according to their responses to the skin-prick test. Cells from the removed tissues were stained for CysLTR1, CysLTR2, CD19, and CD3 and counted via flow cytometry. messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the CysLTRs genes was measured real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The SE group showed reduced expression of the small CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (4.6 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 5.0; p = 0.04). Regarding the large lymphocytes, the SE group showed lower expression of CD3+/CysLTR1+ (40.9 ± 14.5 vs 47.6 ± 11.7; p = 0.05), CD19+/CysLTR1+ (44.6 ± 16.9 vs 54.1 ± 12.4; p = 0.01), and CD19+/CysLTR2+ (55.3 ± 11.3 vs 61.5 ± 12.6; p = 0.05) lymphocytes. Considering the total number of lymphocytes, the SE group had fewer CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (11.1 ± 5.5 vs 13.7 ± 6.2; p = 0.04). All other cell populations exhibited reduced expression in the SE group without statistical significance. The expression of CysLTR2 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than CysLTR1 in most studied cell populations. The mRNA expression did not show significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION The expression of CysLTR is higher in the lymphocytes of the NS children, and CysLTR2 shows greater expression than CysLTR1 Respiratory allergies do not appear to be a stimulus for AH occurrence. Newer drugs capable of blocking both CysLTRs warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peres Paulucci
- Department of Otolaryngology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ,
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Picciarelli
- Department of Pathology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Research in Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Decrease Cancer Risk in Asthma Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23979. [PMID: 27052782 PMCID: PMC4823742 DOI: 10.1038/srep23979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of using cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) for chemoprevention, but this has not been investigated in any clinical setting. We therefore investigated the chemopreventive effect of LTRAs in a nationwide population-based study. From the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we enrolled adults with newly-diagnosed asthma between 2001 and 2011. Among these patients, each LTRA user was matched with five randomly-selected LTRA non-users by sex, age, asthma diagnostic year and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index score. We considered the development of cancer as the outcome. Totally, 4185 LTRA users and 20925 LTRA non-users were identified. LTRA users had a significantly lower cancer incidence rate than LTRA non-users did. Multivariable Cox regression analyses adjusting for baseline characteristics and comorbidities showed LTRA use was an independent protecting factor (hazard ratio = 0.31 [95% CI: 0.24–0.39]), and cancer risk decreased progressively with higher cumulative dose of LTRAs. In conclusion, this study revealed that the LTRA use decreased cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner in asthma patients. The chemopreventive effect of LTRAs deserves further study.
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Savari S, Chandrashekar NK, Osman J, Douglas D, Bellamkonda K, Jönsson G, Juhas M, Greicius G, Pettersson S, Sjölander A. Cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor influences intestinal polyp incidence in a gender-specific manner in the ApcMin/+mouse model. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:491-9. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Lipoxin Inhibits Fungal Uptake by Macrophages and Reduces the Severity of Acute Pulmonary Infection Caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:852574. [PMID: 26635449 PMCID: PMC4618125 DOI: 10.1155/2015/852574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and lipoxins (LXs) are lipid mediators that control inflammation, with the former inducing and the latter inhibiting this process. Because the role played by these mediators in paracoccidioidomycosis was not investigated, we aimed to characterize the role of CysLT in the pulmonary infection developed by resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. 48 h after infection, elevated levels of pulmonary LTC4 and LXA4 were produced by both mouse strains, but higher levels were found in the lungs of susceptible mice. Blocking the CysLTs receptor by MTL reduced fungal loads in B10.A, but not in A/J mice. In susceptible mice, MLT treatment led to reduced influx of PMN leukocytes, increased recruitment of monocytes, predominant synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented expression of 5- and 15-lipoxygenase mRNA, suggesting a prevalent LXA4 activity. In agreement, MTL-treated macrophages showed reduced fungal burdens associated with decreased ingestion of fungal cells. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous LX reduced, and the specific blockade of the LX receptor increased the fungal loads of B10.A macrophages. This study showed for the first time that inhibition of CysLTs signaling results in less severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis that occurs in parallel with elevated LX activity and reduced infection of macrophages.
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47
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Cabral M, Martín-Venegas R, Moreno JJ. Leukotriene D4-induced Caco-2 cell proliferation is mediated by prostaglandin E2 synthesis. Physiol Rep 2015. [PMID: 26216432 PMCID: PMC4552517 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a pro-inflammatory mediator formed from arachidonic acid through the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Its biological effects are mediated by at least two G-coupled plasmatic cysteinyl LT receptors (CysLT1-2R). It has been reported an upregulation of the 5-LOX pathway in tumor tissue unlike in normal colon mucosa. Colon tumors generally have an increased expression of CysLT1R and colon cancer patients with high expression levels of CysLT1R have poor prognosis. We previously observed that the cyclooxygenase pathway is involved in the control of intestinal epithelial cancer cell growth through PGE2 production. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the effect of LTD4 binding with CysLT1R on Caco-2 cell growth. We note a number of key findings from this research. We observed that at a concentration similar to that found under inflammatory conditions, LTD4 was able to induce Caco-2 cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Moreover, with the use of a specific receptor antagonist this study has demonstrated that the effect of LTD4 is a result of its interaction with CystLT1R. We also note the possible participation of the PLC-IP3-Ca2+/DAG-PKC signaling pathways in cytosolic PLA2 and [3H]AA release induced by LTD4-CystLT1R interaction. Finally, we found that the resulting activation of the AA cascade and the production of PGE2 eicosanoid could be related to the activation of cell signaling pathways such as ERK and CREB. These findings will help facilitate our understanding of how inflammatory mediators can affect the survival and dissemination of intestinal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Cabral
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Venegas
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Jankova L, Dent OF, Molloy MP, Chan C, Chapuis PH, Howell VM, Clarke SJ. Reporting in studies of protein biomarkers of prognosis in colorectal cancer in relation to the REMARK guidelines. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:1078-86. [PMID: 25755195 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The REMARK guidelines give authors comprehensive and specific advice on the complete and transparent reporting of studies of prognostic tumor markers. The aim of this study was to use the REMARK guidelines to evaluate the quality of reporting in a sample of studies assessing tissue-based protein markers for survival after resection of colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eighty pertinent articles were scored according to their conformity to 26 items derived from the REMARK criteria. RESULTS Overall, on a scale of adequacy of reporting that potentially ranged from 26 to 78, the median for these studies was 60 (interquartile range 54-64) and several criteria were adequately covered in a large proportion of studies. However, others were either not dealt with or inadequately covered, including description of the study design (35%), definition of survival endpoints (48%), adjuvant therapy (54%), follow-up procedures and time (59%), neoadjuvant therapy (63%), inclusion/exclusion criteria (73%), multivariable modeling methods and results (74%), and discussion of study limitations (85%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inadequacies in presentation militate against comparability among protein marker studies and undermine the generalizability of their findings. The quality of reporting could be improved if journal editors were to require authors to ensure that their work satisfied the REMARK criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Jankova
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen F Dent
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark P Molloy
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre H Chapuis
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bäck M, Powell WS, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. Update on leukotriene, lipoxin and oxoeicosanoid receptors: IUPHAR Review 7. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3551-74. [PMID: 24588652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous ligands for the LT, lipoxin (LX) and oxoeicosanoid receptors are bioactive products produced by the action of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. The LT receptors BLT1 and BLT2 , are activated by LTB4 and the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors are activated by the cysteinyl-LTs, whereas oxoeicosanoids exert their action through the OXE receptor. In contrast to these pro-inflammatory mediators, LXA4 transduces responses associated with the resolution of inflammation through the receptor FPR2/ALX (ALX/FPR2). The aim of the present review is to give a state of the field on these receptors, with focus on recent important findings. For example, BLT1 receptor signalling in cancer and the dual role of the BLT2 receptor in pro- and anti-inflammatory actions have added more complexity to lipid mediator signalling. Furthermore, a cross-talk between the CysLT and P2Y receptor systems has been described, and also the presence of novel receptors for cysteinyl-LTs, such as GPR17 and GPR99. Finally, lipoxygenase metabolites derived from ω-3 essential polyunsaturated acids, the resolvins, activate the receptors GPR32 and ChemR23. In conclusion, the receptors for the lipoxygenase products make up a sophisticated and tightly controlled system of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Nomenclature Subcommittee for Leukotriene Receptors, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Savari S, Liu M, Zhang Y, Sime W, Sjölander A. CysLT(1)R antagonists inhibit tumor growth in a xenograft model of colon cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73466. [PMID: 24039952 PMCID: PMC3764114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the inflammatory G-protein coupled receptor CysLT1R has been shown to be upregulated in colon cancer patients and associated with poor prognosis. The present study investigated the correlation between CysLT1R and colon cancer development in vivo using CysLT1R antagonists (ZM198,615 or Montelukast) and the nude mouse xenograft model. Two drug administration regimens were established. The first regimen was established to investigate the importance of CysLT1R in tumor initiation. Nude mice were inoculated with 50 µM CysLT1R antagonist-pretreated HCT-116 colon cancer cells and received continued treatment (5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally). The second regimen aimed to address the role of CysLT1R in tumor progression. Nude mice were inoculated with non-pretreated HCT-116 cells and did not receive CysLT1R antagonist treatment until recordable tumor appearance. Both regimens resulted in significantly reduced tumor size, attributed to changes in proliferation and apoptosis as determined by reduced Ki-67 levels and increased levels of p21WAF/Cip1 (P<0.01), cleaved caspase 3, and the caspase-cleaved product of cytokeratin 18. Decreased levels of VEGF (P<0.01) and reduced vessel size (P<0.05) were also observed, the latter only in the ZM198,615-pretreatment group. Furthermore, we performed a series of in vitro studies using the colon cancer cell line HCT-116 and CysLT1R antagonists. In addition to significant reductions in cell proliferation, adhesion and colony formation, we observed induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of Montelukast to inhibit growth of human colon cancer xenograft was further validated by using two additional colon cancer cell lines, SW-480 and HT-29. Our results demonstrate that CysLT1R antagonists inhibit growth of colon cancer xenografts primarily by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Savari
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Minghui Liu
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Wondossen Sime
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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