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Weinekötter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, Böttcher D, Alber G, Kiefer I, Steiner JM, Seeger J, Heilmann RM. Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in prostatic disorders in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:234. [PMID: 37946179 PMCID: PMC10633940 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic carcinoma (PCA) is a rare but severe condition in dogs that is similar to the androgen-independent form of PCA in men. In contrast to humans, PCA is difficult to diagnose in dogs as reliable biomarkers, available for PCA screening in human medicine, are currently lacking in small animal oncology. Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) and S100A12 are Ca2+-binding proteins of the innate immune system with promising potential to distinguish malignant from benign urogenital tract conditions, similar to the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR). However, both have not yet been extensively investigated in dogs with PCA. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of the S100/calgranulins (calprotectin, S100A12, and their ratio [Cal-ratio]) in prostatic biopsies from nine dogs with PCA and compare them to those in dogs with benign prostatic lesions (eight dogs with prostatitis and ten dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]) as well as five healthy controls. In addition, blood NLRs were investigated in twelve dogs with PCA and 22 dogs with benign prostatic conditions. RESULTS Tissue S100A8/A9+ cell counts did not differ significantly between tissue from PCA and prostatitis cases (P = 0.0659) but were significantly higher in dogs with prostatitis than BPH (P = 0.0013) or controls (P = 0.0033). S100A12+ cell counts were significantly lower in PCA tissues than in prostatitis tissue (P = 0.0458) but did not differ compared to BPH tissue (P = 0.6499) or tissue from controls (P = 0.0622). Cal-ratios did not differ significantly among the groups but were highest in prostatitis tissues and significantly higher in those dogs with poor prostatitis outcomes than in patients that were still alive at the end of the study (P = 0.0455). Blood NLR strongly correlated with prostatic tissue S100A8/A9+ cell counts in dogs with PCA (ρ = 0.81, P = 0.0499) but did not differ among the disease groups of dogs. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the S100/calgranulins play a role in malignant (PCA) and benign (prostatic inflammation) prostatic conditions and supports previous results in lower urinary tract conditions in dogs. These molecules might be linked to the inflammatory environment with potential effects on the inflammasome. The blood NLR does not appear to aid in distinguishing prostatic conditions in dogs. Further investigation of the S100/calgranulin pathways and their role in modulation of tumor development, progression, and metastasis in PCA is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Weinekötter
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, BE, CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 05, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Wolf von Bomhard
- Synlab Specialty Center for Veterinary Pathology, Hartelstrasse 30, DE-80689, Munich, BY, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institut for Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 05, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Ingmar Kiefer
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX, 4474, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany
| | - Romy M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103, Leipzig, SN, Germany.
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2
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Pan Y, Gao J, Lin J, Ma Y, Hou Z, Lin Y, Wen S, Pan M, Lu F, Huang H. High-dimensional single-cell analysis unveils distinct immune signatures of peripheral blood in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181538. [PMID: 37347110 PMCID: PMC10281055 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The mechanism of such poor response is not completely understood. Methods We assessed T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and RNA expression at the single-cell level using high-dimensional sequencing of peripheral blood immune cells isolated from PDAC patients and from healthy human controls. We validated RNA-sequencing data by performing mass cytometry (CyTOF) and by measuring serum levels of multiple immune checkpoint proteins. Results We found that proportions of T cells (CD45+CD3+) were decreased in PDAC patients compared to healthy controls, while proportion of myeloid cells was increased. The proportion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and the level of cytotoxicity per cell were increased in PDAC patients, with reduced TCR clonal diversity. We also found a significantly enriched S100A9+ monocyte population and an increased level of TIM-3 expression in immune cells of peripheral blood in PDAC patients. In addition, the serum level of soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) was significantly higher in PDAC patients compared to the non-PDAC participants and correlated with worse survival in two independent PDAC cohorts. Moreover, sTIM-3 exhibited a valuable role in diagnosis of PDAC, with sensitivity and specificity of about 80% in the training and validation groups, respectively. We further established an integrated model by combining sTIM-3 and carbohydrate antigen 19- 9 (CA19-9), which had an area under the curve of 0.974 and 0.992 in training and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusion Our RNA-seq and proteomic results provide valuable insight for understanding the immune cell composition of peripheral blood of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zelin Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yali Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minggui Pan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Fengchun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Heguang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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3
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Dialog beyond the Grave: Necrosis in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Contribution to Tumor Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065278. [PMID: 36982351 PMCID: PMC10049335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules released from the necrotic cells dying after exposure to various stressors. After binding to their receptors, they can stimulate various signaling pathways in target cells. DAMPs are especially abundant in the microenvironment of malignant tumors and are suspected to influence the behavior of malignant and stromal cells in multiple ways often resulting in promotion of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis, as well as increased immune evasion. This review will start with a reminder of the main features of cell necrosis, which will be compared to other forms of cell death. Then we will summarize the various methods used to assess tumor necrosis in clinical practice including medical imaging, histopathological examination, and/or biological assays. We will also consider the importance of necrosis as a prognostic factor. Then the focus will be on the DAMPs and their role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will address not only their interactions with the malignant cells, frequently leading to cancer progression, but also with the immune cells and their contribution to immunosuppression. Finally, we will emphasize the role of DAMPs released by necrotic cells in the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the possible contributions of TLRs to tumor development. This last point is very important for the future of cancer therapeutics since there are attempts to use TLR artificial ligands for cancer therapeutics.
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4
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Liu M, Liu L, Song Y, Li W, Xu L. Targeting macrophages: a novel treatment strategy in solid tumors. J Transl Med 2022; 20:586. [PMID: 36510315 PMCID: PMC9743606 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells, which act as a key regulator in tumorigenesis and progression. Increasing evidence have demonstrated that the TME alters the nature of macrophages to maintain dynamic tissue homeostasis, allowing TAMs to acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis, promote tumor metastasis and recurrence, and suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, tumors with high TAM infiltration have poor prognoses and are resistant to treatment. In the field of solid tumor, the exploration of tumor-promoting mechanisms of TAMs has attracted much attention and targeting TAMs has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. Currently, the most common therapeutic options for targeting TAMs are as follows: the deletion of TAMs, the inhibition of TAMs recruitment, the release of phagocytosis by TAMs, and the reprogramming of macrophages to remodel their anti-tumor capacity. Promisingly, the study of chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-Ms) may provide even greater benefit for patients with solid tumors. In this review, we discuss how TAMs promote the progression of solid tumors as well as summarize emerging immunotherapeutic strategies that targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Lina Liu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Yongping Song
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Linping Xu
- grid.414008.90000 0004 1799 4638Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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Identification S100A9 as a potential biomarker in neuroblastoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7743-7753. [PMID: 34689294 PMCID: PMC8604885 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than half of Neuroblastoma (NB) patients presented with distant metastases and the relapse of metastatic patients was up to 90%. It is urgent to explore a biomarker that could facilitate the prediction of metastasis in NB patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we systematically analyzed Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and focused on identifying the critical molecular networks and novel key hub genes implicated in NB metastasis. In total, 176 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Based on these DEGs, a PPI network composed of 150 nodes and 452 interactions was established. Through PPI network identification combined with qRT-PCR, ELISA and IHC, S100A9 was screened as an outstanding gene. Furthermore, in vitro tumorigenesis assays demonstrated that S100A9 overexpression enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of NB cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggested that S100A9 could participate in NB tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, S100A9 has the potential to be used as a promising clinical biomarker in the prediction of NB metastasis.
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Liao J, Li JZ, Xu J, Xu Y, Wen WP, Zheng L, Li L. High S100A9 + cell density predicts a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16367-16380. [PMID: 34157683 PMCID: PMC8266308 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
S100A9 is differentially expressed in various cell types and is associated with the development, progression and metastasis of various cancers. However, the expression, distribution, and clinical significance of S100A9 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In the present study, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to examine S100A9 gene expression in HCC; we found that S100A9 expression was associated with HCC prognosis. In addition, S100A9 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis of tissues from 382 HCC patients. We found that the infiltration of S100A9+ cells in both tumor and nontumor tissues could predict poor overall survival (P = 0.0329, tumor; P = 0.0003, nontumor) and a high recurrence risk (P = 0.0387, tumor; P = 0.0015, nontumor) in our tissue microarray analysis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence double staining revealed that the primary S100A9-expressing cells in adjacent nontumoral tissue were CD15+ neutrophils, and both CD68+ macrophages and CD15+ neutrophils expressed S100A9 in HCC tumor tissues. Taken together, the results suggest that high S100A9+ cell density predicts a poor prognosis in HCC patients, and S100A9 expression could potentially serve as an independent prognostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China.,Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Jin-Zhu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wen
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Lian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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7
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High Monocyte Count and Expression of S100A9 and S100A12 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102424. [PMID: 34067757 PMCID: PMC8156049 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates calcium-binding S100 protein involvement in inflammation and tumor progression. In this prospective study, we evaluated the mRNA levels of two members of this family, S100A9 and S100A12, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a cohort of 121 prostate cancer patients using RT-PCR. Furthermore, monocyte count was determined by flow cytometry. By stratifying patients into different risk groups, according to TNM stage, Gleason score and PSA concentration at diagnosis, expression of S100A9 and S100A12 was found to be significantly higher in patients with metastases compared to patients without clinically detectable metastases. In line with this, we observed that the protein levels of S100A9 and S100A12 in plasma were higher in patients with advanced disease. Importantly, in patients with metastases at diagnosis, high monocyte count and high levels of S100A9 and S100A12 were significantly associated with short progression free survival (PFS) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). High monocyte count and S100A9 levels were also associated with short cancer-specific survival, with monocyte count providing independent prognostic information. These findings indicate that circulating levels of monocytes, as well as S100A9 and S100A12, could be biomarkers for metastatic prostate cancer associated with particularly poor prognosis.
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8
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Rad Pour S, Pico de Coaña Y, Demorentin XM, Melief J, Thimma M, Wolodarski M, Gomez-Cabrero D, Hansson J, Kiessling R, Tegner J. Predicting anti-PD-1 responders in malignant melanoma from the frequency of S100A9+ monocytes in the blood. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002171. [PMID: 33963011 PMCID: PMC8108662 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) blockade treatment has revolutionized treatment of patients with melanoma, clinical outcomes are highly variable, and only a fraction of patients show durable responses. Therefore, there is a clear need for predictive biomarkers to select patients who will benefit from the treatment. Method To identify potential predictive markers for response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (n=8), as well as an in-depth immune monitoring study (n=20) by flow cytometry in patients with advanced melanoma undergoing treatment with nivolumab at Karolinska University Hospital. Blood samples were collected before the start of treatment and at the time of the second dose. Results Unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMC in patients with melanoma uncovered that a higher frequency of monocytes and a lower ratio of CD4+ T cells to monocyte were inversely associated with overall survival. Similarly, S100A9 expression in the monocytic subset was correlated inversely with overall survival. These results were confirmed by a flow cytometry-based analysis in an independent patient cohort. Conclusion Our results suggest that monocytic cell populations can critically determine the outcome of PD-1 blockade, particularly the subset expressing S100A9, which should be further explored as a possible predictive biomarker. Detailed knowledge of the biological role of S100A9+ monocytes is of high translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Rad Pour
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yago Pico de Coaña
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xavier Martinez Demorentin
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jeroen Melief
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manjula Thimma
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), KingAbdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Wolodarski
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), KingAbdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden .,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), KingAbdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), KingAbdullah University of Science and Technology KAUST, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Halin Bergström S, Rudolfsson S, Lundholm M, Josefsson A, Wikström P, Bergh A. High-grade tumours promote growth of other less-malignant tumours in the same prostate. J Pathol 2021; 253:396-403. [PMID: 33330991 PMCID: PMC7986692 DOI: 10.1002/path.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a multifocal disease, but if and how individual prostate tumours influence each other is largely unknown. We therefore explored signs of direct or indirect tumour–tumour interactions in experimental models and patient samples. Low‐metastatic AT1 and high‐metastatic MatLyLu (MLL) Dunning rat prostate cancer cells were injected into separate lobes of the ventral prostate of immunocompetent rats. AT1 tumours growing in the same prostate as MLL tumours had increased tumour size and proliferation compared to AT1 tumours growing alone. In addition, the vasculature and macrophage density surrounding the AT1 tumours were increased by MLL tumour closeness. In patient prostatectomy samples, selected to contain an index tumour [tumour with the highest grade, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 1, 2, 3 or 4] and a low‐grade satellite tumour (ISUP grade 1), cell proliferation in low‐grade satellite tumours gradually increased with increasing histological grade of the index tumour. The density of blood vessels and CD68+ macrophages also increased around the low‐grade satellite tumour if a high‐grade index tumour was present. This suggests that high‐grade tumours, by changing the prostate microenvironment, may increase the aggressiveness of low‐grade lesions in the organ. Future studies are needed to explore the mechanisms behind tumour–tumour interactions and their clinical importance. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina Rudolfsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie Lundholm
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Josefsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Wei R, Zhu WW, Yu GY, Wang X, Gao C, Zhou X, Lin ZF, Shao WQ, Wang SH, Lu M, Qin LX. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 from tumor-associated macrophage enhances cancer stem cell-like properties of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1233-1244. [PMID: 33205453 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial components of the tumor microenvironment. They play vital roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the interactions between TAMs and HCC cells have not been fully characterized. In this study, TAMs were induced using human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells in vitro to investigate their functions in HCC progression. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9), an inflammatory microenvironment-related secreted protein, was identified to be significantly upregulated in TAMs. S100A9 expression in tumor tissues was associated with poor survival of HCC patients. It could enhance the stem cell-like properties of HepG2 and MHCC-97H cells by activating nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway through advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that, after treatment with S100A9, HepG2 and MHCC-97H cells recruited more macrophages via chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2, which suggests a positive feedback between TAMs and HCC cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that TAMs could upregulate secreted protein S100A9 and enhance the stem cell-like properties of HCC cells and provide a potential therapeutic target for combating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Yang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qing Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Wang Z, Xu Q, Zhang N, Du X, Xu G, Yan X. CD146, from a melanoma cell adhesion molecule to a signaling receptor. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:148. [PMID: 32782280 PMCID: PMC7421905 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 was originally identified as a melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and highly expressed in many tumors and endothelial cells. However, the evidence that CD146 acts as an adhesion molecule to mediate a homophilic adhesion through the direct interactions between CD146 and itself is still lacking. Recent evidence revealed that CD146 is not merely an adhesion molecule, but also a cellular surface receptor of miscellaneous ligands, including some growth factors and extracellular matrixes. Through the bidirectional interactions with its ligands, CD146 is actively involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of cells. Overexpression of CD146 can be observed in most of malignancies and is implicated in nearly every step of the development and progression of cancers, especially vascular and lymphatic metastasis. Thus, immunotherapy against CD146 would provide a promising strategy to inhibit metastasis, which accounts for the majority of cancer-associated deaths. Therefore, to deepen the understanding of CD146, we review the reports describing the newly identified ligands of CD146 and discuss the implications of these findings in establishing novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Departments of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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12
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Lv Z, Li W, Wei X. S100A9 promotes prostate cancer cell invasion by activating TLR4/NF-κB/integrin β1/FAK signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6443-6452. [PMID: 32884282 PMCID: PMC7435298 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s192250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S100A9, which is expressed in prostate cancer, has been reported in association with prostate cancer progression. However, the role of S100A9 in prostate cancer metastasis is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of S100A9 on prostate cancer cell invasion and the involved mechanisms. Materials and methods Integrin β1 expression in PC-3 and DU-145 cells was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cellular invasion was measured by transwell invasion assay. Western blot was used to determine protein expression. Concentrations of S100A9 and fibronectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein interaction was detected by immunoprecipitation. The NF-κB activity was measured by luciferase reporter assay. The DU-145 cells metastasis in vivo was determined in mice xenograft models after S100A9 overexpression. Results S100A9 promoted prostate cancer cells invasion, integrin β1 expression and fibronectin secretion. Further investigation evidenced that S100A9 interacted with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activated NF-κB, which was responsible for tumor cell invasion, integrin β1 up-regulation and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, integrin β1 inhibition led to decreased FAK phosphorylation and reduced tumor cell invasion. Overexpression of S100A9 increased xenograft tumor micro-metastases, integrin β1 expression and induced NF-κB and FAK activation in vivo. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that S100A9 promotes prostate cancer cell invasion, and one of the underlying molecular mechanisms is that S100A9 activates integrin β1/FAK through TLR4/NF-κB signaling leading to metastasis of prostate cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Lv
- Department of Urology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Li
- Department of Urology, Rizhao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichao Wei
- Department of Urology, Jining Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Role of S100 proteins in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118677. [PMID: 32057918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The S100 family of proteins contains 25 known members that share a high degree of sequence and structural similarity. However, only a limited number of family members have been characterized in depth, and the roles of other members are likely undervalued. Their importance should not be underestimated however, as S100 family members function to regulate a diverse array of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, migration and/or invasion, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Here we detail S100 target protein interactions that underpin the mechanistic basis to their function, and discuss potential intervention strategies targeting S100 proteins in both preclinical and clinical situations.
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14
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Adamo H, Hammarsten P, Hägglöf C, Dahl Scherdin T, Egevad L, Stattin P, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Prostate cancer induces C/EBPβ expression in surrounding epithelial cells which relates to tumor aggressiveness and patient outcome. Prostate 2019; 79:435-445. [PMID: 30536410 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantation of rat prostate cancer cells into the normal rat prostate results in tumor-stimulating adaptations in the tumor-bearing organ. Similar changes are seen in prostate cancer patients and they are related to outcome. One gene previously found to be upregulated in the non-malignant part of tumor-bearing prostate lobe in rats was the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ). METHODS To explore this further, we examined C/EBPβ expression by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot in normal rat prostate tissue surrounding slow-growing non-metastatic Dunning G, rapidly growing poorly metastatic (AT-1), and rapidly growing highly metastatic (MatLyLu) rat prostate tumors-and also by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) from prostate cancer patients managed by watchful waiting. RESULTS In rats, C/EBPβ mRNA expression was upregulated in the surrounding tumor-bearing prostate lobe. In tumors and in the surrounding non-malignant prostate tissue, C/EBPβ was detected by immunohistochemistry in some epithelial cells and in infiltrating macrophages. The magnitude of glandular epithelial C/EBPβ expression in the tumor-bearing prostates was associated with tumor size, distance to the tumor, and metastatic capacity. In prostate cancer patients, high expression of C/EBPβ in glandular epithelial cells in the surrounding tumor-bearing tissue was associated with accumulation of M1 macrophages (iNOS+) and favorable outcome. High expression of C/EBPβ in tumor epithelial cells was associated with high Gleason score, high tumor cell proliferation, metastases, and poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS This study suggest that the expression of C/EBP-beta, a transcription factor mediating multiple biological effects, is differentially expressed both in the benign parts of the tumor-bearing prostate and in prostate tumors, and that alterations in this may be related to patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Hägglöf
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tove Dahl Scherdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Schillaci O, Scimeca M, Trivigno D, Chiaravalloti A, Facchetti S, Anemona L, Bonfiglio R, Santeusanio G, Tancredi V, Bonanno E, Urbano N, Mauriello A. Prostate cancer and inflammation: A new molecular imaging challenge in the era of personalized medicine. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 68-69:66-79. [PMID: 30770226 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cancer and inflammation is one of the most important fields for both clinical and translational research. Despite numerous studies reported interesting and solid data about the prognostic value of the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in cancers, the biological role of inflammation in prostate cancer development is not yet fully clarified. The characterization of molecular pathways that connect altered inflammatory response and prostate cancer progression can provide the scientific rationale for the identification of new prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Specifically, the detection of infiltrating immune cells or related-cytokines by histology and/or by molecular imaging techniques could profoundly change the management of prostate cancer patients. In this context, the anatomic pathology and imaging diagnostic teamwork can provide a valuable support for the validation of new targets for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer lesions associated to the inflammatory infiltrate. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature about the role of molecular imaging technique and anatomic pathology in the study of the mutual interaction occurring between prostate cancer and inflammation. Specifically, we reported the more recent advances in molecular imaging and histological methods for the early detection of prostate lesions associated to the inflammatory infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; University of San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donata Trivigno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Agostino Chiaravalloti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simone Facchetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Rita Bonfiglio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santeusanio
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- University of San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Nuclear Medicine, Policlinico "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
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16
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Meng J, Gu F, Fang H, Qu B. Elevated Serum S100A9 Indicated Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection. J Cancer 2019; 10:408-415. [PMID: 30719134 PMCID: PMC6360318 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies suggest S100A9 is a promising biomarker for prognosis in cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We examined the utility of serum S100A9 in predicting prognosis in HCC after curative resection. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 379 HCC patients who underwent curative resection. Patients were randomly stratified into two independent groups to evaluate the prognostic value of S100A9. S100A9 was determined by ELISA. Results: Patients with advanced disease showed significantly higher S100A9 levels (all P < 0.050). Serum S100A9 was elevated in patients who developed recurrence and death in both training and validation cohorts (all P < 0.050). In the training cohort, patients with higher preoperative S100A9 had a significantly shorter time to recurrence (15.50 vs. 64.00 months, P < 0.001) and decreased overall survival (34.80 months vs. not reached, P < 0.001). Cox regression demonstrated S100A9 was an independent indicator for poor prognosis after resection (both P < 0.050). These results were confirmed by the independent validation cohort. Conclusions: Serum S100A9 is associated with dismal outcomes in HCC patients and can serve as a novel prognostic indicator for HCC patients after resection. Determination of S100A9 might help tailor treatment strategy to improve HCC patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Shanghai Pudong District, No. 490, Chuan Huan Road South, Chuansha Town, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Shanghai Pudong District, No. 490, Chuan Huan Road South, Chuansha Town, Shanghai 201200, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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17
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Bresnick AR. S100 proteins as therapeutic targets. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1617-1629. [PMID: 30382555 PMCID: PMC6297089 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome codes for 21 S100 protein family members, which exhibit cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns. Despite sharing a high degree of sequence and structural similarity, the S100 proteins bind a diverse range of protein targets and contribute to a broad array of intracellular and extracellular functions. Consequently, the S100 proteins regulate multiple cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and/or invasion, and differentiation, and play important roles in a variety of cancers, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the development of S100 neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors and their potential therapeutic use in controlling disease progression and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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18
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Källberg E, Tahvili S, Ivars F, Leanderson T. Induction of S100A9 homodimer formation in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:564-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Bergström SH, Järemo H, Nilsson M, Adamo HH, Bergh A. Prostate tumors downregulate microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) in the surrounding benign prostate epithelium and this response is associated with tumor aggressiveness. Prostate 2018; 78:257-265. [PMID: 29250809 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) is a major secretory product from prostate epithelial cells. MSMB synthesis is decreased in prostate tumors in relation to tumor grade. MSMB levels are also reduced in the circulation and MSMB is therefore used as a serum biomarker for prostate cancer. We hypothesized that cancers induce a reduction in MSMB synthesis also in the benign parts of the prostate, and that the magnitude of this response is related to tumor aggressiveness. Reduced levels of MSMB in the circulation could therefore be a consequence of reduced MSMB expression not only in tumor tissue but also in the benign prostate tissue. METHODS MSMB expression was analyzed in prostatectomy specimens from 36 patients using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. MSMB expression in the benign prostate tissue was analyzed in relation to Gleason score, tumor stage, and distance to the tumor. Furthermore, Dunning rat prostate tumors with different aggressiveness were implanted into the prostate of Copenhagen rats to study if this affected the MSMB expression in the tumor-adjacent benign rat prostate tissue. RESULTS In prostatectomy specimens, MSMB expression was reduced in prostate tumors but also in the tumor-adjacent benign parts of the prostate. The reduction in tumor MSMB was related to tumor grade and stage, and the reduction in the benign parts of the prostate to tumor grade, stage, and distance to the tumor. Implantation of Dunning cancer cells into the rat prostate resulted in reduced MSMB protein levels in the tumor-adjacent benign prostate tissue. Rapidly growing and metastatic MatLyLu tumors had a more pronounced effect than slow-growing non-metastatic G tumors. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that aggressive prostate tumors suppress MSMB synthesis in the benign prostate and that this could explain why serum levels of MSMB are decreased in prostate cancer patients. This study suggests that markers for aggressive cancer can be found among factors altered in parallel in prostate tumors and in the adjacent benign tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Järemo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hanibal Hani Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Argyris PP, Slama ZM, Ross KF, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin and the Initiation and Progression of Head and Neck Cancer. J Dent Res 2018; 97:674-682. [PMID: 29443623 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518756330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (S100A8/A9), a heterodimeric complex of calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, is encoded by genes mapping to the chromosomal locus 1q21.3 of the epidermal differentiation complex. Whereas extracellular calprotectin shows proinflammatory and antimicrobial properties by signaling through RAGE and TLR4, intracytoplasmic S100A8/A9 appears to be important for cellular development, maintenance, and survival. S100A8/A9 is constitutively expressed in myeloid cells and the stratified mucosal epithelia lining the oropharyngeal and genitourinary mucosae. While upregulated in adenocarcinomas and other cancers, calprotectin mRNA and protein levels decline in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). S100A8/A9 is also lost during head and neck preneoplasia (dysplasia). Calprotectin decrease does not correlate with the clinical stage (TNM) of HNSCC. When expressed in carcinoma cells, S100A8/A9 downregulates matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression and inhibits invasion and migration in vitro. S100A8/A9 regulates cell cycle progression and decelerates cancer cell proliferation by arresting at the G2/M checkpoint in a protein phosphatase 2α-dependent manner. In HNSCC, S100A8 and S100A9 coregulate with gene networks controlling cellular development and differentiation, cell-to-cell signaling, and cell morphology, while S100A8/A9 appears to downregulate expression of invasion- and tumorigenesis-associated genes. Indeed, tumor formation capacity is attenuated in S100A8/A9-expressing carcinoma cells in vivo. Hence, intracellular calprotectin appears to function as a tumor suppressor in head and neck carcinogenesis. When compared with S100A8/A9-low HNSCC based on analysis of TCGA, S100A8/A9-high HNSCC shows significant upregulation of apoptosis-related genes, including multiple caspases. Accordingly, S100A8/A9 facilitates DNA damage responses in HNSCC, promotes apoptotic cell death, and confers sensitivity to cisplatin and X-radiation in vitro. In the tumor milieu, loss of S100A8/A9 strongly associates with poor squamous differentiation and higher tumor grading, EGFR upregulation, increased DNA methylation, and, finally, poorer overall survival for patients with HNSCC. Hence, intracellular calprotectin shows a multifaceted protective role against the development of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Argyris
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z M Slama
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - K F Ross
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Khammanivong
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,3 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M C Herzberg
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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21
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Khammanivong A, Sorenson BS, Ross KF, Dickerson EB, Hasina R, Lingen MW, Herzberg MC. Involvement of calprotectin (S100A8/A9) in molecular pathways associated with HNSCC. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14029-47. [PMID: 26883112 PMCID: PMC4924696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (S100A8/A9), a heterodimeric protein complex of calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, plays key roles in cell cycle regulation and inflammation, with potential functions in squamous cell differentiation. While upregulated in many cancers, S100A8/A9 is downregulated in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, esophagus, and the head and neck (HNSCC). We previously reported that ectopic S100A8/A9 expression inhibits cell cycle progression in carcinoma cells. Here, we show that declining expression of S100A8/A9 in patients with HNSCC is associated with increased DNA methylation, less differentiated tumors, and reduced overall survival. Upon ectopic over-expression of S100A8/A9, the cancer phenotype of S100A8/A9-negative carcinoma cells was suppressed in vitro and tumor growth in vivo was significantly decreased. MMP1, INHBA, FST, LAMC2, CCL3, SULF1, and SLC16A1 were significantly upregulated in HNSCC but were downregulated by S100A8/A9 expression. Our findings strongly suggest that downregulation of S100A8/A9 through epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to increased proliferation, malignant transformation, and disease progression in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brent S Sorenson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rifat Hasina
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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22
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Strömvall K, Thysell E, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Aggressive rat prostate tumors reprogram the benign parts of the prostate and regional lymph nodes prior to metastasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176679. [PMID: 28472073 PMCID: PMC5417597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to grow and spread tumors need to interact with adjacent tissues. We therefore hypothesized that small but aggressive prostate cancers influence the rest of the prostate and regional lymph nodes differently than tumors that are more indolent. Poorly metastatic (Dunning AT1) or highly metastatic (Dunning MLL) rat prostate tumor cells were injected into the ventral prostate lobe of immunocompetent rats. After 10 days—when the tumors occupied about 30% of the prostate lobe and lymph node metastases were undetectable—the global gene expression in tumors, benign parts of the prostate, and regional iliac lymph nodes were examined to define tumor-induced changes related to preparation for future metastasis. The tumors induced profound effects on the gene expression profiles in the benign parts of the prostate and these were strikingly different in the two tumor models. Gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that tumors with high metastatic capacity were more successful than less metastatic tumors in inducing tumor-promoting changes and suppressing anti-tumor immune responses in the entire prostate. Some of these differences such as altered angiogenesis, nerve density, accumulation of T-cells and macrophages were verified by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression alterations in the regional lymph nodes suggested decreased quantity and activation of immune cells in MLL-lymph nodes that were also verified by immunostaining. In summary, even when small highly metastatic prostate tumors can affect the entire tumor-bearing organ and pre-metastatic lymph nodes differently than less metastatic tumors. When the kinetics of these extratumoral influences (by us named TINT = tumor instructed normal tissue) are more precisely defined they could potentially be used as markers of disease aggressiveness and become therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Strömvall
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Ylitalo EB, Thysell E, Jernberg E, Lundholm M, Crnalic S, Egevad L, Stattin P, Widmark A, Bergh A, Wikström P. Subgroups of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases Defined Through an Inverse Relationship Between Androgen Receptor Activity and Immune Response. Eur Urol 2017; 71:776-787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Leach DA, Buchanan G. Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010010. [PMID: 28117763 PMCID: PMC5295781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer development and progression is the result of complex interactions between epithelia cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, in a series of dynamic process amenable to regulation by hormones. Whilst androgen action through the androgen receptor (AR) is a well-established component of prostate cancer biology, it has been becoming increasingly apparent that changes in AR signalling in the surrounding stroma can dramatically influence tumour cell behavior. This is reflected in the consistent finding of a strong association between stromal AR expression and patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the relationship between AR signalling in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in the primary site, and detail the known functions, actions, and mechanisms of fibroblast AR signaling. We conclude with an evidence-based summary of how androgen action in stroma dramatically influences disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Canberra Teaching Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia.
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Halin Bergström S, Nilsson M, Adamo H, Thysell E, Jernberg E, Stattin P, Widmark A, Wikström P, Bergh A. Extratumoral Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) Expressing Macrophages Likely Promote Primary and Metastatic Prostate Tumor Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157280. [PMID: 27280718 PMCID: PMC4900522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive tumors induce tumor-supporting changes in the benign parts of the prostate. One factor that has increased expression outside prostate tumors is hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1). To investigate HO-1 expression in more detail, we analyzed samples of tumor tissue and peritumoral normal prostate tissue from rats carrying cancers with different metastatic capacity, and human prostate cancer tissue samples from primary tumors and bone metastases. In rat prostate tumor samples, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR showed that the main site of HO-1 synthesis was HO-1+ macrophages that accumulated in the tumor-bearing organ, and at the tumor-invasive front. Small metastatic tumors were considerably more effective in attracting HO-1+ macrophages than larger non-metastatic ones. In clinical samples, accumulation of HO-1+ macrophages was seen at the tumor invasive front, almost exclusively in high-grade tumors, and it correlated with the presence of bone metastases. HO-1+ macrophages, located at the tumor invasive front, were more abundant in bone metastases than in primary tumors. HO-1 expression in bone metastases was variable, and positively correlated with the expression of macrophage markers but negatively correlated with androgen receptor expression, suggesting that elevated HO-1 could be a marker for a subgroup of bone metastases. Together with another recent observation showing that selective knockout of HO-1 in macrophages reduced prostate tumor growth and metastatic capacity in animals, the results of this study suggest that extratumoral HO-1+ macrophages may have an important role in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Halin Bergström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hanibal Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Jernberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Widmark
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wikström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Nakhlé J, Pierron V, Bauchet AL, Plas P, Thiongane A, Meyer-Losic F, Schmidlin F. Tasquinimod modulates tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and improves the antitumor immune response to PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1145333. [PMID: 27471612 PMCID: PMC4955379 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1145333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of myeloid cells helps tumors to overcome immune surveillance and imparts resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Thus, strategies to modulate the effects of these immune cells may offer a potential therapeutic benefit. We report here that tasquinimod, a novel immunotherapy which targets S100A9 signaling, reduces the immunosuppressive properties of myeloid cells in preclinical models of bladder cancer (BCa). As single anticancer agent, tasquinimod treatment was effective in preventing early stage tumor growth, but did not achieve a clear antitumor effect in advanced tumors. Investigations of this response revealed that tasquinimod induces an increase in the expression of a negative regulator of T cell activation, Programmed-death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This markedly weakens its antitumor immunity, yet provokes an "inflamed" milieu rendering tumors more prone to T cell-mediated immune attack by PD-L1 blockade. Interestingly, the combination of tasquinimod with an Anti-PD-L1 antibody enhanced the antitumor immune response in bladder tumors. This combination synergistically modulated tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, thereby strongly affecting proliferation and activation of effector T cells. Together, our data provide insight into the rational combination of therapies that activate both innate and adaptive immune system, such as the association of S100A9-targeting agents with immune checkpoints inhibitors, to improve the response to cancer immunotherapeutic agents in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nakhlé
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Valérie Pierron
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Pascale Plas
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Amath Thiongane
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Fabien Schmidlin
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
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ERG expression in prostate cancer: biological relevance and clinical implication. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:1781-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Adamo HH, Strömvall K, Nilsson M, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Adaptive (TINT) Changes in the Tumor Bearing Organ Are Related to Prostate Tumor Size and Aggressiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141601. [PMID: 26536349 PMCID: PMC4633147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to grow, tumors need to induce supportive alterations in the tumor-bearing organ, by us named tumor instructed normal tissue (TINT) changes. We now examined if the nature and magnitude of these responses were related to tumor size and aggressiveness. Three different Dunning rat prostate tumor cells were implanted into the prostate of immune-competent rats; 1) fast growing and metastatic MatLyLu tumor cells 2) fast growing and poorly metastatic AT-1 tumor cells, and 3) slow growing and non-metastatic G tumor cells. All tumor types induced increases in macrophage, mast cell and vascular densities and in vascular cell-proliferation in the tumor-bearing prostate lobe compared to controls. These increases occurred in parallel with tumor growth. The most pronounced and rapid responses were seen in the prostate tissue surrounding MatLyLu tumors. They were, also when small, particularly effective in attracting macrophages and stimulating growth of not only micro-vessels but also small arteries and veins compared to the less aggressive AT-1 and G tumors. The nature and magnitude of tumor-induced changes in the tumor-bearing organ are related to tumor size but also to tumor aggressiveness. These findings, supported by previous observation in patient samples, suggest that one additional way to evaluate prostate tumor aggressiveness could be to monitor its effect on adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Hani Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Strömvall
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Luo J, Wang M, Li C, Liang B, Liu D, Shi C, Jiang F, Wang T, Li P, Liang Z. A Novel Combination of Calprotectin and CXCL12 for Predicting Malignancy in Patients with Exudative Pleural Effusion. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2105. [PMID: 26632726 PMCID: PMC5058995 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleural effusion (PE) remains a significant challenge and public health problem, which needs novel noninvasive biomarkers for the precise diagnosis. The aim of this study was to further determine the clinical efficacy and diagnostic accuracy of a novel combination of calprotectin and CXCL12 for predicting malignancy in patients with exudative PE.Calprotectin and CXCL12 concentrations were measured in 95 individuals of exudative PE, with 39 malignant PE (MPE) and 56 benign PE (BPE). The accuracy of calprotectin and CXCL12 levels for discriminating MPE from BPE or tuberculous PE were evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between calprotectin and CXCL12 levels and MPE.Calprotectin and CXCL12 levels of patients with MPE were significantly lower than that of BPE and tuberculous PE (P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of calprotectin and CXCL12 was 0.683 and 0.641 in MPE and BPE, and a combination of calprotectin ≤500.19 ng/mL and CXCL12 ≤6.11 ng/mL rendered a sensitivity and specificity of 48.72% and 78.57%, respectively. While in MPE and tuberculous PE, the AUC of calprotectin and CXCL12 was 0.696 and 0.690, and a combination of calprotectin ≤421.73 ng/mL and CXCL12 ≤3.71 ng/mL presented a sensitivity and specificity of 25.64% and 95.45%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that both calprotectin and CXCL12 were independent predictors of MPE.Calprotectin and CXCL12 in pleural fluid are informative diagnostic biomarkers for predicting patients with MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu (JL, MW, BL, CS, FJ, TW, PL, ZL); Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming (CL); and Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (DL)
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Secreted Factors from Colorectal and Prostate Cancer Cells Skew the Immune Response in Opposite Directions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15651. [PMID: 26503803 PMCID: PMC4621525 DOI: 10.1038/srep15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration has been associated with an improved prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), but a poor prognosis in prostate cancer (PC) patients. In this study, the distribution and prognostic value of proinflammatory M1 macrophages (NOS2(+)) and immunosuppressive M2 macrophages (CD163(+)) was evaluated in a cohort of 234 PC patients. We found that macrophages infiltrating PC were mainly of an M2 type and correlated with a more aggressive tumor and poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, the M1/M2 ratio was significantly decreased in PC compared to CRC. Using in vitro cell culture experiments, we could show that factors secreted from CRC and PC cells induced macrophages of a proinflammatory or immunosuppressive phenotype, respectively. These macrophages differentially affected autologous T lymphocyte proliferation and activation. Consistent with this, CRC specimens were found to have higher degrees of infiltrating T-helper 1 cells and active cytotoxic T lymphocytes, while PC specimens displayed functionally inactive T cells. In conclusion, our results imply that tumour-secreted factors from cancers of different origin can drive macrophage differentiation in opposite directions and thereby regulate the organization of the anti-tumour immune response. Our findings suggest that reprogramming of macrophages could be an important tool in the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies.
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High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140985. [PMID: 26501565 PMCID: PMC4621025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. In radical prostatectomy specimens, LOX immune-staining corresponded to LOX in-situ hybridization and LOX mRNA levels were found to be similar between tumor and adjacent non-malignant areas, but significantly increased in bone metastases samples. LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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32
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S100A9 expressed in ER(-)PgR(-) breast cancers induces inflammatory cytokines and is associated with an impaired overall survival. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1234-43. [PMID: 26448179 PMCID: PMC4647879 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer form among women today. Depending on hormone receptor status, breast cancers are divided into different subtypes with vastly varying prognosis. S100A9 is a calcium-binding protein that is associated with inflammation and expressed not only in myeloid cells but also in some tumours. The role for S100A9 in the malignant cells is not well characterised; however, previous studies have shown that the protein could have important immune-modulating properties. Methods: Using a human breast cancer cohort consisting of 144 tumour samples and in vitro analysis of human breast cancer cell lines, we investigated the expression and function of S100A9 in human breast cancer. Results: We show that S100A9 expression in breast cancer correlated with the ER−PgR− breast tumour subtype (P<0.001) and with Ki67 (P=0.024) and was expressed both in the malignant cells and in the tumour-infiltrating anti-inflammatory CD163+ myeloid cells (P<0.001). Stromal expression of S100A9 also correlated to nodal stage, tumour size and Her2 positivity. Within the ER−PgR− subgroup, all Her2+ and EGFR+ tumours expressed S100A9 in the cytoplasm. Both cytoplasmic staining in the malignant cells as well as stromal S100A9 expression in myeloid cells correlated with a decreased overall survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, rS100A9 homodimers induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β) in a TLR4- and EGFR-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion: We suggest that S100A9 could be viewed as a novel therapeutic target for patients with ER−PgR− breast cancers.
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Sequeiros T, Bastarós JM, Sánchez M, Rigau M, Montes M, Placer J, Planas J, de Torres I, Reventós J, Pegtel DM, Doll A, Morote J, Olivan M. Urinary biomarkers for the detection of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate 2015; 75:1102-13. [PMID: 25845829 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is a recognized precursor stage of PCa. Men who present HGPIN in a first prostate biopsy face years of active surveillance including repeat biopsies. This study aimed to identify non-invasive prognostic biomarkers that differentiate early on between indolent HGPIN cases and those that will transform into actual PCa. METHODS We measured the expression of 21 candidate mRNA biomarkers using quantitative PCR in urine sediment samples from a cohort of 90 patients with initial diagnosis of HGPIN and a posterior follow up of at least two years. Uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to analyze the candidate biomarkers and multiplex models using combinations of these biomarkers. RESULTS PSMA, PCA3, PSGR, GOLM, KLK3, CDH1, and SPINK1 behaved as predictors for PCa presence in repeat biopsies. Multiplex models outperformed (AUC = 0.81-0.86) the predictive power of single genes, including the FDA-approved PCA3 (AUC = 0.70). With a fixed sensitivity of 95%, the specificity of our multiplex models was of 41-58%, compared to the 30% of PCA3. The PPV of our models (30-38%) was also higher than the PPV of PCA3 (27%), suggesting that benign cases could be more accurately identified. Applying statistical models, we estimated that 33% to 47% of repeat biopsies could be prevented with a multiplex PCR model, representing an easy applicable and significant advantage over the current gold standard in urine sediment. DISCUSSION Using multiplex RTqPCR-based models in urine sediment it is possible to improve the current diagnostic method of choice (PCA3) to differentiate between benign HGPIN and PCa cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sequeiros
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Bastarós
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milagros Sánchez
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Rigau
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melania Montes
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Placer
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaques Planas
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés de Torres
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- IDIBELL- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Michiel Pegtel
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Doll
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Bàsiques, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Group of Biomedical Research in Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Adamo HH, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Characterization of a Gene Expression Signature in Normal Rat Prostate Tissue Induced by the Presence of a Tumor Elsewhere in the Organ. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130076. [PMID: 26076453 PMCID: PMC4468243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of rat prostate cancer cells into the normal rat prostate results in tumor-stimulating changes in the tumor-bearing organ, for example growth of the vasculature, an altered extracellular matrix, and influx of inflammatory cells. To investigate this response further, we compared prostate morphology and the gene expression profile of tumor-bearing normal rat prostate tissue (termed tumor-instructed/indicating normal tissue (TINT)) with that of prostate tissue from controls. Dunning rat AT-1 prostate cancer cells were injected into rat prostate and tumors were established after 10 days. As controls we used intact animals, animals injected with heat-killed AT-1 cells or cell culture medium. None of the controls showed morphological TINT-changes. A rat Illumina whole-genome expression array was used to analyze gene expression in AT-1 tumors, TINT, and in medium injected prostate tissue. We identified 423 upregulated genes and 38 downregulated genes (p<0.05, ≥2-fold change) in TINT relative to controls. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified key TINT-changes, and they were not detected in controls. Expression of some genes was changed in a manner similar to that in the tumor, whereas other changes were exclusive to TINT. Ontological analysis using GeneGo software showed that the TINT gene expression profile was coupled to processes such as inflammation, immune response, and wounding. Many of the genes whose expression is altered in TINT have well-established roles in tumor biology, and the present findings indicate that they may also function by adapting the surrounding tumor-bearing organ to the needs of the tumor. Even though a minor tumor cell contamination in TINT samples cannot be ruled out, our data suggest that there are tumor-induced changes in gene expression in the normal tumor-bearing organ which can probably not be explained by tumor cell contamination. It is important to validate these changes further, as they could hypothetically serve as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanibal Hani Adamo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Tabur S, Korkmaz H, Özkaya M, Elboğa U, Tarakçıoglu M, Aksoy N, Akarsu E. Serum calprotectin: a new potential biomarker for thyroid papillary carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7549-56. [PMID: 25916207 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate serum calprotectin levels and oxidative stress status in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and the changes in their levels after total thyroidectomy. The study involved 30 patients with PTC and 30 healthy controls. Blood samples were obtained from the PTC patients before and 1 month after the operation. Preoperative and postoperative serum samples from PTC patients and healthy controls were analysed for calprotectin, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and lipid hydroperokside (LOOH). The preoperative calprotectin, TOS, OSI and LOOH levels of the patients with PTC were significantly higher compared to those of the control group (p < 0.001, for each). The levels of calprotectin decreased significantly in patients with PTC after the operation (p < 0.001), while TAS, TOS and OSI levels remained unchanged (p = 0.313, p = 0.085 and p = 0.163, respectively). Preoperative serum calprotectin levels were positively correlated with TOS, OSI and LOOH levels and negatively correlated with TAS levels in patients with PTC. In conclusion, serum calprotectin levels is increased in patients with PTC, and calprotectin is positively correlated with TOS and LOOH. Serum calprotectin levels is significantly decreased after total thyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tabur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - H Korkmaz
- Edirne State Hospital, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, 22030, Edirne, Turkey.
| | - M Özkaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - U Elboğa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - M Tarakçıoglu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - N Aksoy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, 63300, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - E Akarsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, 27100, Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Yun SJ, Yan C, Jeong P, Kang HW, Kim YH, Kim EA, Lee OJ, Kim WT, Moon SK, Kim IY, Choi YH, Kim WJ. Comparison of mRNA, Protein, and Urinary Nucleic Acid Levels of S100A8 and S100A9 between Prostate Cancer and BPH. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:2439-45. [PMID: 25348783 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections and inflammation in the prostate play a critical role in carcinogenesis, and S100A8 and S100A9 are key mediators in acute and chronic inflammation. Therefore, we investigated the differences of S100A8/A9 expression between prostate cancer (CaP) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues, and we evaluated the possibilities of urinary nucleic acids of S100A8/A9 as diagnostic and prognostic markers. METHODS Tissues from 132 CaP patients who underwent prostatectomy or transurethral resection and 90 BPH patients who underwent transurethral prostatectomy were assessed.sd In addition, S100A8 and S100A9 nucleic acid levels were measured in the urine of 283 CaP patients and 363 BPH controls. RESULTS S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA levels were lower in CaP than BPH tissues (P < 0.001). S100A8 and S100A9 expression was increased in cancer tissues with poorer prognosis. In 69 specimens from prostatectomy patients, S100A8/A9 were the independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio 5.22, 95 % confidence interval 1.800-15.155, P = 0.002). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that BPH tissues stained more strongly for both S100A8 and S100A9 than CaP tissues (P < 0.001). S100A8 and S100A9 urinary nucleic acid levels were lower in CaP than in BPH (P = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS S100A8/A9 levels are lower in CaP than in BPH. Both were more highly expressed in patients with aggressive disease and shorter biochemical recurrence-free time. S100A8/A9 urinary cell-free nucleic acid levels correlated positively with expression levels obtained from tissue staining. Therefore, S100A8/A9 measurement in tissues and urine may have diagnostic and prognostic value in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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