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Bosdriesz E, Fernandes Neto JM, Sieber A, Bernards R, Blüthgen N, Wessels LF. Identifying mutant-specific multi-drug combinations using Comparative Network Reconstruction. iScience 2022; 25:104760. [PMID: 35992065 PMCID: PMC9385552 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Yang HT, Chien MY, Chiang JH, Lin PC. Literature-based translation from synthetic lethality screening into therapeutics targets: CD82 is a novel target for KRAS mutation in colon cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5287-5295. [PMID: 36212540 PMCID: PMC9519430 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic lethality (SL) is an emerging therapeutic paradigm in cancer. We introduced a different approach to prioritize SL gene pairs through literature mining and RAS-mutant high-throughput screening (HTS) data. We matched essential genes from text-mining and mutant genes from the COSMIC and CCLE HTS datasets to build a prediction model of SL gene pairs. CCLE gene expression data were used to enrich the essential-mutant SL gene pairs using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and literature mining. In total, 223 essential trigger terms were extracted and ranked. The threshold of the essential gene score (Sg) was set to 10. We identified 586 genes essential for the SL prediction model of colon cancer. Seven essential RAS-mutant SL gene pairs were identified in our model, including CD82-KRAS/NRAS, PEBP1-NRAS, MT-CO2-HRAS, IFI27-NRAS/KRAS, and SUMO1-HRAS gene pairs. Using RAS-mutant HTS data validation, we identified two potential SL gene pairs, including the CD82 (essential gene)–KRAS (mutant gene) pair and CD82–NRAS pair in the DLD-1 colon cancer cell line (Spearman’s correlation p-values = 0.004786 and 0.00249, respectively). Based on further annotations by PubChem, we observed that digitonin targeted the complex comprising CD82, especially in KRAS-mutated HCT116 cancer cells. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrated that CD82 exhibited selective vulnerability in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. We used literature mining and HTS data to identify candidates for SL targets for RAS-mutant colon cancer.
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Sajjad H, Imtiaz S, Noor T, Siddiqui YH, Sajjad A, Zia M. Cancer models in preclinical research: A chronicle review of advancement in effective cancer research. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:87-103. [PMID: 34179717 PMCID: PMC8212826 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major stress for public well-being and is the most dreadful disease. The models used in the discovery of cancer treatment are continuously changing and extending toward advanced preclinical studies. Cancer models are either naturally existing or artificially prepared experimental systems that show similar features with human tumors though the heterogeneous nature of the tumor is very familiar. The choice of the most fitting model to best reflect the given tumor system is one of the real difficulties for cancer examination. Therefore, vast studies have been conducted on the cancer models for developing a better understanding of cancer invasion, progression, and early detection. These models give an insight into cancer etiology, molecular basis, host tumor interaction, the role of microenvironment, and tumor heterogeneity in tumor metastasis. These models are also used to predict novel cancer markers, targeted therapies, and are extremely helpful in drug development. In this review, the potential of cancer models to be used as a platform for drug screening and therapeutic discoveries are highlighted. Although none of the cancer models is regarded as ideal because each is associated with essential caveats that restraint its application yet by bridging the gap between preliminary cancer research and translational medicine. However, they promise a brighter future for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Sajjad
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Saiqa Imtiaz
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | | | - Anila Sajjad
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of BiotechnologyQuaid‐i‐Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan
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Lee MW, Miljanic M, Triplett T, Ramirez C, Aung KL, Eckhardt SG, Capasso A. Current methods in translational cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:7-30. [PMID: 32929562 PMCID: PMC7897192 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pre-clinical screening tools, that more reliably predict the clinical effects and adverse events of candidate therapeutic agents, has ushered in a new era of drug development and screening. However, given the rapid pace with which these models have emerged, the individual merits of these translational research tools warrant careful evaluation in order to furnish clinical researchers with appropriate information to conduct pre-clinical screening in an accelerated and rational manner. This review assesses the predictive utility of both well-established and emerging pre-clinical methods in terms of their suitability as a screening platform for treatment response, ability to represent pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug properties, and lastly debates the translational limitations and benefits of these models. To this end, we will describe the current literature on cell culture, organoids, in vivo mouse models, and in silico computational approaches. Particular focus will be devoted to discussing gaps and unmet needs in the literature as well as current advancements and innovations achieved in the field, such as co-clinical trials and future avenues for refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mihailo Miljanic
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Todd Triplett
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Craig Ramirez
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyaw L Aung
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Plunkett C, Kumar A, Yrastorza J, Hou YH, Placone J, Grennan G, Engler AJ. H-Ras Transformation of Mammary Epithelial Cells Induces ERK-Mediated Spreading on Low Stiffness Matrix. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901366. [PMID: 31951109 PMCID: PMC7274860 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) is a critical step in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but evidence also shows that MECs undergo EMT with increasing matrix stiffness; the interplay of genetic and environmental effects on EMT is not clear. To understand their combinatorial effects on EMT, premalignant MCF10A and isogenic Ras-transformed MCF10AT are cultured on polyacrylamide gels ranging from normal mammary stiffness, ≈150 Pa, to tumor stiffness, ≈5700 Pa. Though cells spread on stiff hydrogels independent of transformation, only 10AT cells exhibit heterogeneous spreading behavior on soft hydrogels. Within this mixed population, spread cells exhibit an elongated, mesenchymal-like morphology, disrupted localization of the basement membrane, and nuclear localization of the EMT transcription factor TWIST1. MCF10AT spreading is not driven by typical mechanosensitive pathways including YAP and TGF-β or by myosin contraction. Rather, ERK activation induces spreading of MCF10AT cells on soft hydrogels and requires dynamic microtubules. These findings indicate the importance of oncogenic signals, and their hierarchy with substrate mechanics, in regulating MEC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
| | - Jaime Yrastorza
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
| | - Yang-Hsun Hou
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
| | - Jesse Placone
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
| | - Adam J. Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
- Biomedical Sciences Program, UC San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA 92093
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine; La Jolla, CA USA 92037
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Ogishima J, Taguchi A, Kawata A, Kawana K, Yoshida M, Yoshimatsu Y, Sato M, Nakamura H, Kawata Y, Nishijima A, Fujimoto A, Tomio K, Adachi K, Nagamatsu T, Oda K, Kiyono T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. The oncogene KRAS promotes cancer cell dissemination by stabilizing spheroid formation via the MEK pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1201. [PMID: 30509235 PMCID: PMC6278087 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal dissemination is a critical prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. Although stabilized spheroid formation promotes cancer cell peritoneal dissemination in ovarian cancer, the associated oncogenes are unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of the KRAS oncogene in ovarian cancer cell dissemination, focusing on the stability of cells in spheroid condition, as well as the modulation of intracellular signaling following spheroid transformation. Methods We used ID8, a murine ovarian cancer cell line, and ID8-KRAS, an oncogenic KRAS (G12 V)-transduced ID8 cell line in this study. Spheroid-forming (3D) culture and cell proliferation assays were performed to evaluate the growth characteristics of these cells. cDNA microarray analysis was performed to identify genes involved in KRAS-associated signal transduction in floating condition. A MEK inhibitor was used to evaluate the effect on cancer peritoneal dissemination. Results Cell viability and proliferation in monolayer (2D) cultures did not differ between ID8 and ID8-KRAS cells. However, the proportions of viable and proliferating ID8-KRAS cells in 3D culture were approximately 2-fold and 5-fold higher than that of ID8, respectively. Spheroid-formation was increased in ID8-KRAS cells. Analysis of peritoneal floating cells obtained from mice intra-peritoneally injected with cancer cells revealed that the proportion of proliferating cancer cells was approximately 2-fold higher with ID8-KRAS than with ID8 cells. Comprehensive cDNA microarray analysis revealed that pathways related to cell proliferation, and cell cycle checkpoint and regulation were upregulated specifically in ID8-KRAS cells in 3D culture, and that some genes partially regulated by the MEK-ERK pathway were upregulated only in ID8-KRAS cells in 3D culture. Furthermore, a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, suppressed spheroid formation in 3D culture of ID8-KRAS cells, although trametinib did not affect 2D-culture cell proliferation. Finally, we demonstrated that trametinib dramatically improved the prognosis for mice with ID8-KRAS tumors in an in vivo mouse model. Conclusions Our data indicated that KRAS promoted ovarian cancer dissemination by stabilizing spheroid formation and that the MEK pathway is important for stabilized spheroid formation. Disruption of spheroid formation by a MEK inhibitor could be a therapeutic target for cancer peritoneal dissemination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4922-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Ogishima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Akira Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1 Otaniguchi Uemachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshimatsu
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroe Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Nishijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Asaha Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tomio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Burmi RS, Maginn EN, Gabra H, Stronach EA, Wasan HS. Combined inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR/MEK pathway induces Bim/Mcl-1-regulated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:21-30. [PMID: 30261145 PMCID: PMC6343713 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression and chemotherapy insensitivity have been associated with aberrant PI3K/mTOR/MEK signalling. However, cell death responses activated by inhibitors of these pathways can differ – contextually varying with tumour genetic background. Here, we demonstrate that combining the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF5212384 (PF384) and MEK inhibitor PD325901 (PD901) more effectively induces apoptosis compared with either agent alone, independent of KRAS mutational status in PDAC cell lines. Additionally, a non-caspase dependent decrease in cell viability upon PF384 treatment was observed, and may be attributed to autophagy and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Using reverse phase protein arrays, we identify key molecular events associated with the conversion of cytostatic responses (elicited by single inhibitor treatments) into a complete cell death response when PF384 and PD901 are combined. This response was also independent of KRAS mutation, occurring in both BxPC3 (KRAS wildtype) and MIA-PaCa-2 (KRASG12C mutated) cells. In both cell lines, Bim expression increased in response to PF384/PD901 treatment (by 60% and 48%, respectively), while siRNA-mediated silencing of Bim attenuated the apoptosis induced by combination treatment. In parallel, Mcl-1 levels decreased by 36% in BxPC3, and 30% in MIA-PaCa-2 cells. This is consistent with a functional role for Mcl-1, and siRNA-mediated silencing enhanced apoptosis in PF384/PD901-treated MIA-PaCa-2 cells, whilst Mcl-1 overexpression decreased apoptosis induction by 24%. Moreover, a novel role was identified for PDCD4 loss in driving the apoptotic response to PF384/PD901 in BxPC3 and MIA-PaCa-2 cell lines. Overall, our data indicates PF384/PD901 co-treatment activates the same apoptotic mechanism in wild-type or KRAS mutant PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpal S Burmi
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Hani Gabra
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom.,b Clinical Discovery Unit , Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Euan A Stronach
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Harpreet S Wasan
- a Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
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Shen JP, Ideker T. Synthetic Lethal Networks for Precision Oncology: Promises and Pitfalls. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2900-2912. [PMID: 29932943 PMCID: PMC6097899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethal interactions, in which the simultaneous loss of function of two genes produces a lethal phenotype, are being explored as a means to therapeutically exploit cancer-specific vulnerabilities and expand the scope of precision oncology. Currently, three Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs work by targeting the synthetic lethal interaction between BRCA1/2 and PARP. This review examines additional efforts to discover networks of synthetic lethal interactions and discusses both challenges and opportunities regarding the translation of new synthetic lethal interactions into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Shen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Cancer Cell Map Initiative, USA.
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Cancer Cell Map Initiative, USA
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Chen Z, Qiao J, Wang Q, Xiao Q. Data on tumor progression of c-mos deficiency in murine models of KrasG12D lung and ApcMin colorectal cancer. Data Brief 2018; 20:1124-1132. [PMID: 30229128 PMCID: PMC6139997 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-mos proto-oncogene was one of the first proto-oncogenes to be cloned. Apart from its role in meiosis, many efforts have been made to illuminate the mechanisms by which c-mos might acts as an oncogene. Increased Mos expression was found in most human tumor tissues. However, a detailed role of c-mos in tumor progression remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed online databases to find out the correlation between Mos expression and poor survival rates in human cancer patients. Then, we crossed c-mos knockout mice with ApcMin or KrasG12D mice to generate intestinal cancer model and lung cancer model, respectively. Tumor progression was monitored, and the influence of c-mos deficiency on cancer formation was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People׳s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ju Qiao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qirui Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 10 Amistad St, New Haven, CT, USA
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Transcriptome profiling of the interconnection of pathways involved in malignant transformation and response to hypoxia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19730-19744. [PMID: 29731978 PMCID: PMC5929421 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumor tissues, hypoxia is a commonly observed feature resulting from rapidly proliferating cancer cells outgrowing their surrounding vasculature network. Transformed cancer cells are known to exhibit phenotypic alterations, enabling continuous proliferation despite a limited oxygen supply. The four-step isogenic BJ cell model enables studies of defined steps of tumorigenesis: the normal, immortalized, transformed, and metastasizing stages. By transcriptome profiling under atmospheric and moderate hypoxic (3% O2) conditions, we observed that despite being highly similar, the four cell lines of the BJ model responded strikingly different to hypoxia. Besides corroborating many of the known responses to hypoxia, we demonstrate that the transcriptome adaptation to moderate hypoxia resembles the process of malignant transformation. The transformed cells displayed a distinct capability of metabolic switching, reflected in reversed gene expression patterns for several genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic pathways. By profiling the stage-specific responses to hypoxia, we identified ASS1 as a potential prognostic marker in hypoxic tumors. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the BJ cell model for highlighting the interconnection of pathways involved in malignant transformation and hypoxic response.
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Haagensen EJ, Thomas HD, Schmalix WA, Payne AC, Kevorkian L, Allen RA, Bevan P, Maxwell RJ, Newell DR. Enhanced anti-tumour activity of the combination of the novel MEK inhibitor WX-554 and the novel PI3K inhibitor WX-037. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:1269-1281. [PMID: 27837257 PMCID: PMC5114336 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumours frequently have defects in multiple oncogenic pathways, e.g. MAPK and PI3K signalling pathways, and combinations of targeted therapies may be required for optimal activity. This study evaluated the novel MEK inhibitor WX-554 and the novel PI3K inhibitor WX-037, as single agents and in combination, in colorectal carcinoma cell lines and tumour xenograft-bearing mice. METHODS In vitro growth inhibition, survival and signal transduction were measured using the Sulforhodamine B, clonogenic and Western blotting assays, respectively, in HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. In vivo anti-tumour efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties were assessed in HCT116 and HT29 human colorectal cancer xenograft tumour-bearing mice. RESULTS The combination of WX-554 and WX-037 exhibited marked synergistic growth inhibition in vitro, which was associated with increased cytotoxicity and enhanced inhibition of ERK and S6 phosphorylation, compared to either agent alone. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that there was no PK interaction between the two drugs at low doses, but that at higher doses, WX-037 may delay the tumour uptake of WX-554. In vivo efficacy studies revealed that the combination of WX-037 and WX-554 was non-toxic and exhibited marked tumour growth inhibition greater than observed with either agent alone. CONCLUSION These studies show for the first time that combination treatment with the novel MEK inhibitor WX-554 and the novel PI3K inhibitor WX-037 can induce synergistic growth inhibition in vitro, which translates into enhanced anti-tumour efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Haagensen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Huw D Thomas
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Bevan
- Wilex AG, Grillparzerstrasse 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ross J Maxwell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David R Newell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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