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Walker C, Chandrasekaran A, Mansour D, Graham K, Torres A, Wang L, Lafer EM, Rangamani P, Stachowiak JC. Liquid-like condensates that bind actin drive filament polymerization and bundling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592527. [PMID: 38826190 PMCID: PMC11142076 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-like protein condensates perform diverse physiological functions. Previous work showed that VASP, a processive actin polymerase, forms condensates that polymerize and bundle actin. To minimize their curvature, filaments accumulated at the inner condensate surface, ultimately deforming the condensate into a rod-like shape, filled with a bundle of parallel filaments. Here we show that this behavior does not require proteins with specific polymerase activity. Specifically, we found that condensates composed of Lamellipodin, a protein that binds actin but is not an actin polymerase, were also capable of polymerizing and bundling actin filaments. To probe the minimum requirements for condensate-mediated actin bundling, we developed an agent-based computational model. Guided by its predictions, we hypothesized that any condensate-forming protein that binds actin could bundle filaments through multivalent crosslinking. To test this idea, we added an actin-binding motif to Eps15, a condensate-forming protein that does not normally bind actin. The resulting chimera formed condensates that drove efficient actin polymerization and bundling. Collectively, these findings broaden the family of proteins that could organize cytoskeletal filaments to include any actin-binding protein that participates in protein condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Walker
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Aravind Chandrasekaran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Mansour
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kristin Graham
- Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Andrea Torres
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Eileen M. Lafer
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeanne C. Stachowiak
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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2
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Dobson L, Barrell WB, Seraj Z, Lynham S, Wu SY, Krause M, Liu KJ. GSK3 and lamellipodin balance lamellipodial protrusions and focal adhesion maturation in mouse neural crest migration. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113030. [PMID: 37632751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are multipotent cells that delaminate from the neuroepithelium, migrating throughout the embryo. Aberrant migration causes developmental defects. Animal models are improving our understanding of neural crest anomalies, but in vivo migration behaviors are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that murine neural crest cells display actin-based lamellipodia and filopodia in vivo. Using neural crest-specific knockouts or inhibitors, we show that the serine-threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and the cytoskeletal regulator lamellipodin (Lpd) are required for lamellipodia formation while preventing focal adhesion maturation. Lpd is a substrate of GSK3, and phosphorylation of Lpd favors interactions with the Scar/WAVE complex (lamellipodia formation) at the expense of VASP and Mena interactions (adhesion maturation and filopodia formation). This improved understanding of cytoskeletal regulation in mammalian neural crest migration has general implications for neural crest anomalies and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dobson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - William B Barrell
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Zahra Seraj
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Centre for Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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3
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Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is home to numerous cell types arising from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells, as well as stromal cell components. Together they form the BM microenvironment or HSC niche. HSCs critically depend on signaling from these niches to function and survive in the long term. Significant advances in imaging technologies over the past decade have permitted the study of the BM microenvironment in mice, particularly with the development of intravital microscopy (IVM), which provides a powerful method to study these cells in vivo and in real time. Still, there is a lot to be learnt about the interactions of individual HSCs with their environment - at steady state and under various stresses - and whether specific niches exist for distinct developing hematopoietic lineages. Here, we describe our protocol and techniques used to visualize transplanted HSCs in the mouse calvarium, using combined confocal and two-photon IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam L R Haltalli
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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4
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Fauser J, Brennan M, Tsygankov D, Karginov AV. Methods for assessment of membrane protrusion dynamics. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 88:205-234. [PMID: 34862027 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protrusions are a critical facet of cell function. Mediating fundamental processes such as cell migration, cell-cell interactions, phagocytosis, as well as assessment and remodeling of the cell environment. Different protrusion types and morphologies can promote different cellular functions and occur downstream of distinct signaling pathways. As such, techniques to quantify and understand the inner workings of protrusion dynamics are critical for a comprehensive understanding of cell biology. In this chapter, we describe approaches to analyze cellular protrusions and correlate physical changes in cell morphology with biochemical signaling processes. We address methods to quantify and characterize protrusion types and velocity, mathematical approaches to predictive models of cytoskeletal changes, and implementation of protein engineering and biosensor design to dissect cell signaling driving protrusive activity. Combining these approaches allows cell biologists to develop a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of membrane protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Fauser
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Martin Brennan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrei V Karginov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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5
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Garlick E, Thomas SG, Owen DM. Super-Resolution Imaging Approaches for Quantifying F-Actin in Immune Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676066. [PMID: 34490240 PMCID: PMC8416680 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells comprise a diverse set of cells that undergo a complex array of biological processes that must be tightly regulated. A key component of cellular machinery that achieves this is the cytoskeleton. Therefore, imaging and quantitatively describing the architecture and dynamics of the cytoskeleton is an important research goal. Optical microscopy is well suited to this task. Here, we review the latest in the state-of-the-art methodology for labeling the cytoskeleton, fluorescence microscopy hardware suitable for such imaging and quantitative statistical analysis software applicable to describing cytoskeletal structures. We also highlight ongoing challenges and areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Garlick
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom.,Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science and School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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6
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Decarli MC, do Amaral RLF, Dos Santos DP, Tofani LB, Katayama E, Rezende RA, Silva JVLD, Swiech K, Suazo CAT, Mota C, Moroni L, Moraes ÂM. Cell spheroids as a versatile research platform: formation mechanisms, high throughput production, characterization and applications. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33592595 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe6f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture has tremendous advantages to closely mimic the in vivo architecture and microenvironment of healthy tissue and organs, as well as of solid tumors. Spheroids are currently the most attractive 3D model to produce uniform reproducible cell structures as well as a potential basis for engineering large tissues and complex organs. In this review we discuss, from an engineering perspective, processes to obtain uniform 3D cell spheroids, comparing dynamic and static cultures and considering aspects such as mass transfer and shear stress. In addition, computational and mathematical modelling of complex cell spheroid systems are discussed. The non-cell-adhesive hydrogel-based method and dynamic cell culture in bioreactors are focused in detail and the myriad of developed spheroid characterization techniques is presented. The main bottlenecks and weaknesses are discussed, especially regarding the analysis of morphological parameters, cell quantification and viability, gene expression profiles, metabolic behavior and high-content analysis. Finally, a vast set of applications of spheroids as tools for in vitro study model systems is examined, including drug screening, tissue formation, pathologies development, tissue engineering and biofabrication, 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, together with their use in high-throughput platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monize Caiado Decarli
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
| | - Robson Luis Ferraz do Amaral
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Diogo Peres Dos Santos
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Larissa Bueno Tofani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, no number, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Eric Katayama
- Departament of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Rodrigo Alvarenga Rezende
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer, Rod. Dom Pedro I (SP-65), km 143,6 - Amarais, Campinas, SP, 13069-901, BRAZIL
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto/Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, BRAZIL
| | - Cláudio Alberto Torres Suazo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz (SP-310), km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, BRAZIL
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration (CTR), University of Maastricht , Universiteitssingel, 40, office 3.541A, Maastricht, 6229 ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Universiteitsingel, 40, Maastricht, 6229ER, NETHERLANDS
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- School of Chemical Engineering/Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein, 500 - Bloco A - Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-852, BRAZIL
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7
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Pickering KA, Gilroy K, Cassidy JW, Fey SK, Najumudeen AK, Zeiger LB, Vincent DF, Gay DM, Johansson J, Fordham RP, Miller B, Clark W, Hedley A, Unal EB, Kiel C, McGhee E, Machesky LM, Nixon C, Johnsson AE, Bain M, Strathdee D, van Hoof SR, Medema JP, Anderson KI, Brachmann SM, Stucke VM, Malliri A, Drysdale M, Turner M, Serrano L, Myant K, Campbell AD, Sansom OJ. A RAC-GEF network critical for early intestinal tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:56. [PMID: 33397922 PMCID: PMC7782582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RAC1 activity is critical for intestinal homeostasis, and is required for hyperproliferation driven by loss of the tumour suppressor gene Apc in the murine intestine. To avoid the impact of direct targeting upon homeostasis, we reasoned that indirect targeting of RAC1 via RAC-GEFs might be effective. Transcriptional profiling of Apc deficient intestinal tissue identified Vav3 and Tiam1 as key targets. Deletion of these indicated that while TIAM1 deficiency could suppress Apc-driven hyperproliferation, it had no impact upon tumourigenesis, while VAV3 deficiency had no effect. Intriguingly, deletion of either gene resulted in upregulation of Vav2, with subsequent targeting of all three (Vav2-/- Vav3-/- Tiam1-/-), profoundly suppressing hyperproliferation, tumourigenesis and RAC1 activity, without impacting normal homeostasis. Critically, the observed RAC-GEF dependency was negated by oncogenic KRAS mutation. Together, these data demonstrate that while targeting RAC-GEF molecules may have therapeutic impact at early stages, this benefit may be lost in late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pickering
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - K Gilroy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J W Cassidy
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - S K Fey
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - A K Najumudeen
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L B Zeiger
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D F Vincent
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - D M Gay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J Johansson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - R P Fordham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - B Miller
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - W Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - E B Unal
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E McGhee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - C Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A E Johnsson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - M Bain
- IBAHCM and School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - S R van Hoof
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Anderson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - S M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Malliri
- CRUK Manchester Institute, 553 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Drysdale
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - M Turner
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - L Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Myant
- Edinburgh Research Centre, The Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - A D Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - O J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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8
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Haltalli MLR, Lo Celso C. Intravital Imaging of Bone Marrow Niches. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2308:203-222. [PMID: 34057725 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1425-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are instrumental in driving the generation of mature blood cells, essential for various functions including immune defense and tissue remodeling. They reside within a specialised bone marrow (BM) microenvironment , or niche, composed of cellular and chemical components that play key roles in regulating long-term HSC function and survival. While flow cytometry methods have significantly advanced studies of hematopoietic cells, enabling their quantification in steady-state and perturbed situations, we are still learning about the specific BM microenvironments that support distinct lineages and how their niches are altered under stress and with age. Major advances in imaging technology over the last decade have permitted in-depth studies of HSC niches in mice. Here, we describe our protocol for visualizing and analyzing the localization, morphology, and function of niche components in the mouse calvarium, using combined confocal and two-photon intravital microscopy, and we present the specific example of measuring vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam L R Haltalli
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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9
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Oshinowo O, Lambert T, Sakurai Y, Copeland R, Hansen CE, Lam WA, Myers DR. Getting a good view: in vitro imaging of platelets under flow. Platelets 2020; 31:570-579. [PMID: 32106734 PMCID: PMC7332395 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1732320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the anucleate cells responsible for hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are exposed to a myriad of biophysical and biochemical stimuli within vasculature and heterogeneous blood clots. Highly controlled, reductionist in vitro imaging studies have been instrumental in providing a detailed and quantitative understanding of platelet biology and behavior, and have helped elucidate some surprising functions of platelets. In this review, we highlight the tools and approaches that enable visualization of platelets in conjunction with precise control over the local biofluidic and biochemical microenvironment. We also discuss next generation tools that add further control over microenvironment cell stiffness or enable visualization of the interactions between platelets and endothelial cells. Throughout the review, we include pragmatic knowledge on imaging systems, experimental conditions, and approaches that have proved to be useful to our in vitro imaging studies of platelets under flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara Lambert
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yumiko Sakurai
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Renee Copeland
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline E. Hansen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David R. Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Plant T, Eamsamarng S, Sanchez-Garcia MA, Reyes L, Renshaw SA, Coelho P, Mirchandani AS, Morgan JM, Ellett FE, Morrison T, Humphries D, Watts ER, Murphy F, Raffo-Iraolagoitia XL, Zhang A, Cash JL, Loynes C, Elks PM, Van Eeden F, Carlin LM, Furley AJ, Whyte MK, Walmsley SR. Semaphorin 3F signaling actively retains neutrophils at sites of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3221-3237. [PMID: 32191647 PMCID: PMC7259996 DOI: 10.1172/jci130834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is central to disease pathogenesis, for example, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet the mechanisms that retain neutrophils within tissues remain poorly understood. With emerging evidence that axon guidance factors can regulate myeloid recruitment and that neutrophils can regulate expression of a class 3 semaphorin, SEMA3F, we investigated the role of SEMA3F in inflammatory cell retention within inflamed tissues. We observed that neutrophils upregulate SEMA3F in response to proinflammatory mediators and following neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed lung. In both zebrafish tail injury and murine acute lung injury models of neutrophilic inflammation, overexpression of SEMA3F delayed inflammation resolution with slower neutrophil migratory speeds and retention of neutrophils within the tissues. Conversely, constitutive loss of sema3f accelerated egress of neutrophils from the tail injury site in fish, whereas neutrophil-specific deletion of Sema3f in mice resulted in more rapid neutrophil transit through the airways, and significantly reduced time to resolution of the neutrophilic response. Study of filamentous-actin (F-actin) subsequently showed that SEMA3F-mediated retention is associated with F-actin disassembly. In conclusion, SEMA3F signaling actively regulates neutrophil retention within the injured tissues with consequences for neutrophil clearance and inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Plant
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suttida Eamsamarng
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel A. Sanchez-Garcia
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Reyes
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Coelho
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ananda S. Mirchandani
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie-May Morgan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Felix E. Ellett
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- BioMEMS Resource Centre, Division of Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Burn Care, Shriners Hospitals for Children — Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Morrison
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Humphries
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Watts
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Murphy
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ailiang Zhang
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna L. Cash
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Loynes
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Elks
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Freek Van Eeden
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J.W. Furley
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K.B. Whyte
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
| | - Sarah R. Walmsley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
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11
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Liko D, Mitchell L, Campbell KJ, Ridgway RA, Jones C, Dudek K, King A, Bryson S, Stevenson D, Blyth K, Strathdee D, Morton JP, Bird TG, Knight JRP, Willis AE, Sansom OJ. Brf1 loss and not overexpression disrupts tissues homeostasis in the intestine, liver and pancreas. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2535-2550. [PMID: 30858608 PMCID: PMC6861133 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol-III) transcribes tRNAs and other small RNAs essential for protein synthesis and cell growth. Pol-III is deregulated during carcinogenesis; however, its role in vivo has not been studied. To address this issue, we manipulated levels of Brf1, a Pol-III transcription factor that is essential for recruitment of Pol-III holoenzyme at tRNA genes in vivo. Knockout of Brf1 led to embryonic lethality at blastocyst stage. In contrast, heterozygous Brf1 mice were viable, fertile and of a normal size. Conditional deletion of Brf1 in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues, intestine, liver and pancreas, was incompatible with organ homeostasis. Deletion of Brf1 in adult intestine and liver induced apoptosis. However, Brf1 heterozygosity neither had gross effects in these epithelia nor did it modify tumorigenesis in the intestine or pancreas. Overexpression of BRF1 rescued the phenotypes of Brf1 deletion in intestine and liver but was unable to initiate tumorigenesis. Thus, Brf1 and Pol-III activity are absolutely essential for normal homeostasis during development and in adult epithelia. However, Brf1 overexpression or heterozygosity are unable to modify tumorigenesis, suggesting a permissive, but not driving role for Brf1 in the development of epithelial cancers of the pancreas and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Liko
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Louise Mitchell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kirsteen J Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Carolyn Jones
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kate Dudek
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ayala King
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sheila Bryson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Stevenson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Thomas G Bird
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - John R P Knight
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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12
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Saykali B, Mathiah N, Nahaboo W, Racu ML, Hammou L, Defrance M, Migeotte I. Distinct mesoderm migration phenotypes in extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the early mouse embryo. eLife 2019; 8:42434. [PMID: 30950395 PMCID: PMC6450669 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse embryo gastrulation, epiblast cells delaminate at the primitive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mosaic expression of a membrane reporter in nascent mesoderm enabled recording cell shape and trajectory through live imaging. Upon leaving the streak, cells changed shape and extended protrusions of distinct size and abundance depending on the neighboring germ layer, as well as the region of the embryo. Embryonic trajectories were meandrous but directional, while extra-embryonic mesoderm cells showed little net displacement. Embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm transcriptomes highlighted distinct guidance, cytoskeleton, adhesion, and extracellular matrix signatures. Specifically, intermediate filaments were highly expressed in extra-embryonic mesoderm, while live imaging for F-actin showed abundance of actin filaments in embryonic mesoderm only. Accordingly, Rhoa or Rac1 conditional deletion in mesoderm inhibited embryonic, but not extra-embryonic mesoderm migration. Overall, this indicates separate cytoskeleton regulation coordinating the morphology and migration of mesoderm subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wallis Nahaboo
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Hammou
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
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13
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14
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Nascimento AI, Mar FM, Sousa MM. The intriguing nature of dorsal root ganglion neurons: Linking structure with polarity and function. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:86-103. [PMID: 29729299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are the first neurons of the sensory pathway. They are activated by a variety of sensory stimuli that are then transmitted to the central nervous system. An important feature of DRG neurons is their unique morphology where a single process -the stem axon- bifurcates into a peripheral and a central axonal branch, with different functions and cellular properties. Distinctive structural aspects of the two DRG neuron branches may have important implications for their function in health and disease. However, the link between DRG axonal branch structure, polarity and function has been largely neglected in the field, and relevant information is rather scattered across the literature. In particular, ultrastructural differences between the two axonal branches are likely to account for the higher transport and regenerative ability of the peripheral DRG neuron axon when compared to the central one. Nevertheless, the cell intrinsic factors contributing to this central-peripheral asymmetry are still unknown. Here we critically review the factors that may underlie the functional asymmetry between the peripheral and central DRG axonal branches. Also, we discuss the hypothesis that DRG neurons may assemble a structure resembling the axon initial segment that may be responsible, at least in part, for their polarity and electrophysiological features. Ultimately, we suggest that the clarification of the axonal ultrastructure of DRG neurons using state-of-the-art techniques will be crucial to understand the physiology of this peculiar cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Nascimento
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Milhazes Mar
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular-IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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16
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Woodham EF, Paul NR, Tyrrell B, Spence HJ, Swaminathan K, Scribner MR, Giampazolias E, Hedley A, Clark W, Kage F, Marston DJ, Hahn KM, Tait SWG, Larue L, Brakebusch CH, Insall RH, Machesky LM. Coordination by Cdc42 of Actin, Contractility, and Adhesion for Melanoblast Movement in Mouse Skin. Curr Biol 2017; 27:624-637. [PMID: 28238662 PMCID: PMC5344686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The individual molecular pathways downstream of Cdc42, Rac, and Rho GTPases are well documented, but we know surprisingly little about how these pathways are coordinated when cells move in a complex environment in vivo. In the developing embryo, melanoblasts originating from the neural crest must traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis of the skin and hair follicles. We previously established that Rac1 signals via Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 to effect pseudopod extension and migration of melanoblasts in skin. Here we show that RhoA is redundant in the melanocyte lineage but that Cdc42 coordinates multiple motility systems independent of Rac1. Similar to Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null mice displayed a severe loss of pigmentation, and melanoblasts showed cell-cycle progression, migration, and cytokinesis defects. However, unlike Rac1 knockouts, Cdc42 null melanoblasts were elongated and displayed large, bulky pseudopods with dynamic actin bursts. Despite assuming an elongated shape usually associated with fast mesenchymal motility, Cdc42 knockout melanoblasts migrated slowly and inefficiently in the epidermis, with nearly static pseudopods. Although much of the basic actin machinery was intact, Cdc42 null cells lacked the ability to polarize their Golgi and coordinate motility systems for efficient movement. Loss of Cdc42 de-coupled three main systems: actin assembly via the formin FMNL2 and Arp2/3, active myosin-II localization, and integrin-based adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Woodham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nikki R Paul
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Benjamin Tyrrell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather J Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michelle R Scribner
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Evangelos Giampazolias
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Frieda Kage
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel J Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institute Curie, CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Actin functions in a multitude of cellular processes owing to its ability to polymerize into filaments, which can be further organized into higher-order structures by an array of actin-binding and regulatory proteins. Therefore, research on actin and actin-related functions relies on the visualization of actin structures without interfering with the cycles of actin polymerization and depolymerization that underlie cellular actin dynamics. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we briefly evaluate the different techniques and approaches currently applied to analyze and visualize cellular actin structures, including in the nuclear compartment. Referring to the gold standard F-actin marker phalloidin to stain actin in fixed samples and tissues, we highlight methods for visualization of actin in living cells, which mostly apply the principle of genetically fusing fluorescent proteins to different actin-binding domains, such as LifeAct, utrophin and F-tractin, as well as anti-actin-nanobody technology. In addition, the compound SiR-actin and the expression of GFP-actin are also applicable for various types of live-cell analyses. Overall, the visualization of actin within a physiological context requires a careful choice of method, as well as a tight control of the amount or the expression level of a given detection probe in order to minimize its influence on endogenous actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35043, Germany
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18
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Samuel MS, Rath N, Masre SF, Boyle ST, Greenhalgh DA, Kochetkova M, Bryson S, Stevenson D, Olson MF. Tissue-selective expression of a conditionally-active ROCK2-estrogen receptor fusion protein. Genesis 2016; 54:636-646. [PMID: 27775859 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are central mediators of actomyosin contractile force generation that act downstream of the RhoA small GTP-binding protein. As a result, they have key roles in regulating cell morphology and proliferation, and have been implicated in numerous pathological conditions and diseases including hypertension and cancer. Here we describe the generation of a gene-targeted mouse line that enables CRE-inducible expression of a conditionally-active fusion between the ROCK2 kinase domain and the hormone-binding domain of a mutated estrogen receptor (ROCK2:ER). This two-stage system of regulation allows for tissue-selective expression of the ROCK2:ER fusion protein, which then requires administration of estrogen analogues such as tamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen to elicit kinase activity. This conditional gain-of-function system was validated in multiple tissues by crossing with mice expressing CRE recombinase under the transcriptional control of cytokeratin14 (K14), murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) or cytochrome P450 Cyp1A1 (Ah) promoters, driving appropriate expression in the epidermis, mammary or intestinal epithelia respectively. Given the interest in ROCK signaling in normal physiology and disease, this mouse line will facilitate research into the consequences of ROCK activation that could be used to complement conditional knockout models. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:636-646, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Siti F Masre
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sarah T Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Marina Kochetkova
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Sheila Bryson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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19
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Pdlim7 Regulates Arf6-Dependent Actin Dynamics and Is Required for Platelet-Mediated Thrombosis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164042. [PMID: 27792740 PMCID: PMC5085081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon vessel injury, platelets become activated and rapidly reorganize their actin cytoskeleton to adhere to the site of endothelial damage, triggering the formation of a fibrin-rich plug to prevent further blood loss. Inactivation of Pdlim7 provides the new perspective that regulation of actin cytoskeletal changes in platelets is dependent on the encoded PDZ-LIM protein. Loss-of-function of Pdlim7 triggers hypercoagulopathy and causes significant perinatal lethality in mice. Our in vivo and in vitro studies reveal that Pdlim7 is dynamically distributed along actin fibers, and lack of Pdlim7 leads to a marked inability to rearrange the actin cytoskeleton. Specifically, the absence of Pdlim7 prevents platelets from bundling actin fibers into a concentric ring that defines the round spread shape of activated platelets. Similarly, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, loss of Pdlim7 abolishes the formation of stress fibers needed to adopt the typical elongated fibroblast shape. In addition to revealing a fundamental cell biological role in actin cytoskeletal organization, we also demonstrate a function of Pdlim7 in regulating the cycling between the GTP/GDP-bound states of Arf6. The small GTPase Arf6 is an essential factor required for actin dynamics, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and platelet activation. Consistent with our findings of significantly elevated initial F-actin ratios and subsequent morphological aberrations, loss of Pdlim7 causes a shift in balance towards an increased Arf6-GTP level in resting platelets. These findings identify a new Pdlim7-Arf6 axis controlling actin dynamics and implicate Pdlim7 as a primary endogenous regulator of platelet-dependent hemostasis.
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20
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Valencia-Expósito A, Grosheva I, Míguez DG, González-Reyes A, Martín-Bermudo MD. Myosin light-chain phosphatase regulates basal actomyosin oscillations during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10746. [PMID: 26888436 PMCID: PMC4759631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Contractile actomyosin networks generate forces that drive tissue morphogenesis. Actomyosin contractility is controlled primarily by reversible phosphorylation of the myosin-II regulatory light chain through the action of myosin kinases and phosphatases. While the role of myosin light-chain kinase in regulating contractility during morphogenesis has been largely characterized, there is surprisingly little information on myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP) function in this context. Here, we use live imaging of Drosophila follicle cells combined with mathematical modelling to demonstrate that the MLCP subunit flapwing (flw) is a key regulator of basal myosin oscillations and cell contractions underlying egg chamber elongation. Flw expression decreases specifically on the basal side of follicle cells at the onset of contraction and flw controls the initiation and periodicity of basal actomyosin oscillations. Contrary to previous reports, basal F-actin pulsates similarly to myosin. Finally, we propose a quantitative model in which periodic basal actomyosin oscillations arise in a cell-autonomous fashion from intrinsic properties of motor assemblies. Actomyosin contractility is regulated by phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain; much of the work in this area has focused on the kinase. Here the authors use Drosophila follicle cells and modelling to show that the phosphatase subunit Flapwing controls the initiation and dynamics of actomyosin oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valencia-Expósito
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Inna Grosheva
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - David G Míguez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
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21
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Cadalbert LC, Ghaffar FN, Stevenson D, Bryson S, Vaz FM, Gottlieb E, Strathdee D. Mouse Tafazzin Is Required for Male Germ Cell Meiosis and Spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131066. [PMID: 26114544 PMCID: PMC4483168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome is an X-linked mitochondrial disease, symptoms of which include neutropenia and cardiac myopathy. These symptoms are the most significant clinical consequences of a disease, which is increasingly recognised to have a variable presentation. Mutation in the Taz gene in Xq28 is thought to be responsible for the condition, by altering mitochondrial lipid content and mitochondrial function. Male chimeras carrying a targeted mutation of Taz on their X-chromosome were infertile. Testes from the Taz knockout chimeras were smaller than their control counterparts and this was associated with a disruption of the progression of spermatocytes through meiosis to spermiogenesis. Taz knockout ES cells also showed a defect when differentiated to germ cells in vitro. Mutant spermatocytes failed to progress past the pachytene stage of meiosis and had higher levels of DNA double strand damage and increased levels of endogenous retrotransposon activity. Altogether these data revealed a novel role for Taz in helping to maintain genome integrity in meiosis and facilitating germ cell differentiation. We have unravelled a novel function for the Taz protein, which should contribute to an understanding of how a disruption of the Taz gene results in the complex symptoms underlying Barth Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C. Cadalbert
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Farah Naz Ghaffar
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David Stevenson
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Bryson
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric M. Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cell Death and Metabolism Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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22
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Cardo L, Thomas SG, Mazharian A, Pikramenou Z, Rappoport JZ, Hannon MJ, Watson SP. Accessible Synthetic Probes for Staining Actin inside Platelets and Megakaryocytes by Employing Lifeact Peptide. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1680-8. [PMID: 26062886 PMCID: PMC4524417 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lifeact is a 17-residue peptide that can be employed in cell microscopy as a probe for F-actin when fused to fluorescent proteins, but therefore is not suitable for all cell types. We have conjugated fluorescently labelled Lifeact to three different cell-penetrating systems (a myristoylated carrier (myr), the pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) and the cationic peptide TAT) as a strategy to deliver Lifeact into cells and developed new tools for actin staining with improved synthetic accessibility and low toxicity, focusing on their suitability in platelets and megakaryocytes. Using confocal microscopy, we characterised the cell distribution of the new hybrids in fixed cells, and found that both myr– and pHLIP–Lifeact conjugates provide efficient actin staining upon cleavage of Lifeact from the carriers, without affecting cell spreading. This new approach could facilitate the design of new tools for actin visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cardo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).,Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Steve G Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Alexandra Mazharian
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
| | - Michael J Hannon
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK).
| | - Stephen P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK)
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23
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Poulter NS, Pollitt AY, Davies A, Malinova D, Nash GB, Hannon MJ, Pikramenou Z, Rappoport JZ, Hartwig JH, Owen DM, Thrasher AJ, Watson SP, Thomas SG. Platelet actin nodules are podosome-like structures dependent on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and ARP2/3 complex. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7254. [PMID: 26028144 PMCID: PMC4458878 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin nodule is a novel F-actin structure present in platelets during early spreading. However, only limited detail is known regarding nodule organization and function. Here we use electron microscopy, SIM and dSTORM super-resolution, and live-cell TIRF microscopy to characterize the structural organization and signalling pathways associated with nodule formation. Nodules are composed of up to four actin-rich structures linked together by actin bundles. They are enriched in the adhesion-related proteins talin and vinculin, have a central core of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and are depleted of integrins at the plasma membrane. Nodule formation is dependent on Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) and the ARP2/3 complex. WASp−/− mouse blood displays impaired platelet aggregate formation at arteriolar shear rates. We propose actin nodules are platelet podosome-related structures required for platelet–platelet interaction and their absence contributes to the bleeding diathesis of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. During early platelet spreading a novel F-actin structure forms, called the actin nodule. Here Poulter et al. demonstrate that actin nodule formation depends on WASp and the Arp2/3 complex, and using super-resolution microscopy they show that nodules bear a structural resemblance to podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Poulter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice Y Pollitt
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- PSIBS doctoral training centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dessislava Malinova
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mike J Hannon
- PSIBS doctoral training centre, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- The Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Morton 2-681, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John H Hartwig
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Stephen P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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24
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DuBuc TQ, Dattoli AA, Babonis LS, Salinas-Saavedra M, Röttinger E, Martindale MQ, Postma M. In vivo imaging of Nematostella vectensis embryogenesis and late development using fluorescent probes. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:44. [PMID: 25433655 PMCID: PMC4264334 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-014-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cnidarians are the closest living relatives to bilaterians and have been instrumental to studying the evolution of bilaterian properties. The cnidarian model, Nematostella vectensis, is a unique system in which embryology and regeneration are both studied, making it an ideal candidate to develop in vivo imaging techniques. Live imaging is the most direct way for quantitative and qualitative assessment of biological phenomena. Actin and tubulin are cytoskeletal proteins universally important for regulating many embryological processes but so far studies in Nematostella primarily focused on the localization of these proteins in fixed embryos. RESULTS We used fluorescent probes expressed in vivo to investigate the dynamics of Nematostella development. Lifeact-mTurquoise2, a fluorescent cyan F-actin probe, can be visualized within microvilli along the cellular surface throughout embryonic development and is stable for two months after injection. Co-expression of Lifeact-mTurquoise2 with End-Binding protein1 (EB1) fused to mVenus or tdTomato-NLS allows for the visualization of cell-cycle properties in real time. Utilizing fluorescent probes in vivo helped to identify a concentrated 'flash' of Lifeact-mTurquoise2 around the nucleus, immediately prior to cytokinesis in developing embryos. Moreover, Lifeact-mTurquoise2 expression in adult animals allowed the identification of various cell types as well as cellular boundaries. CONCLUSION The methods developed in this manuscript provide an alternative protocol to investigate Nematostella development through in vivo cellular analysis. This study is the first to utilize the highly photo-stable florescent protein mTurquoise2 as a marker for live imaging. Finally, we present a clear methodology for the visualization of minute temporal events during cnidarian development.
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25
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Ramalingam L, Yoder SM, Oh E, Thurmond DC. Munc18c: a controversial regulator of peripheral insulin action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:601-8. [PMID: 25028245 PMCID: PMC4253632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, a hallmark of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), arises from dysfunction of insulin action and subsequent glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, predominantly skeletal muscle and fat. Exocytosis of glucose transporter (GLUT4)-containing vesicles facilitated by soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) attachment receptor (SNARE) protein isoforms, and Munc18c (mammalian homolog of Unc-18c) mediates this glucose uptake. Emerging evidences, including recent human clinical studies, point to pivotal roles for Munc18c in peripheral insulin action in adipose and skeletal muscle. Intriguing new advances are also initiating debates regarding the molecular mechanism(s) controlling Munc18c action. The objective of this review is therefore to present a balanced perspective of new continuities and controversies surrounding the regulation and requirement for Munc18c in the regulation of peripheral insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephanie M Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eunjin Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Debbie C Thurmond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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Herrmann D, Conway JRW, Vennin C, Magenau A, Hughes WE, Morton JP, Timpson P. Three-dimensional cancer models mimic cell-matrix interactions in the tumour microenvironment. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1671-9. [PMID: 24903340 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic in vitro systems can be used to model and assess complex diseases, such as cancer. Recent advances in this field include the incorporation of multiple cell types and extracellular matrix proteins into three-dimensional (3D) models to recapitulate the structure, organization and functionality of live tissue in situ. Cells within such a 3D environment behave very differently from cells on two-dimensional (2D) substrates, as cell-matrix interactions trigger signalling pathways and cellular responses in 3D, which may not be observed in 2D. Thus, the use of 3D systems can be advantageous for the assessment of disease progression over 2D set-ups alone. Here, we highlight the current advantages and challenges of employing 3D systems in the study of cancer and provide an overview to guide the appropriate use of distinct models in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herrmann
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia, Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James R W Conway
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia, Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Claire Vennin
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia, Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia, Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William E Hughes
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia, Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia and The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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27
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Mort RL, Keighren M, Hay L, Jackson IJ. Ex vivo culture of mouse embryonic skin and live-imaging of melanoblast migration. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24894489 DOI: 10.3791/51352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoblasts are the neural crest derived precursors of melanocytes; the cells responsible for producing the pigment in skin and hair. Melanoblasts migrate through the epidermis of the embryo where they subsequently colonize the developing hair follicles(1,2). Neural crest cell migration is extensively studied in vitro but in vivo methods are still not well developed, especially in mammalian systems. One alternative is to use ex vivo organotypic culture(3-6). Culture of mouse embryonic skin requires the maintenance of an air-liquid interface (ALI) across the surface of the tissue(3,6). High resolution live-imaging of mouse embryonic skin has been hampered by the lack of a good method that not only maintains this ALI but also allows the culture to be inverted and therefore compatible with short working distance objective lenses and most confocal microscopes. This article describes recent improvements to a method that uses a gas permeable membrane to overcome these problems and allow high-resolution confocal imaging of embryonic skin in ex vivo culture(6). By using a melanoblast specific Cre-recombinase expressing mouse line combined with the R26YFPR reporter line we are able to fluorescently label the melanoblast population within these skin cultures. The technique allows live-imaging of melanoblasts and observation of their behavior and interactions with the tissue in which they develop. Representative results are included to demonstrate the capability to live-image 6 cultures in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mort
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Margaret Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Leonard Hay
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh;
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28
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Abstract
The melanocyte stem cells of the hair follicle provide an attractive system for the study of the stem cells. Successful regeneration of a functional organ relies on the organized and timely orchestration of molecular events among distinct stem/progenitor cell populations. The stem cells are regulated by communication with their specialized microenvironment known as the niche. Despite remarkable progress in understanding stem cell-intrinsic behavior, the molecular nature of the extrinsic factors provided to the stem cells by the niche microenvironment remains poorly understood. In this regard, the bulge niche of the mammalian hair follicle offers an excellent model for study. It holds two resident populations of SCs: epidermal stem cells and melanocyte stem cells. While their behavior is tightly coordinated, very little of the crosstalk involved is known. This review summarized the recent development in trying to understand the regulation of melanocyte and melanocyte stem cells. A better understanding of the normal regulation and behaviors of the melanocytes and the melanocyte stem cells will help to improve the clinical applications in regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, PO 300, New York, NY 10065, USA
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