1
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Zhao J, Xu Y. PITX1 plays essential functions in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1253238. [PMID: 37841446 PMCID: PMC10570508 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1253238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PITX1, also known as the pituitary homeobox 1 gene, has emerged as a key regulator in animal growth and development, attracting significant research attention. Recent investigations have revealed the implication of dysregulated PITX1 expression in tumorigenesis, highlighting its involvement in cancer development. Notably, PITX1 interacts with p53 and exerts control over crucial cellular processes including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance. Its influence extends to various tumors, such as esophageal, colorectal, gastric, and liver cancer, contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. Despite its significance, a comprehensive review examining PITX1's role in oncology remains lacking. This review aims to address this gap by providing a comprehensive overview of PITX1 in different cancer types, with a particular focus on its clinicopathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- Abdominal Oncology Ward, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Lobel GP, Jiang Y, Simon MC. Tumor microenvironmental nutrients, cellular responses, and cancer. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1015-1032. [PMID: 37703882 PMCID: PMC10528750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the rapidly expanding field of tumor metabolism has enhanced our knowledge of the impact of nutrient availability on metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Apart from established roles in cancer cells themselves, various nutrients, metabolic enzymes, and stress responses are key to the activities of tumor microenvironmental immune, fibroblastic, endothelial, and other cell types that support malignant transformation. In this article, we review our current understanding of how nutrient availability affects metabolic pathways and responses in both cancer and "stromal" cells, by dissecting major examples and their regulation of cellular activity. Understanding the relationship of nutrient availability to cellular behaviors in the tumor ecosystem will broaden the horizon of exploiting novel therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P Lobel
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanqing Jiang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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3
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Martínez N, Gragera T, de Lucas MP, Cámara AB, Ballester A, Anta B, Fernández-Medarde A, López-Briones T, Ortega J, Peña-Jiménez D, Barbáchano A, Montero-Calle A, Cordero V, Barderas R, Iglesias T, Yunta M, Oliva JL, Muñoz A, Santos E, Zarich N, Rojas-Cabañeros JM. PKD phosphorylation and COP9/Signalosome modulate intracellular Spry2 protein stability. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37045830 PMCID: PMC10097667 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spry2 is a molecular modulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways that has cancer-type-specific effects. Mammalian Spry2 protein undergoes tyrosine and serine phosphorylation in response to growth factor stimulation. Spry2 expression is distinctly altered in various cancer types. Inhibition of the proteasome functionality results in reduced intracellular Spry2 degradation. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we show that protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylates Spry2 at serine 112 and interacts in vivo with the C-terminal half of this protein. Importantly, missense mutation of Ser112 decreases the rate of Spry2 intracellular protein degradation. Either knocking down the expression of all three mammalian PKD isoforms or blocking their kinase activity with a specific inhibitor contributes to the stabilization of Spry2 wild-type protein. Downregulation of CSN3, a component of the COP9/Signalosome that binds PKD, significantly increases the half-life of Spry2 wild-type protein but does not affect the stability of a Spry2 after mutating Ser112 to the non-phosphorylatable residue alanine. Our data demonstrate that both PKD and the COP9/Signalosome play a significant role in control of Spry2 intracellular stability and support the consideration of the PKD/COP9 complex as a potential therapeutic target in tumors where Spry2 expression is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gragera
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cámara
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Ballester
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Anta
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tania López-Briones
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Ortega
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Peña-Jiménez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Barbáchano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Cordero
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Yunta
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad 1, 28691, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Oliva
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Lyubetskaya A, Rabe B, Fisher A, Lewin A, Neuhaus I, Brett C, Brett T, Pereira E, Golhar R, Kebede S, Font-Tello A, Mosure K, Van Wittenberghe N, Mavrakis KJ, MacIsaac K, Chen BJ, Drokhlyansky E. Assessment of spatial transcriptomics for oncology discovery. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100340. [PMID: 36452860 PMCID: PMC9701619 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a major challenge for oncology drug discovery and development. Understanding of the spatial tumor landscape is key to identifying new targets and impactful model systems. Here, we test the utility of spatial transcriptomics (ST) for oncology discovery by profiling 40 tissue sections and 80,024 capture spots across a diverse set of tissue types, sample formats, and RNA capture chemistries. We verify the accuracy and fidelity of ST by leveraging matched pathology analysis, which provides a ground truth for tissue section composition. We then use spatial data to demonstrate the capture of key tumor depth features, identifying hypoxia, necrosis, vasculature, and extracellular matrix variation. We also leverage spatial context to identify relative cell-type locations showing the anti-correlation of tumor and immune cells in syngeneic cancer models. Lastly, we demonstrate target identification approaches in clinical pancreatic adenocarcinoma samples, highlighting tumor intrinsic biomarkers and paracrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lyubetskaya
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian Rabe
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Fisher
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anne Lewin
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Isaac Neuhaus
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Constance Brett
- Aggregate Genius, Inc., 560 Fulford-Ganges Road, Salt Spring Island, BC V8K 2K1, Canada
| | - Todd Brett
- Aggregate Genius, Inc., 560 Fulford-Ganges Road, Salt Spring Island, BC V8K 2K1, Canada
| | - Ethel Pereira
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ryan Golhar
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Sami Kebede
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathy Mosure
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Wittenberghe
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Konstantinos J. Mavrakis
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kenzie MacIsaac
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Chen
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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6
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Joanito I, Wirapati P, Zhao N, Nawaz Z, Yeo G, Lee F, Eng CLP, Macalinao DC, Kahraman M, Srinivasan H, Lakshmanan V, Verbandt S, Tsantoulis P, Gunn N, Venkatesh PN, Poh ZW, Nahar R, Oh HLJ, Loo JM, Chia S, Cheow LF, Cheruba E, Wong MT, Kua L, Chua C, Nguyen A, Golovan J, Gan A, Lim WJ, Guo YA, Yap CK, Tay B, Hong Y, Chong DQ, Chok AY, Park WY, Han S, Chang MH, Seow-En I, Fu C, Mathew R, Toh EL, Hong LZ, Skanderup AJ, DasGupta R, Ong CAJ, Lim KH, Tan EKW, Koo SL, Leow WQ, Tejpar S, Prabhakar S, Tan IB. Single-cell and bulk transcriptome sequencing identifies two epithelial tumor cell states and refines the consensus molecular classification of colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2022; 54:963-975. [PMID: 35773407 PMCID: PMC9279158 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification of colorectal cancer is based on bulk transcriptomics. The underlying epithelial cell diversity remains unclear. We analyzed 373,058 single-cell transcriptomes from 63 patients, focusing on 49,155 epithelial cells. We identified a pervasive genetic and transcriptomic dichotomy of malignant cells, based on distinct gene expression, DNA copy number and gene regulatory network. We recapitulated these subtypes in bulk transcriptomes from 3,614 patients. The two intrinsic subtypes, iCMS2 and iCMS3, refine CMS. iCMS3 comprises microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) cancers and one-third of microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. iCMS3 MSS cancers are transcriptomically more similar to MSI-H cancers than to other MSS cancers. CMS4 cancers had either iCMS2 or iCMS3 epithelium; the latter had the worst prognosis. We defined the intrinsic epithelial axis of colorectal cancer and propose a refined ‘IMF’ classification with five subtypes, combining intrinsic epithelial subtype (I), microsatellite instability status (M) and fibrosis (F). A single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 63 patients with colorectal cancer classifies tumor cells into two epithelial subtypes. An improved tumor classification based on epithelial subtype, microsatellite stability and fibrosis reveals differences in pathway activation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasius Joanito
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pratyaksha Wirapati
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Zhao
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zahid Nawaz
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Yeo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fiona Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine L P Eng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Merve Kahraman
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harini Srinivasan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sara Verbandt
- Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petros Tsantoulis
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.,University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Gunn
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasanna Nori Venkatesh
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong Wee Poh
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahul Nahar
- MSD International GmbH (Singapore Branch), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jia Min Loo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shumei Chia
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Elsie Cheruba
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lindsay Kua
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Anna Gan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan-Jun Lim
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Amanda Guo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Kong Yap
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda Tay
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yourae Hong
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dawn Qingqing Chong
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik-Yong Chok
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shuting Han
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Huan Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isaac Seow-En
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cherylin Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ronnie Mathew
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Lin Toh
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,EL Toh Colorectal & Minimally Invasive Surgery, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lewis Z Hong
- MSD International GmbH (Singapore Branch), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anders Jacobsen Skanderup
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramanuj DasGupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin-Ann Johnny Ong
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumours (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Laboratory of Applied Human Genetics, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emile K W Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si-Lin Koo
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Qiang Leow
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Iain Beehuat Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Occurrence of Biomarker Mutation in Colorectal Cancer among the Asian Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5824183. [PMID: 35782059 PMCID: PMC9246611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5824183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globally, colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the third major cause of cancer-related death in both sexes. KRAS and BRAF mutations are almost mutually exclusively involved in the pathogenesis of CRC. Both are major culprits in treatment failure and poor prognosis for CRC. Method. A systematic review and meta-analysis of various research was done following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. This trial is registered with PROSPERO CRD42021256452. The initial search included 646 articles; after the removal of noneligible studies, a total of 88 studies was finally selected. Data analysis was carried out using OpenMeta Analyst and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 (CMA 3.0) software to investigate the prevalence of KRAS and BRAF mutations among patients with CRC in Asia. Results. The meta-analysis comprises of 25,525 sample sizes from Asia with most being male 15,743/25525 (61.7%). Overall prevalence of KRAS mutations was (59/88) 36.3% (95% CI: 34.5-38.2) with I2 = 85.54% (P value < 0.001). In 43/59 studies, frequency of KRAS mutations was majorly in codon 12 (76.6% (95% CI: 74.2–78.0)) and less in codon 13 (21.0% (95% CI: 19.1-23.0)). Overall prevalence of BRAF mutations was 5.6% (95% CI: 3.9-8.0) with I2 = 94.00% (P value < 0.001). When stratified according to location, a higher prevalence was observed in Indonesia (71.8%) while Pakistan has the lowest (13.5%). Conclusion. Total prevalence of KRAS and BRAF mutations in CRC was 36.6% and 5.6%, respectively, and the results conformed with several published studies on KRAS and BRAF mutations.
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8
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Saliani M, Jalal R, Javadmanesh A. Differential expression analysis of genes and long non-coding RNAs associated with KRAS mutation in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7965. [PMID: 35562390 PMCID: PMC9106686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutation is responsible for 40–50% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). RNA-seq data and bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the transcriptional profiles of KRAS mutant (mtKRAS) in comparison with the wild-type (wtKRAS) cell lines, followed by in-silico and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validations. Gene set enrichment analysis showed overrepresentation of KRAS signaling as an oncogenic signature in mtKRAS. Gene ontology and pathway analyses on 600 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) indicated their major involvement in the cancer-associated signal transduction pathways. Significant hub genes were identified through analyzing PPI network, with the highest node degree for PTPRC. The evaluation of the interaction between co-expressed DEGs and lncRNAs revealed 12 differentially-expressed lncRNAs which potentially regulate the genes majorly enriched in Rap1 and RAS signaling pathways. The results of the qPCR showed the overexpression of PPARG and PTGS2, and downregulation of PTPRC in mtKRAS cells compared to the wtKRAS one, which confirming the outputs of RNA-seq analysis. Further, significant upregualtion of miR-23b was observed in wtKRAS cells. The comparison between the expression level of hub genes and TFs with expression data of CRC tissue samples deposited in TCGA databank confirmed them as distinct biomarkers for the discrimination of normal and tumor patient samples. Survival analysis revealed the significant prognostic value for some of the hub genes, TFs, and lncRNAs. The results of the present study can extend the vision on the molecular mechanisms involved in KRAS-driven CRC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Saliani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
| | - Razieh Jalal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran. .,Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran.
| | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948974, Iran
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9
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Kawakami I, Yoshino H, Fukumoto W, Tamai M, Okamura S, Osako Y, Sakaguchi T, Inoguchi S, Matsushita R, Yamada Y, Tatarano S, Nakagawa M, Enokida H. Targeting of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 induces cellular senescence in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 611:99-106. [PMID: 35487063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer metabolism has attracted attention as a therapeutic target, and glutamine metabolism is considered one of the most important metabolic processes in cancer. Solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5) is a sodium channel that functions as a glutamine transporter. In various cancer types, SLC1A5 gene expression is enhanced, and cancer cell growth is suppressed by inhibition of SLC1A5. However, the involvement of SLC1A5 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the clinical importance of SLC1A5 in ccRCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Our findings confirmed that SLC1A5 was a prognosis factor for poor survival in ccRCC. Furthermore, loss-of-function assays using small interfering RNAs or an SLC1A5 inhibitor (V9302) in human ccRCC cell lines (A498 and Caki1) showed that inhibition of SLC1A5 significantly suppressed tumor growth, invasion, and migration. Additionally, inhibition of SLC1A5 by V9302 in vivo significantly suppressed tumor growth, and the antitumor effects of SLC1A5 inhibition were related to cellular senescence. Our findings may improve our understanding of ccRCC and the development of new treatment strategies for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Kawakami
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Wataru Fukumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Motoki Tamai
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Okamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Osako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakaguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoru Inoguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tatarano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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10
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Sveen A, Johannessen B, Eilertsen IA, Røsok BI, Gulla M, Eide PW, Bruun J, Kryeziu K, Meza-Zepeda LA, Myklebost O, Bjørnbeth BA, Skotheim RI, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. The expressed mutational landscape of microsatellite stable colorectal cancers. Genome Med 2021; 13:142. [PMID: 34470667 PMCID: PMC8411524 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths with few patients benefiting from biomarker-guided therapy. Mutation expression is essential for accurate interpretation of mutations as biomarkers, but surprisingly, little has been done to analyze somatic cancer mutations on the expression level. We report a large-scale analysis of allele-specific mutation expression. Methods Whole-exome and total RNA sequencing was performed on 137 samples from 121 microsatellite stable colorectal cancers, including multiregional samples of primary and metastatic tumors from 4 patients. Data were integrated with allele-specific resolution. Results were validated in an independent set of 241 colon cancers. Therapeutic associations were explored by pharmacogenomic profiling of 15 cell lines or patient-derived organoids. Results The median proportion of expressed mutations per tumor was 34%. Cancer-critical mutations had the highest expression frequency (gene-wise mean of 58%), independent of frequent allelic imbalance. Systematic deviation from the general pattern of expression levels according to allelic frequencies was detected, including preferential expression of mutated alleles dependent on the mutation type and target gene. Translational relevance was suggested by correlations of KRAS/NRAS or TP53 mutation expression levels with downstream oncogenic signatures (p < 0.03), overall survival among patients with stage II and III cancer (KRAS/NRAS: hazard ratio 6.1, p = 0.0070), and targeted drug sensitivity. The latter was demonstrated for EGFR and MDM2 inhibition in pre-clinical models. Conclusions Only a subset of mutations in microsatellite stable colorectal cancers were expressed, and the “expressed mutation dose” may provide an opportunity for more fine-tuned biomarker interpretations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00955-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sveen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johannessen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ina A Eilertsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bård I Røsok
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Gulla
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter W Eide
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Bruun
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo A Meza-Zepeda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Genomics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn A Bjørnbeth
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf I Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1032 Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway. .,K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Division for Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4953 Nydalen, NO-0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1171 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Gradl S, Steuber H, Weiske J, Szewczyk MM, Schmees N, Siegel S, Stoeckigt D, Christ CD, Li F, Organ S, Abbey M, Kennedy S, Chau I, Trush V, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Brown PJ, Vedadi M, Arrowsmith C, Husemann M, Badock V, Bauser M, Haegebarth A, Hartung IV, Stresemann C. Discovery of the SMYD3 Inhibitor BAY-6035 Using Thermal Shift Assay (TSA)-Based High-Throughput Screening. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:947-960. [PMID: 34154424 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211019409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3) is a protein lysine methyltransferase that was initially described as an H3K4 methyltransferase involved in transcriptional regulation. SMYD3 has been reported to methylate and regulate several nonhistone proteins relevant to cancer, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP3K2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In addition, overexpression of SMYD3 has been linked to poor prognosis in certain cancers, suggesting SMYD3 as a potential oncogene and attractive cancer drug target. Here we report the discovery of a novel SMYD3 inhibitor. We performed a thermal shift assay (TSA)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) with 410,000 compounds and identified a novel benzodiazepine-based SMYD3 inhibitor series. Crystal structures revealed that this series binds to the substrate binding site and occupies the hydrophobic lysine binding pocket via an unprecedented hydrogen bonding pattern. Biochemical assays showed substrate competitive behavior. Following optimization and extensive biophysical validation with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we identified BAY-6035, which shows nanomolar potency and selectivity against kinases and other PKMTs. Furthermore, BAY-6035 specifically inhibits methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 in a cellular mechanistic assay with an IC50 <100 nM. Moreover, we describe a congeneric negative control to BAY-6035. In summary, BAY-6035 is a novel selective and potent SMYD3 inhibitor probe that will foster the exploration of the biological role of SMYD3 in diseased and nondiseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gradl
- Bayer AG, Global Drug Discovery, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Joerg Weiske
- Bayer AG, Global Drug Discovery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shawna Organ
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Megha Abbey
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Kennedy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Viacheslav Trush
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Prelowska MK, Mehlich D, Ugurlu MT, Kedzierska H, Cwiek A, Kosnik A, Kaminska K, Marusiak AA, Nowis D. Inhibition of the ʟ-glutamine transporter ASCT2 sensitizes plasma cell myeloma cells to proteasome inhibitors. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:13-25. [PMID: 33713737 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), used in the treatment of plasma cell myeloma (PCM), interfere with the degradation of misfolded proteins leading to activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) and cell death. However, despite initial strong antimyeloma effects, PCM cells eventually develop acquired resistance to PIs. The pleiotropic role of ʟ-glutamine (Gln) in cellular functions makes inhibition of Gln metabolism a potentially good candidate for combination therapy. Here, we show that PCM cells, both sensitive and resistant to PIs, express membrane Gln transporter (ASCT2), require extracellular Gln for survival, and are sensitive to ASCT2 inhibitors (ASCT2i). ASCT2i synergistically potentiate the cytotoxic activity of PIs by inducing apoptosis and modulating autophagy. Combination of ASCT2 inhibitor V9302 and proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib upregulates the intracellular levels of ROS and oxidative stress markers and triggers catastrophic UPR as shown by upregulated spliced Xbp1 mRNA, ATF3 and CHOP levels. Moreover, analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that the PI in combination with ASCT2i reduced the levels of Gln metabolism regulators such as MYC and NRAS. Analysis of PCM patients' data revealed that upregulated ASCT2 and other Gln metabolism regulators are associated with advanced disease stage and with PIs resistance. Altogether, we identified a potent therapeutic approach that may prevent acquired resistance to PIs and may contribute to the improvement of treatment of patients suffering from PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Prelowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dawid Mehlich
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland; Doctoral School of Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Talha Ugurlu
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Kedzierska
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cwiek
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kosnik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kaminska
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna A Marusiak
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Poland; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Bioinformatics analysis of prognostic value of PITX1 gene in breast cancer. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226181. [PMID: 32830857 PMCID: PMC7494990 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) participates in miscellaneous biological processes including cell growth, development, progression and invasion in various malignant tumors. However, the analysis of the association between PITX1 expression and the survival in breast cancer remains unclear. METHODS Clinical prognostic parameters and survival data related to PITX1 in breast cancer patients were performed using the bioinformatic analysis including Oncomine, Bc-GenExMiner v4.3, PrognoScan and UCSC Xena. RESULTS We found that PITX1 gene expression was significantly higher in different histological classification of breast cancer. The Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grade, Nottingham prognostic index (NPI), estrogen receptor (ER) negative, epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) positive, lymph node positive, triple-negative status and basal-like status were positively correlated with PITX1 level, except for patients' age and the progesterone receptor (PR) status. We have found that the increased PITX1 expression correlated with worse relapse-free survival, disease specific survival and overall survival. PITX1 was positively correlated with metastatic relapse-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival. We also confirmed positive correlation between PITX1 and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). CONCLUSION The lower expression of PITX1 was associated with better clinical prognostic parameters and clinical survival in breast cancer according to the bioinformatic analysis.
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14
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Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18713. [PMID: 33127962 PMCID: PMC7599243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of the signaling pathways mutation rate in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers in a systematic review and meta-analysis study. The study was performed based on the PRISMA criteria. Random models by confidence interval (CI: 95%) were used to calculate the pooled estimate of prevalence via Metaprop command. The pooled prevalence indices of signal transduction pathway mutations in gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer were 5% (95% CI: 3–8%), 12% (95% CI: 8–18%), 17% (95% CI: 14–20%), and 20% (95% CI: 5–41%), respectively. Also, the mutation rates for Wnt pathway and MAPK pathway were calculated to be 23% (95% CI, 14–33%) and 20% (95% CI, 17–24%), respectively. Moreover, the most popular genes were APC (in Wnt pathway), KRAS (in MAPK pathway) and PIK3CA (in PI3K pathway) in the colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer while they were beta-catenin and CTNNB1 in liver cancer. The most altered pathway was Wnt pathway followed by the MAPK pathway. In addition, pancreatic cancer was found to be higher under the pressure of mutation compared with others based on pooled prevalence analysis. Finally, APC mutations in colorectal cancer, KRAS in gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer were mostly associated gene alterations.
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15
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Lyu T, Jiang Y, Jia N, Che X, Li Q, Yu Y, Hua K, Bast RC, Feng W. SMYD3 promotes implant metastasis of ovarian cancer via H3K4 trimethylation of integrin promoters. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1553-1567. [PMID: 31503345 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor and formation of spheroids in ascites is required for implantation metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but the underlying mechanism of this process has not been thoroughly elucidated. To mimic this process, ovarian cancer cells were grown in 3D and 2D culture. Hey and OVCA433 spheroids exhibited decreased cell proliferation and enhanced adhesion and invasion. SMYD3 expression was elevated in ovarian carcinoma spheroids in association with increased H3K4 methylation. Depletion of SMYD3 by transient siRNA, stable shRNA knockdown and the SMYD3 inhibitor BCI-121 all decreased spheroid invasion and adhesion. Gene expression arrays revealed downregulation of integrin family members. Inhibition assays confirmed that invasion and adhesion of spheroids are mediated by ITGB6 and ITGAM. SMYD3-deficient cells regained the ability to invade and adhere after forced overexpression of SMYD3, ITGB6 and ITGAM. However, this biological ability was not restored by forced overexpression of SMYD3 in ITGB6- and/or ITGAM-deficient cancer cells. SMYD3 and H3K4me3 binding at the ITGB6 and ITGAM promoters was increased in spheroids compared to that in monolayer cells, and the binding was decreased when SMYD3 expression was inhibited, consistent with the expression changes in integrins. SMYD3 expression and integrin-mediated adhesion were also activated in an intraperitoneal xenograft model and in EOC patient spheroids. In vivo, SMYD3 knockdown inhibited tumor metastasis and reduced ascites volume in both the intraperitoneal xenograft model and a PDX model. Overall, our results suggest that the SMYD3-H3K4me3-integrin pathway plays a crucial role in ovarian cancer metastasis to the peritoneal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Lyu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhua Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Keqin Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine - Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Smeby J, Sveen A, Merok MA, Danielsen SA, Eilertsen IA, Guren MG, Dienstmann R, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. CMS-dependent prognostic impact of KRAS and BRAFV600E mutations in primary colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2019. [PMID: 29518181 PMCID: PMC5961317 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic impact of KRAS and BRAFV600E mutations in primary colorectal cancer (CRC) varies with microsatellite instability (MSI) status. The gene expression-based consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) of CRC define molecularly and clinically distinct subgroups, and represent a novel stratification framework in biomarker analysis. We investigated the prognostic value of these mutations within the CMS groups. Patients and methods Totally 1197 primary tumors from a Norwegian series of CRC stage I-IV were analyzed for MSI and mutation status in hotspots in KRAS (codons 12, 13 and 61) and BRAF (codon 600). A subset was analyzed for gene expression and confident CMS classification was obtained for 317 samples. This cohort was expanded with clinical and molecular data, including CMS classification, from 514 patients in the publically available dataset GSE39582. Gene expression signatures associated with KRAS and BRAFV600E mutations were used to evaluate differential impact of mutations on gene expression among the CMS groups. Results BRAFV600E and KRAS mutations were both associated with inferior 5-year overall survival (OS) exclusively in MSS tumors (BRAFV600E mutation versus KRAS/BRAF wild-type: Hazard ratio (HR) 2.85, P < 0.001; KRAS mutation versus KRAS/BRAF wild-type: HR 1.30, P = 0.013). BRAFV600E-mutated MSS tumors were strongly enriched and associated with metastatic disease in CMS1, leading to negative prognostic impact in this subtype (OS: BRAFV600E mutation versus wild-type: HR 7.73, P = 0.001). In contrast, the poor prognosis of KRAS mutations was limited to MSS tumors with CMS2/CMS3 epithelial-like gene expression profiles (OS: KRAS mutation versus wild-type: HR 1.51, P = 0.011). The subtype-specific prognostic associations were substantiated by differential effects of BRAFV600E and KRAS mutations on gene expression signatures according to the MSI status and CMS group. Conclusions BRAFV600E mutations are enriched and associated with metastatic disease in CMS1 MSS tumors, leading to poor prognosis in this subtype. KRAS mutations are associated with adverse outcome in epithelial (CMS2/CMS3) MSS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smeby
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - A Sveen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre
| | - M A Merok
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S A Danielsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre
| | - I A Eilertsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre
| | - M G Guren
- Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo
| | - R Dienstmann
- Oncology Data Science Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - A Nesbakken
- Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - R A Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research; Division of Cancer Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo.
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17
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Sastre-Perona A, Hoang-Phou S, Leitner MC, Okuniewska M, Meehan S, Schober M. De Novo PITX1 Expression Controls Bi-Stable Transcriptional Circuits to Govern Self-Renewal and Differentiation in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:390-404.e8. [PMID: 30713093 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basal tumor propagating cells (TPCs) control squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) growth by self-renewing and differentiating into supra-basal SCC cells, which lack proliferative potential. While transcription factors such as SOX2 and KLF4 can drive these behaviors, their molecular roles and regulatory interactions with each other have remained elusive. Here, we show that PITX1 is specifically expressed in TPCs, where it co-localizes with SOX2 and TRP63 and determines cell fate in mouse and human SCC. Combining gene targeting with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and transcriptomic analyses reveals that PITX1 cooperates with SOX2 and TRP63 to sustain an SCC-specific transcriptional feed-forward circuit that maintains TPC-renewal, while inhibiting KLF4 expression and preventing KLF4-dependent differentiation. Conversely, KLF4 represses PITX1, SOX2, and TRP63 expression to prevent TPC expansion. This bi-stable, multi-input network reveals a molecular framework that explains self-renewal, aberrant differentiation, and SCC growth in mice and humans, providing clues for developing differentiation-inducing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sastre-Perona
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Hoang-Phou
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Christin Leitner
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Shane Meehan
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus Schober
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Schulte ML, Fu A, Zhao P, Li J, Geng L, Smith ST, Kondo J, Coffey RJ, Johnson MO, Rathmell JC, Sharick JT, Skala MC, Smith JA, Berlin J, Washington MK, Nickels ML, Manning HC. Pharmacological blockade of ASCT2-dependent glutamine transport leads to antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. Nat Med 2018; 24:194-202. [PMID: 29334372 PMCID: PMC5803339 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique metabolic demands of cancer cells underscore potentially fruitful opportunities for drug discovery in the era of precision medicine. However, therapeutic targeting of cancer metabolism has led to surprisingly few new drugs to date. The neutral amino acid glutamine serves as a key intermediate in numerous metabolic processes leveraged by cancer cells, including biosynthesis, cell signaling, and oxidative protection. Herein we report the preclinical development of V-9302, a competitive small molecule antagonist of transmembrane glutamine flux that selectively and potently targets the amino acid transporter ASCT2. Pharmacological blockade of ASCT2 with V-9302 resulted in attenuated cancer cell growth and proliferation, increased cell death, and increased oxidative stress, which collectively contributed to antitumor responses in vitro and in vivo. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate the utility of a pharmacological inhibitor of glutamine transport in oncology, representing a new class of targeted therapy and laying a framework for paradigm-shifting therapies targeting cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Schulte
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Allie Fu
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ping Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Ling Geng
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Shannon T. Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Veterans Health Administration, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, United States
| | - Marc O. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jarrod A. Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jordan Berlin
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Michael L. Nickels
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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19
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Frejno M, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Wilhelm M, Koch H, Zheng R, Klaeger S, Ruprecht B, Meng C, Kramer K, Jarzab A, Heinzlmeir S, Johnstone E, Domingo E, Kerr D, Jesinghaus M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Weichert W, Knapp S, Feller SM, Kuster B. Pharmacoproteomic characterisation of human colon and rectal cancer. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:951. [PMID: 29101300 PMCID: PMC5731344 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most molecular cancer therapies act on protein targets but data on the proteome status of patients and cellular models for proteome‐guided pre‐clinical drug sensitivity studies are only beginning to emerge. Here, we profiled the proteomes of 65 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines to a depth of > 10,000 proteins using mass spectrometry. Integration with proteomes of 90 CRC patients and matched transcriptomics data defined integrated CRC subtypes, highlighting cell lines representative of each tumour subtype. Modelling the responses of 52 CRC cell lines to 577 drugs as a function of proteome profiles enabled predicting drug sensitivity for cell lines and patients. Among many novel associations, MERTK was identified as a predictive marker for resistance towards MEK1/2 inhibitors and immunohistochemistry of 1,074 CRC tumours confirmed MERTK as a prognostic survival marker. We provide the proteomic and pharmacological data as a resource to the community to, for example, facilitate the design of innovative prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frejno
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Riccardo Zenezini Chiozzi
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathias Wilhelm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiner Koch
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Runsheng Zheng
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Susan Klaeger
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Kramer
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Jarzab
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Enric Domingo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Kerr
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NDCLS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center (BayBioMS), Freising, Germany
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20
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Rajajeyabalachandran G, Kumar S, Murugesan T, Ekambaram S, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. Therapeutical potential of deregulated lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 as a safe target for novel anticancer agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:145-157. [PMID: 28019723 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1272580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SET and MYND domain containing-3 (SMYD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family of proteins, and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Proper functioning of SMYD3 is very important for the target molecules to determine their different roles in chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and cell cycle control. Due to the abnormal expression of SMYD3 in tumors, it is projected as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Areas covered: Here we elaborate on the general information, structure and the pathological role of SMYD3 protein. We summarize the role of SMYD3-mediated protein interactions in oncology pathways, mutational effects and regulation of SMYD3 in specific types of cancer. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of currently available SMYD3 small molecule inhibitors are also addressed. Expert opinion: The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that aberrant levels of SMYD3 protein exert tumorigenic effects by altering the epigenetic regulation of target genes. The partial involvement of SMYD3 in some distinct pathways provides a vital opportunity in targeting cancer effectively with fewer side effects. Further, identification and co-targeting of synergistic oncogenic pathways is suggested, which could provide much more beneficial effects for the treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Kumar
- a Bioinformatics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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21
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Carlson SM, Gozani O. Nonhistone Lysine Methylation in the Regulation of Cancer Pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026435. [PMID: 27580749 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are regulated by an incredible array of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins is a PTM with well-established roles in regulating chromatin and epigenetic processes. The recent discovery that hundreds and likely thousands of nonhistone proteins are also methylated at lysine has opened a tremendous new area of research. Major cellular pathways involved in cancer, such as growth signaling and the DNA damage response, are regulated by lysine methylation. Although the field has developed quickly in recent years many fundamental questions remain to be addressed. We review the history and molecular functions of lysine methylation. We then discuss the enzymes that catalyze methylation of lysine residues, the enzymes that remove lysine methylation, and the cancer pathways known to be regulated by lysine methylation. The rest of the article focuses on two open questions that we suggest as a roadmap for future research. First is understanding the large number of candidate methyltransferase and demethylation enzymes whose enzymatic activity is not yet defined and which are potentially associated with cancer through genetic studies. Second is investigating the biological processes and cancer mechanisms potentially regulated by the multitude of lysine methylation sites that have been recently discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Carlson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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22
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Saglam ASY, Alp E, Elmazoglu Z, Menevse ES. Effect of API-1 and FR180204 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human DLD-1 and LoVo colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2463-2474. [PMID: 27698814 PMCID: PMC5038487 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt) and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways are implicated in the majority of cancers. Selective inhibition of Akt and ERK represents a potential approach for cancer therapy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of the novel and selective Akt inhibitor 4-amino-5,8-dihydro-5-oxo-8-β-D-ribofuranosyl-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (API-1) and selective ERK1/2 inhibitor FR180204 (FR) alone and in combination on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (DLD-1 and LoVo). In addition, the effects of API-1 and FR on Akt and ERK signaling pathways were also investigated. The effects of the agents on DLD-1 and LoVo cells were evaluated in terms of cell viability, cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis rate, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity levels. In addition, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to examine relevant mRNA and protein levels. The present study observed that the combination of FR with API-1 resulted in significant apoptosis and cytotoxicity compared with any single agent alone in a time-dependent manner in these cells. Also, treatment with FR and API-1 in combination decreased the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), Bcl-2-like1, cyclin D1 and cMYC, and increased the expression levels of BCL2-associated X protein and BCL2 antagonist/killer via phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated ERK1/2 downregulation. The combination of Akt and ERK1/2 inhibitors resulted in enhanced apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects against CRC cells. The present study hypothesizes that the combination of FR and API-1 in CRC cells may contribute toward potential anti-carcinogenic effects. Additional analyses using other cancer cell lines and animal models are required to confirm these findings in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiye Seda Yar Saglam
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Ebru Alp
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun 28200, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Emine Sevda Menevse
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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23
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Parinot C, Nandrot EF. A Comprehensive Review of Mutations in the MERTK Proto-Oncogene. RETINAL DEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2016; 854:259-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Schulte ML, Khodadadi AB, Cuthbertson ML, Smith JA, Manning HC. 2-Amino-4-bis(aryloxybenzyl)aminobutanoic acids: A novel scaffold for inhibition of ASCT2-mediated glutamine transport. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:1044-1047. [PMID: 26750251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the discovery of 2-amino-4-bis(aryloxybenzyl)aminobutanoic acids as novel inhibitors of ASCT2(SLC1A5)-mediated glutamine accumulation in mammalian cells. Focused library development led to two novel ASCT2 inhibitors that exhibit significantly improved potency compared with prior art in C6 (rat) and HEK293 (human) cells. The potency of leads reported here represents a 40-fold improvement over our most potent, previously reported inhibitor and represents, to our knowledge, the most potent pharmacological inhibitors of ASCT2-mediated glutamine accumulation in live cells. These and other compounds in this novel series exhibit tractable chemical properties for further development as potential therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Schulte
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alexandra B Khodadadi
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Madison L Cuthbertson
- Hume-Fogg Academic High School, Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Jarrod A Smith
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - H Charles Manning
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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25
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Barbáchano A, Fernández-Barral A, Pereira F, Segura MF, Ordóñez-Morán P, Carrillo-de Santa Pau E, González-Sancho JM, Hanniford D, Martínez N, Costales-Carrera A, Real FX, Pálmer HG, Rojas JM, Hernando E, Muñoz A. SPROUTY-2 represses the epithelial phenotype of colon carcinoma cells via upregulation of ZEB1 mediated by ETS1 and miR-200/miR-150. Oncogene 2015; 35:2991-3003. [PMID: 26455323 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SPROUTY-2 (SPRY2) is a modulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling with receptor- and cell type-dependent inhibitory or enhancing effects. Studies on the action of SPRY2 in major cancers are conflicting and its role remains unclear. Here we have dissected SPRY2 action in human colon cancer. Global transcriptomic analyses show that SPRY2 downregulates genes encoding tight junction proteins such as claudin-7 and occludin and other cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion molecules in human SW480-ADH colon carcinoma cells. Moreover, SPRY2 represses LLGL2/HUGL2, PATJ1/INADL and ST14, main regulators of the polarized epithelial phenotype, and ESRP1, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibitor. A key action of SPRY2 is the upregulation of the major EMT inducer ZEB1, as these effects are reversed by ZEB1 knock-down by means of RNA interference. Consistently, we found an inverse correlation between the expression level of claudin-7 and those of SPRY2 and ZEB1 in human colon tumors. Mechanistically, ZEB1 upregulation by SPRY2 results from the combined induction of ETS1 transcription factor and the repression of microRNAs (miR-200 family, miR-150) that target ZEB1 RNA. Moreover, SPRY2 increased AKT activation by epidermal growth factor, whereas AKT and also Src inhibition reduced the induction of ZEB1. Altogether, these data suggest that AKT and Src are implicated in SPRY2 action. Collectively, these results show a tumorigenic role of SPRY2 in colon cancer that is based on the dysregulation of tight junction and epithelial polarity master genes via upregulation of ZEB1. The dissection of the mechanism of action of SPRY2 in colon cancer cells is important to understand the upregulation of this gene in a subset of patients with this neoplasia that have poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbáchano
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernández-Barral
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Pereira
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M F Segura
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - P Ordóñez-Morán
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Carrillo-de Santa Pau
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M González-Sancho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Hanniford
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - N Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Costales-Carrera
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H G Pálmer
- Stem cells and Cancer Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Hernando
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - A Muñoz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Atypical role of sprouty in colorectal cancer: sprouty repression inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2015; 35:3151-62. [PMID: 26434583 PMCID: PMC4850112 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sprouty (SPRY) appears to act as a tumor suppressor in cancer, whereas we demonstrated that SPRY2 functions as a putative oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) (Oncogene, 2010, 29: 5241-5253). We investigated the mechanisms by which SPRY regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC. SPRY1 and SPRY2 mRNA transcripts were significantly upregulated in human CRC. Suppression of SPRY2 repressed AKT2 and EMT-inducing transcription factors and significantly increased E-cadherin expression. Concurrent downregulation of SPRY1 and SPRY2 also increased E-cadherin and suppressed mesenchymal markers in colon cancer cells. An inverse expression pattern between AKT2 and E-cadherin was established in a human CRC tissue microarray. SPRY2 negatively regulated miR-194-5p that interacts with AKT2 3' untranslated region. Mir-194 mimics increased E-cadherin expression and suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion. By confocal microscopy, we demonstrated redistribution of E-cadherin to plasma membrane in colon cancer cells transfected with miR-194. Spry1(-/-) and Spry2(-/-) double mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibited decreased cell migration while acquiring several epithelial markers. In CRC, SPRY drive EMT and may serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis.
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27
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Ke J, Lou J, Chen X, Li J, Liu C, Gong Y, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Gong J. Identification of a Potential Regulatory Variant for Colorectal Cancer Risk Mapping to Chromosome 5q31.1: A Post-GWAS Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138478. [PMID: 26381143 PMCID: PMC4575091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have established chromosome 5q31.1 as a susceptibility locus for colorectal cancer (CRC), which was still lack of causal genetic variants. We searched potentially regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the overlap region between linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of 5q31.1 and regulatory elements predicted by histone modifications, then tested their association with CRC via a case-control study. Among three candidate common variants, we found rs17716310 conferred significantly (heterozygous model: OR = 1.273, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.016–1.595, P = 0.036) and marginally (dominant model: OR = 1.238, 95%CI = 1.000–1.532, P = 0.050) increase risk for CRC in a Chinese population including 695 cases and 709 controls. This variation was suggested to be regulatory altering the activity of enhancer that control PITX1 expression. Using epigenetic information such as chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) data might help researchers to interpret the results of GWAS and locate causal variants for diseases in post-GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Shim K, Wright K, Jurkevich A, Khare S. Atypical role of sprouty in p21 dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1355-68. [PMID: 26293890 PMCID: PMC4873464 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty (SPRY) appears to act as a tumor suppressor in cancer, whereas we reported that SPRY2 functions as a putative oncogene in colorectal cancer (CRC) [Oncogene, 2010, 29: 5241-5253]. In general, various studies established inhibition of cell proliferation by SPRY in cancer. The mechanisms by which SPRY regulates cell proliferation in CRC are investigated. We demonstrate, for the first time, suppression of SPRY2 augmented EGF-dependent oncogenic signaling, however, surprisingly decreased cell proliferation in colon cancer cells. Our data suggest that cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) transcriptional activity being regulated by SPRY2. Indeed, suppression of SPRY2 significantly increased p21(WAF1/CIP1) mRNA and protein expression as well as p21(WAF1/CIP1) promoter activity. Conversely, overexpressing SPRY2 triggered a decrease in p21(WAF1/CIP1) promoter activity. Concurrent down-regulation of both SPRY1 and SPRY2 also increased p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in colon cancer cells. Increased nuclear localization of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in SPRY2 downregulated colon cancer cells may explain the inhibition of cell proliferation in colon cancer cells. Underscoring the biological relevance of these findings in SPRY1 and SPRY2 mutant mouse, recombination of floxed SPRY1 and SPRY2 alleles in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in increased expression and nuclear localization of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and decreased cell proliferation. In CRC, the relationship of SPRY with p21 may provide unique strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. © 2015 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Katherine Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kevin Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Sharad Khare
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
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Do K, Speranza G, Bishop R, Khin S, Rubinstein L, Kinders RJ, Datiles M, Eugeni M, Lam MH, Doyle LA, Doroshow JH, Kummar S. Biomarker-driven phase 2 study of MK-2206 and selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in patients with colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:720-8. [PMID: 25637165 PMCID: PMC7709950 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK pathways are frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a biomarker-driven trial of the combination of MK-2206, an allosteric AKT 1/2/3 inhibitor, and selumetinib, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in patients with CRC to evaluate inhibition of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and AKT (pAKT) in paired tumor biopsies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients with advanced CRC were enrolled in successive cohorts stratified by KRAS mutation status. Initially, 12 patients received oral MK-2206 90 mg weekly with oral selumetinib 75 mg daily in 28-day cycles. Following an interim analysis, the doses of MK-2206 and selumetinib were increased to 135 mg weekly and 100 mg daily, respectively. Paired tumor biopsies were evaluated for target modulation. RESULTS Common toxicities were gastrointestinal, hepatic, dermatologic, and hematologic. Of 21 patients enrolled, there were no objective responses. Target modulation did not achieve the pre-specified criteria of dual 70 % inhibition of pERK and pAKT levels in paired tumor biopsies. CONCLUSION Despite strong scientific rationale and preclinical data, clinical activity was not observed. The desired level of target inhibition was not achieved. Overlapping toxicities limited the ability to dose escalate to achieve exposures likely needed for clinical activity, highlighting the challenges in developing optimal combinations of targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Do
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg 31, Rm 3A44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
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31
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Liu H, Liu Y, Kong F, Xin W, Li X, Liang H, Jia Y. Elevated Levels of SET and MYND Domain-Containing Protein 3 Are Correlated with Overexpression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Gastric Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2015; 221:579-90. [PMID: 26077602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the messenger RNA and protein expressions of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in gastric cancer (GC) and to explore the correlations between these proteins and the biologic behavior of GC. STUDY DESIGN Expressions of SMYD3 and TGF-β1 were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in GC tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues. In addition, SMYD3 and TGF-β1 expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed samples from 166 GC patients. RESULTS The messenger RNA and protein expression levels of SMYD3 and TGF-β1 in GC tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent nontumor tissues. A significantly positive correlation was found between SMYD3 expression and TGF-β1 expression in GC tissues. In addition, the size of the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis were identified as the independently relative factors of SMYD3 expression in GC tissues, and lymph node metastasis was identified as the independently relative factor of TGF-β1 expression. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the degree of differentiation, serosal invasion, lymph node metastasis, SMYD3 expression, and TGF-β1 expression were the independent prognostic indicators for GC. Transforming growth factor-β1 expression was one of the optimal prognostic predictors of patients identified using the Cox regression with Akaike Information Criterion value calculation. CONCLUSIONS SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 expression and TGF-β1 expression in GC tissues were significantly and positively correlated. High expression levels of SMYD3 and TGF-β1 can indicate poor prognoses for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggen Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanming Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Xin
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yingjie Jia
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Masoumi-Moghaddam S, Amini A, Wei AQ, Robertson G, Morris DL. Sprouty 2 protein, but not Sprouty 4, is an independent prognostic biomarker for human epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:560-70. [PMID: 25630587 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionary-conserved modulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, deregulation of which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer. In the present study, the expression status of Spry2 and Spry4 proteins and its clinical relevance in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) were investigated retrospectively. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of Spry2 and Spry4 in matched tumor and normal tissue samples from 99 patients. The expression of ERK, p-ERK, Ki67, fibroblast growth factor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 and their correlation with Sprouty homologs were also evaluated. Moreover, the correlation between Spry2 and Spry4 and the clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed along with their predictive value for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Our data indicated significant downregulation of Spry2 and Spry4 in tumor tissues (p < 0.0001). A significant inverse correlation was evident between Spry2 and p-ERK/ERK (p = 0.048), Ki67 (p = 0.011), disease stage (p = 0.013), tumor grade (p = 0.003), recurrence (p < 0.001) and post-treatment ascites (p = 0.001), individually. It was found that Spry2 low-expressing patients had significantly poorer OS (p = 0.002) and DFS (p = 0.004) than those with high expression of Spry2. Multivariate analysis showed that high Spry2 (p = 0.018), low stage (p = 0.049) and no residual tumor (p =0.006) were independent prognostic factors for a better OS. With regard to DFS, high Spry2 (p = 0.044) and low stage (p = 0.046) remained as independent predictors. In conclusion, we report for the first time significant downregulation of Spry2 and Spry4 proteins in human EOC. Spry2 expression was revealed to significantly impact tumor behavior with predictive value as an independent prognostic factor for survival and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Afshin Amini
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ai-Qun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory Robertson
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, St George Hospital, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2-Substituted Nγ-glutamylanilides as novel probes of ASCT2 with improved potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:113-6. [PMID: 25435145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the discovery and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 2-substituted glutamylanilides as novel probes of the steric environment comprising the amino acid binding domain of alanine-serine-cysteine transporter subtype 2 (ASCT2). Focused library development led to three novel, highly potent ASCT2 inhibitors, with N-(2-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl)-L-glutamine exhibiting the greatest potency in a live-cell glutamine uptake assay. This level of potency represents a three-fold improvement over the most potent, previously reported inhibitor in this series, GPNA. Furthermore, this and other compounds in the series exhibit tractable chemical properties for further development as potential therapeutic leads.
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Colón-Bolea P, Crespo P. Lysine methylation in cancer: SMYD3-MAP3K2 teaches us new lessons in the Ras-ERK pathway. Bioessays 2014; 36:1162-9. [PMID: 25382779 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation has been traditionally associated with histones and epigenetics. Recently, lysine methyltransferases and demethylases - which are involved in methylation of non-histone substrates - have been frequently found deregulated in human tumours. In this realm, a new discovery has unveiled the methyltransferase SMYD3 as an enhancer of Ras-driven cancer. SMYD3 is up-regulated in different types of tumours. SMYD3-mediated methylation of MAP3K2 increases mutant K-Ras-induced activation of ERK1/2. Methylation of MAP3K2 prevents it from binding to the phosphatase PP2A, thereby impeding the impact of this negative regulator on Ras-ERK1/2 signals, leading to the formation of lung and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, depletion of SMYD3 synergises with a MEK inhibitor, currently in clinical trials, to block Ras-driven pancreatic neoplasia. These results underscore the importance of lysine methylation in the regulation of signalling pathways relevant for tumourigenesis and endorse the development of drugs targeting unregulated lysine methylation as therapeutic agents in the struggle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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35
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility and loss of heterozygosity in a Taiwanese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100060. [PMID: 24968322 PMCID: PMC4072675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the significant racial and ethnic diversity in genetic variation, we are intrigued to find out whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility in East Asian populations are also relevant to the population of Taiwan. Moreover, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) may provide insight into how variants alter CRC risk and how regulatory elements control gene expression. To investigate the racial and ethnic diversity of CRC-susceptibility genetic variants and their relevance to the Taiwanese population, we genotyped 705 CRC cases and 1,802 healthy controls (Taiwan Biobank) for fifteen previously reported East Asian CRC-susceptibility SNPs and four novel genetic variants identified by whole-exome sequencing. We found that rs10795668 in FLJ3802842 and rs4631962 in CCND2 were significantly associated with CRC risk in the Taiwanese population. The previously unreported rs1338565 was associated with a significant increased risk of CRC. In addition, we also genotyped tumor tissue and paired adjacent normal tissues of these 705 CRC cases to search for LOH, as well as risk-associated and protective alleles. LOH analysis revealed preferential retention of three SNPs, rs12657484, rs3802842, and rs4444235, in tumor tissues. rs4444235 has been recently reported to be a cis-acting regulator of BMP4 gene; in this study, the C allele was preferentially retained in tumor tissues (p = 0.0023). rs4631962 and rs10795668 contribute to CRC risk in the Taiwanese and East Asian populations, and the newly identified rs1338565 was specifically associated with CRC, supporting the ethnic diversity of CRC-susceptibility SNPs. LOH analysis suggested that the three CRC risk variants, rs12657484, rs3802842, and rs4444235, exhibited somatic allele-specific imbalance and might be critical during neoplastic progression.
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36
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Mazur PK, Reynoird N, Khatri P, Jansen PWTC, Wilkinson AW, Liu S, Barbash O, Van Aller GS, Huddleston M, Dhanak D, Tummino PJ, Kruger RG, Garcia BA, Butte AJ, Vermeulen M, Sage J, Gozani O. SMYD3 links lysine methylation of MAP3K2 to Ras-driven cancer. Nature 2014; 510:283-7. [PMID: 24847881 PMCID: PMC4122675 DOI: 10.1038/nature13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation in lysine methylation signaling has emerged as a common etiologic factor in cancer pathogenesis, with inhibitors of several histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) being developed as chemotherapeutics1. The largely cytoplasmic KMT SMYD3 (SET and MYND domain containing protein 3) is overexpressed in numerous human tumors2-4. However, the molecular mechanism by which SMYD3 regulates cancer pathways and its relationship to tumorigenesis in vivo are largely unknown. Here we show that methylation of MAP3K2 by SMYD3 increases MAP Kinase signaling and promotes the formation of Ras-driven carcinomas. Using mouse models for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), we found that abrogating SMYD3 catalytic activity inhibits tumor development in response to oncogenic Ras. We employed protein array technology to identify the MAP3K2 kinase as a target of SMYD3. In cancer cell lines, SMYD3-mediated methylation of MAP3K2 at lysine 260 potentiates activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling module. Finally, the PP2A phosphatase complex, a key negative regulator of the MAP Kinase pathway, binds to MAP3K2 and this interaction is blocked by methylation. Together, our results elucidate a new role for lysine methylation in integrating cytoplasmic kinase-signaling cascades and establish a pivotal role for SMYD3 in the regulation of oncogenic Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Mazur
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA [3]
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- 1] Department of Biology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA [2]
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | - Pascal W T C Jansen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alex W Wilkinson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
| | - Shichong Liu
- Epigenetics Program and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Olena Barbash
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA
| | - Glenn S Van Aller
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA
| | - Michael Huddleston
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA
| | - Dashyant Dhanak
- 1] Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA [2] Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA (D.D.); Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Cancer Epigenetics DPU, Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426 USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- 1] Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA (D.D.); Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Julien Sage
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA [3]
| | - Or Gozani
- 1] Department of Biology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA [2]
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El-Chaar NN, Piccolo SR, Boucher KM, Cohen AL, Chang JT, Moos PJ, Bild AH. Genomic classification of the RAS network identifies a personalized treatment strategy for lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1339-54. [PMID: 24908424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Better approaches are needed to evaluate a single patient's drug response at the genomic level. Targeted therapy for signaling pathways in cancer has met limited success in part due to the exceedingly interwoven nature of the pathways. In particular, the highly complex RAS network has been challenging to target. Effectively targeting the pathway requires development of techniques that measure global network activity to account for pathway complexity. For this purpose, we used a gene-expression-based biomarker for RAS network activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and screened for drugs whose efficacy was significantly highly correlated to RAS network activity. Results identified EGFR and MEK co-inhibition as the most effective treatment for RAS-active NSCLC amongst a panel of over 360 compounds and fractions. RAS activity was identified in both RAS-mutant and wild-type lines, indicating broad characterization of RAS signaling inclusive of multiple mechanisms of RAS activity, and not solely based on mutation status. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that co-inhibition of EGFR and MEK induced apoptosis and blocked both EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and EGFR-PI3K-AKT-RPS6 nodes simultaneously in RAS-active, but not RAS-inactive NSCLC. These results provide a comprehensive strategy to personalize treatment of NSCLC based on RAS network dysregulation and provide proof-of-concept of a genomic approach to classify and target complex signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader N El-Chaar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Stephen R Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Boucher
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Adam L Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030, USA.
| | - Philip J Moos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Prediction of response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of four genes. Dis Colon Rectum 2014; 57:23-31. [PMID: 24316942 DOI: 10.1097/01.dcr.0000437688.33795.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with rectal cancer exhibit a wide spectrum of responses to chemoradiotherapy. Several gene expression signatures have been reported to predict the response to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer, but the lack of practical assays has restricted the clinical use of this technique. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify a set of discriminating genes that can be used for the clinical prediction of response to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. DESIGN AND SETTINGS This study is a retrospective analysis of tumor samples in a single institute. PATIENTS Sixty-two patients who underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gene expression was initially studied in 46 training samples by microarray analysis, and the association between gene expression and response to chemoradiotherapy was evaluated. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the microarray expression levels of the discriminating genes. We developed a gene expression model for the prediction of response to chemoradiotherapy based on the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction findings and validated it by using 16 independent test samples. RESULTS We identified 24 discriminating probes with expression levels that differed significantly between responders and nonresponders. Among 18 genes identified by Gene Symbol, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed significant differences in the expression of 16 genes between responders and nonresponders. We constructed a predictive model by using different sets of these 16 genes, and the highest accuracy rate (89.1%) was obtained by using LRRIQ3, FRMD3, SAMD5, and TMC7. The predictive accuracy rate of this 4-gene signature in the independent set of 16 patients was 81.3%. LIMITATIONS Validation in a different and large cohort of patients is necessary. CONCLUSIONS The 4-gene signature identified in this study is closely associated with response to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer.
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Schweiger T, Hegedüs B, Nikolowsky C, Hegedüs Z, Szirtes I, Mair R, Birner P, Döme B, Lang G, Klepetko W, Ankersmit HJ, Hoetzenecker K. EGFR, BRAF and KRAS status in patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy from primary colorectal carcinoma: a prospective follow-up study. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:946-54. [PMID: 24281417 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary metastasectomy is an integral part of the interdisciplinary treatment of patients with pulmonary metastases (PMs) from colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Although alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway are common in CRC, there is still insufficient data regarding PM. We hypothesized that EGFR expression and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)/BRAF mutations (Mts) might be associated with clinicopathological variables and the outcome in patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy. METHODS In this single-center study, 44 patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy from primary CRC were included and prospectively followed up. Tissue specimens of resected PMs were assessed. Restriction fragment length analysis was used for BRAF V600E and KRAS codons 12 and 13 Mt analyses. EGFR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed up in 3-6-month intervals. RESULTS EGFR expression was evident in 49 % of the PMs, whereas Mts in KRAS and BRAF were detected in 48 and 0 %, respectively. Time to lung-specific recurrence after metastasectomy was significantly decreased in patients with KRAS mutated PMs in univariate (p = 0.013) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.035), whereas EGFR expression had no impact on recurrence free survival. Moreover, KRAS Mts were associated with the number of PMs (p = 0.037) and with the lung as first site of recurrence after metastasectomy (p = 0.047). DISCUSSION This is the first evaluation of EGFR pathway alterations in the setting of pulmonary metastasectomy. Our data suggest that patients with KRAS Mts are at high risk for early pulmonary recurrence and have a more diffuse pattern of metastasis. These findings may have impact on the therapeutic management of CRC patients with pulmonary spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
MERTK is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MERTK) family, with a defined spectrum of normal expression. However, MERTK is overexpressed or ectopically expressed in a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, pituitary adenomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas, potentially resulting in the activation of several canonical oncogenic signaling pathways. These include the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways, as well as regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription family members, migration-associated proteins including the focal adhesion kinase and myosin light chain 2, and prosurvival proteins such as survivin and Bcl-2. Each has been implicated in MERTK physiologic and oncogenic functions. In neoplastic cells, these signaling events result in functional phenotypes such as decreased apoptosis, increased migration, chemoresistance, increased colony formation, and increased tumor formation in murine models. Conversely, MERTK inhibition by genetic or pharmacologic means can reverse these pro-oncogenic phenotypes. Multiple therapeutic approaches to MERTK inhibition are currently in development, including ligand "traps", a monoclonal antibody, and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - H. Shelton Earp
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas K. Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Corresponding Author: Douglas K. Graham, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8302, 12800 East 19th Avenue, P18-4400, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
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Tougeron D, Cortes U, Ferru A, Villalva C, Silvain C, Tourani JM, Levillain P, Karayan-Tapon L. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations during chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:397-403. [PMID: 23765179 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that metastatic colorectal cancer patients without KRAS mutation (codon 12) benefit from treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (anti-EGFR mAb). Recently, EFGR and KRAS mutations have been shown to exist in patients who developed resistance to anti-EGFR mAb. We analyzed KRAS, BRAF V600E and EGFR S492R mutations in 37 post-anti-EGFR mAb tumor samples from 23 patients treated with chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR mAb. No EGFR S492R mutation was detected. A KRAS mutation was found after anti-EGFR mAb in only one tumor. Our results suggest that acquired EGFR S492R and KRAS mutations do not constitute the main mechanism of resistance to anti-EGFR mAb in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tougeron
- Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, 2 rue de la Milétrie, Poitiers Cedex, France.
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Voutsina A, Tzardi M, Kalikaki A, Zafeiriou Z, Papadimitraki E, Papadakis M, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V. Combined analysis of KRAS and PIK3CA mutations, MET and PTEN expression in primary tumors and corresponding metastases in colorectal cancer. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:302-13. [PMID: 22936063 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in patients with colorectal cancer. However, most of the targeted therapies and predictive molecular biomarkers were developed based mainly on primary tumors. The current study was conducted to determine the degree of discordance between potential predictive and/or prognostic molecular markers in primary colorectal tumors and corresponding metastases, as this could have an impact on the efficacy of targeted therapies in the advanced colorectal cancer. KRAS, PIK3CA and BRAF mutations were determined by Sanger sequencing and mutant-enriched polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in 83 paired samples, MET gene copy number by quantitative PCR in 59, MET expression by immunohistochemistry in 73 and nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN by immunohistochemistry in 78 and 71 pairs, respectively. A certain degree of discordance between primary tumors and corresponding metastases was demonstrated for all examined biomarkers except BRAF mutations. PIK3CA exon 9 mutations in primary tumors and loss of PTEN nuclear expression in metastases correlated with KRAS mutations. KRAS wild-type status in primary tumors was associated with loss of PTEN cytoplasmic expression and high gene copy number of MET. Survival and clinical data were available for 68 patients. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the right-sided tumor localization and overexpression of MET were associated with shorter overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Voutsina
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Jia WH, Zhang B, Matsuo K, Shin A, Xiang YB, Jee SH, Kim DH, Ren Z, Cai Q, Long J, Shi J, Wen W, Yang G, Delahanty RJ, Ji BT, Pan ZZ, Matsuda F, Gao YT, Oh JH, Ahn YO, Park EJ, Li HL, Park JW, Jo J, Jeong JY, Hosono S, Casey G, Peters U, Shu XO, Zeng YX, Zheng W. Genome-wide association analyses in East Asians identify new susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2012; 45:191-6. [PMID: 23263487 PMCID: PMC3679924 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genetic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC), we conducted a genome-wide association study in East Asians. By analyzing genome-wide data in 2,098 cases and 5,749 controls, we selected 64 promising SNPs for replication in an independent set of samples including up to 5,358 cases and 5,922 controls. We identified four SNPs with a P-value of 8.58 × 10−7 to 3.77 × 10−10 in the combined analysis of all East Asian samples. Three of the four SNPs were replicated in a study conducted among 26,060 European descendants with a combined P-value of 1.22 × 10−10 for rs647161 (5q31.1), 6.64 × 10−9 for rs2423279 (20p12.3), and 3.06 × 10−8 for rs10774214 (12p13.32 near the CCND2 gene), respectively, derived from the meta-analysis of data from both East Asian and European populations. This study identified three new CRC susceptibility loci and provides additional insight into the genetics and biology of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the KRAS or BRAF genes are now recognized as prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). They are also important predictive markers for resistance to the monoclonal antibodies that target the epidermal growth factor receptor. METHODS In this retrospective study, KRAS and BRAF mutations were analyzed using a direct sequence method in 254 Japanese CRC patients, and the associations between KRAS or BRAF mutations and clinicopathological characteristics or outcome were evaluated. RESULTS KRAS and BRAF mutations were detected in 33.5 and 6.7 % of all patients, respectively. Consistent with previous reports, BRAF mutations were significantly correlated with the anatomical site of the tumor (P < 0.001), tumor grade (P = 0.001) and high frequency of microsatellite instability (P < 0.001). BRAF mutations were correlated with poor overall survival in the full patient cohort (P = 0.009). KRAS mutations were significantly correlated with poor recurrence-free survival (P = 0.03), particularly in patients with stage II CRC (P = 0.007). Cox regression analysis showed that KRAS mutations were a negative predictor of recurrence-free survival in patients with stage II CRC. CONCLUSION KRAS mutation status could be a novel biomarker for predicting disease recurrence in Japanese patients with stage II CRC.
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Baba H, Watanabe M, Okabe H, Miyamoto Y, Sakamoto Y, Baba Y, Iwatsuki M, Chikamoto A, Beppu T. Upregulation of ERCC1 and DPD expressions after oxaliplatin-based first-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1950-5. [PMID: 23169295 PMCID: PMC3516688 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The updated randomised phase 2/3 FIRIS study demonstrated the noninferiority of IRIS (irinotecan and S-1) to FOLFIRI (irinotecan, folinic acid, and 5-FU) for metastatic colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, in the subset analysis including patients who previously have undergone oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy, the IRIS group showed longer survival than the FOLFIRI group. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this result is still unknown. METHODS The National Cancer Institute 60 (NCI60) cell line panel data were utilised to build the hypothesis. A total of 45 irinotecan-naive metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had undergone hepatic resection were included for the validation study. The mRNA expressions of excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and topoisomerase-1 (TOP1) were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. The expressions of ERCC1 and DPD were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sensitivity to oxaliplatin in 60 cell lines was significantly correlated with that of 5-FU. Resistant cells to oxaliplatin showed significantly higher ERCC1 and DPD expression than sensitive cells. In validation study, ERCC1 and DPD but not TOP1 expressions in cancer cells were significantly higher in FOLFOX (oxaliplatin, folinic acid, and 5-FU)-treated patients (N=24) than nontreated patients (N=21). The ERCC1 and DPD protein expressions were also significantly higher in FOLFOX-treated patients. CONCLUSION The ERCC1 and DPD expression levels at both mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in patients with oxaliplatin as a first-line chemotherapy than those without oxaliplatin. The IRIS regimens with the DPD inhibitory fluoropyrimidine may show superior activity against DPD-high tumours (e.g., tumours treated with oxaliplatin) compared with FOLFIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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Knösel T, Chen Y, Hotovy S, Settmacher U, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Petersen I. Loss of desmocollin 1-3 and homeobox genes PITX1 and CDX2 are associated with tumor progression and survival in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:1391-9. [PMID: 22438068 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomewide expression profiling has identified a number of genes differentially expressed in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) compared to normal tissue. Some of these genes were linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We tested whether genes including desmocollins and homeobox genes were distinct on the protein level and correlated the expression with clinicopathological data. METHODS Tissue microarrays of 402 R0-resected colorectal carcinomas of UICC stage II or III were constructed to evaluate ten biomarkers. Furthermore, mRNA expression of desmocollins was evaluated in eight colon cancer cell lines. Demethylation test was performed by treatment with 5-aza-2´-deoxycytide in five colon cancer cell lines. RESULTS On protein level, high expression of desmocollin 1 (DSC1) was observed in 41.6%, DSC2 in 58.0%, DSC3 in 61.4%, E-cadherin in 71.4%, CDX2 in 58.0%, PITX1 in 55.0%, CDK4 in 0.2%, TLE1 in 1.3%, Factor H in 42.5%, and MDM2 in 0.2%. Reduced expression of DSC1-3 was statistically linked to higher grading and DSC2, E-cadherin and CDX2 with shorter survival in high-grade carcinomas. Multivariate analysis showed that pathological stage and low PITX1 expression were statistically associated with shorter patients survival. On mRNA level, seven out of eight cell lines exhibited no expression of DSC1, and four out of seven restored DSC1 expression after demethylation test. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of PITX1 was independently correlated to shorter patients survival and could serve as a prognostic marker. Decreased expression of DSC1-3 is significantly correlated with higher tumor grading. Downregulation of DSC1 could be explained by DNA hypermethylation in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchnerstr. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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Akiyoshi T, Kobunai T, Watanabe T. Predicting the response to preoperative radiation or chemoradiation by a microarray analysis of the gene expression profiles in rectal cancer. Surg Today 2012; 42:713-9. [PMID: 22706722 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has become a standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. However, there is a wide spectrum of responses to preoperative CRT, ranging from none to complete. There has been intense interest in the identification of molecular biomarkers to predict the response to preoperative CRT, in order to spare potentially non-responsive patients from unnecessary treatment. However, no specific molecular biomarkers have yet been definitively proven to be predictive of the response to CRT. Instead of focusing on specific factors, microarray-based gene expression profiling technology enables the simultaneous analysis of large numbers of genes, and might therefore have immense potential for predicting the response to preoperative CRT. We herein review published studies using a microarray-based analysis to identify gene expression profiles associated with the response of rectal cancer to radiation or CRT. Although some studies have reported gene expression signatures capable of high predictive accuracy, the compositions of these signatures have differed considerably, with little gene overlap. However, considering the promising data regarding gene profiling in breast cancer, the microarray analysis could still have potential to improve the management of locally advanced rectal cancer. Increasing the number of patients analyzed for more accurate prediction and the extensive validation of predictive classifiers in prospective clinical trials are necessary before such profiling can be incorporated into future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akiyoshi
- Gastroenterological Center, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Gargalionis AN, Piperi C, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Histone modifications as a pathogenic mechanism of colorectal tumorigenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1276-89. [PMID: 22583735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has provided colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis with an additional trait during the past decade. In particular, histone post-translational modifications set up a major component of this process dictating chromatin status and recruiting non-histone proteins in complexes formed to "handle DNA". In CRC, histone marks of aberrant acetylation and methylation levels on specific residues have been revealed, along with a plethora of deregulated enzymes that catalyze these reactions. Mutations, deletions or altered expression patterns transform the function of several histone-modifying proteins, further supporting the crucial role of epigenetic effectors in CRC oncogenesis, being closely associated to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Elucidation of the biochemical basis of these new tumorigenic mechanisms allows novel potential prognostic factors to come into play. Moreover, the detection of these changes even in early stages of the multistep CRC process, along with the reversible nature of these mechanisms and the technical capability to detect such alterations in cancer cells, places this group of covalent modifications as a further potential asset for clinical diagnosis or treatment of CRC. This review underlines the biochemistry of histone modifications and the potential regulatory role of histone-modifying proteins in CRC pathogenesis, to date. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of the emerging epigenetic interplay along with the chemical compounds that are candidates for clinical use are discussed, offering new insights for further investigation of key histone enzymes and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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