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Lu FT, Huang CC, Lai WY, Yang GY, Liang ZJ, Zhang ZY, Chokshi T, Guo KM, Tang YB, Chen Y, Yang ZH, Liang SJ, Pang RP, Zhou JG, Guan YY, Lv XF, Ma MM. Vascular smooth muscle-specific LRRC8A knockout ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular remodeling by inhibiting the WNK1/FOXO3a/MMP signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1848-1860. [PMID: 38719954 PMCID: PMC11335743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive cerebrovascular remodeling involves the enlargement of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which activates volume-regulated Cl- channels (VRCCs). The leucine-rich repeat-containing family 8 A (LRRC8A) has been shown to be the molecular identity of VRCCs. However, its role in vascular remodeling during hypertension is unclear. In this study, we used vascular smooth muscle-specific LRRC8A knockout (CKO) mice and an angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension model. The results showed that cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension was ameliorated in CKO mice, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition was reduced. Based on the RNA-sequencing analysis of aortic tissues, the level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-9 and MMP-14, were reduced in CKO mice with hypertension, which was further verified in vivo by qPCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Knockdown of LRRC8A in VSMCs inhibited the Ang II-induced upregulation of collagen I, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and overexpression of LRRC8A had the opposite effect. Further experiments revealed an interaction between with-no-lysine (K)-1 (WNK1), which is a "Cl--sensitive kinase", and Forkhead transcription factor O3a (FOXO3a), which is a transcription factor that regulates MMP expression. Ang II induced the phosphorylation of WNK1 and downstream FOXO3a, which then increased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. This process was inhibited or potentiated when LRRC8A was knocked down or overexpressed, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrate that LRRC8A knockout in vascular smooth muscle protects against cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension by reducing ECM deposition and inhibiting the WNK1/FOXO3a/MMP signaling pathway, demonstrating that LRRC8A is a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodeling-associated diseases such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ting Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Cheng-Cui Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Wen-Yi Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Gui-Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tanvi Chokshi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai-Min Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yu-Bo Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhong-Han Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rui-Ping Pang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Ma J, Li Y, Yang X, Liu K, Zhang X, Zuo X, Ye R, Wang Z, Shi R, Meng Q, Chen X. Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37080965 PMCID: PMC10119183 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the leading cause of premature death in humans. Despite more than a century of research, hypertension remains difficult to cure due to its complex mechanisms involving multiple interactive factors and our limited understanding of it. Hypertension is a condition that is named after its clinical features. Vascular function is a factor that affects blood pressure directly, and it is a main strategy for clinically controlling BP to regulate constriction/relaxation function of blood vessels. Vascular elasticity, caliber, and reactivity are all characteristic indicators reflecting vascular function. Blood vessels are composed of three distinct layers, out of which the endothelial cells in intima and the smooth muscle cells in media are the main performers of vascular function. The alterations in signaling pathways in these cells are the key molecular mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction and hypertension development. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the signaling pathways involved in vascular function regulation and hypertension progression, including calcium pathway, NO-NOsGC-cGMP pathway, various vascular remodeling pathways and some important upstream pathways such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress-related signaling pathway, immunity/inflammation pathway, etc. Meanwhile, we will also summarize the treatment methods of hypertension that targets vascular function regulation and discuss the possibility of these signaling pathways being applied to clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghao Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyu Ye
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Shi
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Adult hypertensive rats are more prone to gut microflora perturbation and fibrosis in response to moderate restraint stress. Transl Res 2023; 254:92-114. [PMID: 36566015 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a common endpoint for numerous cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of which has been quickly increasing due to a wide range of reasons. Previous research has found that following stress, ELISA and 16S rDNA sequencing indicated substantial changes in plasma cytokines or hormones, as well as alterations in gut microbiota in juvenile hypertensive rats. However, it remains still unclear how such interaction modifications affect microbial populations and organismal function. Stress-related hormones show a significant drop. Similar to earlier research, the stress group had dramatically increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17. Importantly, a unified collection of tools that allows for deep and comprehensive colonic structural investigation has been developed. Stress may limit the transition of macrophages (Mφs) to M1Mφs while increasing the transfer to M2Mφs. Evidence highlighted that tight junction proteins were decreased along with enhancement in intestinal permeability. Morphological analysis revealed that the SHR-S group exhibited considerably higher levels of morphological alterations and fibrosis in colon, heart, and thoracic aorta tissues.Significant improvements in bacteria linked with short-chain fatty acid synthesis, such as Prevotella and Ruminococcus, were discovered by metagenomic analysis. Adult hypertensive rats are more susceptible to gut microbiota disruption and fibrosis as a result of mild restraint stress. This might contribute to some innovative ideas for HTN both treatment and prevention.
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043628. [PMID: 36835040 PMCID: PMC9959608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA2DS2VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Li N, Xu C, Li Y, Zhou J, Liu L, Zhang H, Mo Y, Han F, Xu D. Cardiovascular benefits of air purifier in patients with stable coronary artery disease: A randomized single-blind crossover study. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1082327. [PMID: 36699920 PMCID: PMC9868303 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1082327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to PM2.5 will accelerate the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Air purifier can reduce the PM2.5 exposure and theoretically alleviate the influence of PM2.5 on patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). However, few studies of the protective effect showed significant results because the interferent effects of routine medication had not been taken into account. In order to explore the actual effect on patients with SCAD, we conducted a randomized single-blind crossover air purifier intervention trial. Method Levels of PM2.5 exposure during intervention and cardiovascular indicators (inflammation, coagulation, plaque stability, and blood lipids) after intervention were detected, meanwhile the information of drug use was obtained by questionnaire. The kinds of drug used by more than 20% of the subjects were sorted out. And the influence of these drugs on cardiovascular indicators was summarized through literature review. Based on that, the drug use was included as a variable in linear mixed effects models that used to analyze the associations between PM2.5 exposure reduction by air purifier and cardiovascular indicators. Results The result revealed that the interpretation contribution rate of drug use was more than that of PM2.5 exposure. The level of C-reactive protein significantly decreased by 20.93% (95%CI: 6.56%, 33.10%), 23.44% (95%CI: 2.77%, 39.39%) and 24.11% (95%CI: 4.21%, 39.69%) on lag1, lag01 and lag02 respectively, while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased by 5.10% (95%CI: 0.69%, 9.05%), 3.71% (95%CI: 0.92%, 6.60%) and 6.48% (95%CI: 2.58%, 10.24%) respectively on lag0, lag1 and lag01 associated with an interquartile range decrease of 22.51 μg/m3 in PM2.5 exposure. Conclusion The study shows positive effects of air purifier on SCAD, and also provides methodological reference for future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haijing Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Mo
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Dongqun Xu ✉
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França-Neto AD, Couto GK, Xavier FE, Rossoni LV. Cyclooxygenase-2 is a critical determinant of angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and stiffness in resistance arteries of ouabain-treated rats. J Hypertens 2022; 40:2180-2191. [PMID: 35969208 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of angiotensin II/AT 1 receptor signaling and/or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation on vascular remodeling and stiffening of the mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) of ouabain-treated rats. METHODS Ouabain-treated (OUA, 30 μg kg/day for 5 weeks) and vehicle (VEH)-treated Wistar rats were co-treated with losartan (LOS, AT 1 R antagonist), nimesulide (NIM, COX-2 inhibitor) or hydralazine hydrochloride plus hydrochlorothiazide. MRA structure and mechanics were assessed with pressure myography and histology. Picrosirius red staining was used to determine the total collagen content. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of collagen I/III, MMP-2, Src, NFκB, Bax, Bcl-2 and COX-2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plasma angiotensin II levels were measured by fluorescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Blockade of AT 1 R or inhibition of COX-2 prevented ouabain-induced blood pressure elevation. Plasma angiotensin II level was higher in OUA than in VEH. LOS, but not hydralazine hydrochloride with hydrochlorothiazide, prevented inward hypotrophic remodeling, increased collagen deposition and stiffness, and oxidative stress in OUA MRA. LOS prevented the reduction in the total number of nuclei in the media layer and the Bcl-2 expression induced by OUA in MRA. The higher pSrc/Src ratio, NFκB/IκB ratio, and COX-2 expression in OUA MRA were also prevented by LOS. Likewise, COX-2 inhibition prevented vascular remodeling, mechanical changes, oxidative stress and inflammation in OUA MRA. CONCLUSION The results suggest that, regardless of hemodynamic adjustments, the angiotensin II/AT 1 R/pSrc/ROS/NFκB/COX-2 pathway is involved in the development of MRA inward hypotrophic remodeling and stiffness in ouabain-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldair de França-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
| | - Gisele Kruger Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
| | - Fabiano Elias Xavier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Luciana Venturini Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
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Caimi G, Urso C, Brucculeri S, Amato C, Lo Presti R, Carlisi M. Leukocyte subtypes, gelatinases, and their tissue inhibitors in a group of subjects with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 82:37-51. [PMID: 35599473 PMCID: PMC9741743 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In a cohort of subjects with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis (ACA), we have evaluated the neutrophil and lymphocyte count and their ratio (NLR), the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2). At baseline, no difference was observed between ACA subjects and subject control group regarding neutrophil and lymphocyte count while was evident in ACA subjects a significant increase in MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 associated to a significant decrease in TIMP-1. Dividing the ACA according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) we have observed an increase in lymphocyte count in the subgroup with 3-5 CRFs. Evaluating the leukocyte subtypes according to all the surrogate markers of insulin resistance has been noted, in the subgroups that exceed the medians of these markers, a significant increase in neutrophil and lymphocyte count without any variation of the NLR. Effecting the same evaluation for the MMP/TIMP pattern we observed, instead, that the same subgroups tend to show a decrease in MMP-2 and an increase in MMP-9. No difference instead for TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. The abnormality of the MMP/TIMP pattern, bearing in mind the cardiometabolic clustering present in this cohort of ACA subjects, would induce to use drugs able not only to cure the cardiometabolic risk factors but also to influence the MMP/TIMP profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Caimi
- Department of Health Promotion and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy,Corresponding author: Gregorio Caimi, Via Leonardo Da Vinci, 52, 90145, Palermo, Italy. E-mails: ;
| | - C. Urso
- Fondazione Istituto “G. Giglio” Cefalù, Palermo, Italy
| | - S. Brucculeri
- Fondazione Istituto “G. Giglio” Cefalù, Palermo, Italy
| | - C. Amato
- Department of Health Promotion and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R. Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M. Carlisi
- Department of Health Promotion and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Arab HH, Abd El-Aal SA, Ashour AM, El-Sheikh AAK, Al Khabbaz HJ, Arafa ESA, Mahmoud AM, Kabel AM. Targeting inflammation and redox perturbations by lisinopril mitigates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats: role of JAK-2/STAT-3/RANKL axis, MMPs, and VEGF. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1909-1926. [PMID: 35764864 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disorders are major complications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Hence, finding effective agents that can target RA progression and its cardiovascular consequences is demanding. The present work aimed to explore the potential of lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, to mitigate adjuvant's-induced arthritis with emphasis on the pro-inflammatory signals, articular degradation cues, and angiogenesis alongside JAK-2/STAT-3 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. METHODS Lisinopril (10 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage for 3 weeks and the target signals were examined by biochemical assays, ELISA, histopathology, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Lisinopril attenuated the progression of arthritis as proven by lowering paw edema, arthritic index, and gait scores alongside diminishing the immune-cell infiltration/aberrant histopathology in the dorsal pouch lining. These favorable actions were associated with curtailing the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17) and the pro-inflammatory angiotensin II alongside upregulating the anti-inflammatory angiotensin-(1-7) in the hind paw of arthritic rats. At the molecular level, lisinopril inhibited the upstream JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway by downregulating the protein expression of p-JAK-2/total JAK-2 and p-STAT-3/total STAT-3 ratio and the nuclear levels of NF-κBp65. Meanwhile, lisinopril curbed the downstream cartilage degradation signals matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and MMP-9) and the bone erosion cue RANKL. Equally important, the protein expression of the angiogenesis signal VEGF was downregulated in the hind paw/dorsal lining. With respect to oxidative stress, lisinopril suppressed the paw lipid peroxides and boosted GSH and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. CONCLUSION Lisinopril attenuated adjuvant-induced arthritis via inhibition of inflammation, articular degradation cues, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany H Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Al Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 13578, Mecca, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza A K El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana J Al Khabbaz
- Biochemistry Division, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, 11681, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ahmed M Kabel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Garcia VP, Mattos JD, Mentzinger J, Leite PEC, Rocha HNM, Campos MO, Rocha MP, Mansur DE, Secher NH, Nóbrega ACL, Fernandes IA, Rocha NG. Short isocapnic hyperoxia affects indices of vascular remodeling and intercellular adhesion molecules in healthy men. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12110. [PMID: 35703682 PMCID: PMC9200048 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for tracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia, the patient may be ventilated with 100% oxygen. To investigate the impact of acute isocapnic hyperoxia on endothelial activation and vascular remodeling, ten healthy young men (24±3 years) were exposed to 5-min normoxia (21% O2) and 10-min hyperoxia trials (100% O2). During hyperoxia, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) (hyperoxia: 4.16±0.85 vs normoxia: 3.51±0.84 ng/mL, P=0.04) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) (hyperoxia: 8.40±3.84 vs normoxia: 5.73±2.15 pg/mL, P=0.04) increased, whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) activity (hyperoxia: 0.53±0.11 vs normoxia: 0.68±0.18 A.U., P=0.03) decreased compared to the normoxia trial. We concluded that even short exposure to 100% oxygen may affect endothelial activation and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Garcia
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - J D Mattos
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - J Mentzinger
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - P E C Leite
- Laboratório de Bioengenharia e Toxicologia in Vitro, Instituto Nacional de Qualidade e Tecnologia Metrológica, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | - H N M Rocha
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - M O Campos
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - M P Rocha
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - D E Mansur
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - N H Secher
- Department of Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A C L Nóbrega
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - I A Fernandes
- NeuroVASQ - Laboratório de Fisiologia Integrativa, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - N G Rocha
- Laboratório de Ciências do Exercício, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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10
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Angiotensin System Modulations in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Consequences on Erythrocyte Properties; Action of MLN-4760 and Zofenopril. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121902. [PMID: 34944718 PMCID: PMC8698991 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathologies (COVID-19 including) are associated with abnormalities in erythrocyte properties. Hypertension represents an unfavorable condition for erythrocyte quality and is the most prevalent risk factor in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 downregulation that is typical of these patients can further deteriorate cardiovascular health; however, its consequences on erythrocyte properties are not known yet. The aim was to investigate the effect of ACE2 inhibition and the potential beneficial effect of zofenopril on erythrocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACE2 inhibition induced by MLN-4760 (1 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) led to deterioration of erythrocyte morphology and osmotic resistance, but plasma markers of oxidative stress, erythrocyte deformability, nitric oxide production and Na,K-ATPase activity were not significantly affected. Zofenopril administration (10 mg/kg/day, initiated after 4-day-lasting ACE2 inhibition) resulted in unexpected increase in angiotensin II plasma levels in both control and ACE-inhibited spontaneously hypertensive rats, but in normalization of osmotic resistance in ACE2-inhibited rats. The overall effect of zofenopril on erythrocyte qualities could be evaluated as beneficial.
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11
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Cheng Y, Chen H. Aberrance of Zinc Metalloenzymes-Induced Human Diseases and Its Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124456. [PMID: 34960004 PMCID: PMC8707169 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc, an essential micronutrient in the human body, is a component in over 300 enzymes and participates in regulating enzymatic activity. Zinc metalloenzymes play a crucial role in physiological processes including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune responses, as well as apoptosis. Aberrant enzyme activity can lead to various human diseases. In this review, we summarize zinc homeostasis, the roles of zinc in zinc metalloenzymes, the physiological processes of zinc metalloenzymes, and aberrant zinc metalloenzymes in human diseases. In addition, potential mechanisms of action are also discussed. This comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action of the regulatory functions of zinc in enzyme activity could inform novel zinc-micronutrient-supply strategies for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Cheng
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Mashaqi S, Mansour HM, Alameddin H, Combs D, Patel S, Estep L, Parthasarathy S. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a messenger in the cross talk between obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid systemic hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and ischemic stroke: a literature review. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:567-591. [PMID: 33108267 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES OSA is a common sleep disorder. There is a strong link between sleep-related breathing disorders and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a biological marker for extracellular matrix degradation, which plays a significant role in systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction and postmyocardial infarction heart failure, and ischemic stroke. This article reviews MMP-9 as an inflammatory mediator and a potential messenger between OSA and OSA-induced comorbidities. METHODS We reviewed the MEDLINE database (PubMed) for publications on MMP-9, OSA, and cardiovascular disease, identifying 1,592 studies and including and reviewing 50 articles for this work. RESULTS There is strong evidence that MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels are elevated in patients with OSA (mainly MMP-9), systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and postmyocardial infarction heart failure. Our study showed variable results that could be related to the sample size or to laboratory methodology. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, are a common denominator in OSA, systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This characterization makes MMP-9 a target for developing novel selective inhibitors that can serve as adjuvant therapy in patients with OSA, which may ameliorate the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality associated with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Mashaqi
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hanan Alameddin
- The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Daniel Combs
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Salma Patel
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lauren Estep
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Kim J, Kim JH, Lee HS, Suh SH, Lee KY. Association between longitudinal blood pressure and prognosis after treatment of cerebral aneurysm: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252042. [PMID: 34043701 PMCID: PMC8158927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure is a major risk factor for the development and rupture of cerebral aneurysm. Endovascular coil embolization and surgical clipping are established procedures to treat cerebral aneurysm. However, longitudinal data of blood pressure after the treatment of cerebral aneurysm and its impact on long-term prognosis are not well known. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 1275 patients who underwent endovascular coil embolization (n = 558) or surgical clipping (n = 717) of cerebral aneurysm in 2002-2015 using the nationwide health screening database of Korea. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of patients were repeatedly obtained from the nationwide health screening program. We performed a multivariate time-dependent Cox regression analysis of the primary composite outcome of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death. RESULTS During the mean follow-up period of 6.13 ± 3.41 years, 89 patients suffered the primary outcome. Among the total 3546 times of blood pressure measurement, uncontrolled high blood pressure (systolic ≥140 mmHg or diastolic ≥90 mmHg) was 22.9%. There was a significantly increased risk of primary outcome with high systolic (adjusted HR [95% CI] per 10 mmHg, 1.16 [1.01-1.35]) and diastolic (adjusted HR [95% CI] per 10 mmHg, 1.32 [1.06-1.64]) blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS High blood pressure is prevalent even in patients who received treatment for cerebral aneurysm, which is significantly associated with poor outcome. Strict control of high blood pressure may further improve the prognosis of patients with cerebral aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkwon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Suh
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Yul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Abstract
Significance: The vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical stability but also manipulates vascular cell behaviors, which are crucial for vascular function and homeostasis. ECM remodeling, which alters vascular wall mechanical properties and exposes vascular cells to bioactive molecules, is involved in the development and progression of hypertension. Recent Advances: This brief review summarized the dynamic changes in ECM components and their modification and degradation during hypertension and after antihypertensive treatment. We also discussed how alterations in the ECM amount, assembly, mechanical properties, and degradation fragment generation provide input into the pathological process of hypertension. Critical Issues: Although the relevance between ECM remodeling and hypertension has been recognized, the underlying mechanism by which ECM remodeling initiates the development of hypertension remains unclear. Therefore, the modulation of ECM remodeling on arterial stiffness and hypertension in genetically modified rodent models is summarized in this review. The circulating biomarkers based on ECM metabolism and therapeutic strategies targeting ECM disorders in hypertension are also introduced. Future Directions: Further research will provide more comprehensive understanding of ECM remodeling in hypertension by the application of matridomic and degradomic approaches. The better understanding of mechanisms underlying vascular ECM remodeling may provide novel potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 765-783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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15
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A Romero C, Mathew S, Wasinski B, Reed B, Brody A, Dawood R, Twiner MJ, McNaughton CD, Fridman R, Flack JM, Carretero OA, Levy PD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors increase anti-fibrotic biomarkers in African Americans with left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1008-1016. [PMID: 33694311 PMCID: PMC8678784 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are part of the indicated treatment in hypertensive African Americans. ACEi have blood pressure‐independent effects that may make them preferred for certain patients. We aimed to evaluate the impact of ACEi on anti‐fibrotic biomarkers in African American hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We conducted a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial in which hypertensive African American patients with LVH and vitamin D deficiency were randomized to receive intensive antihypertensive therapy plus vitamin D supplementation or placebo. We selected patients who had detectable lisinopril (lisinopril group) in plasma using liquid‐chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and compared them to subjects who did not (comparison group) at the one‐year follow‐up. The pro‐fibrotic marker type 1 procollagen C‐terminal propeptide (PICP) and the anti‐fibrotic markers matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP‐1), telopeptide of collagen type I (CITP), and N‐acetyl‐seryl‐aspartyl‐lysyl‐proline (Ac‐SDKP) peptide were measured. Sixty‐six patients were included, and the mean age was 46.2 ± 8 years. No difference was observed in the number and intensity of antihypertensive medications prescribed in each group. Patients with detectable lisinopril had lower blood pressure than those in the comparison group. The anti‐fibrotic markers Ac‐SDKP, MMP‐1, and MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 ratio were higher in patients with detectable ACEi (all p < .05). In a model adjusted for systolic blood pressure, MMP‐1/TIMP‐1 (p = .02) and Ac‐SDKP (p < .001) levels were associated with lisinopril. We conclude that ACEi increase anti‐fibrotic biomarkers in hypertensive African Americans with LVH, suggesting that they may offer added benefit over other agents in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Romero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Internal Medicine Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shobi Mathew
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Wasinski
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Brian Reed
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aaron Brody
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rachelle Dawood
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael J Twiner
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Candace D McNaughton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rafael Fridman
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John M Flack
- School of Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Internal Medicine Department, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Phillip D Levy
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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Tejera E, Pérez-Castillo Y, Chamorro A, Cabrera-Andrade A, Sanchez ME. A Multi-Objective Approach for Drug Repurposing in Preeclampsia. Molecules 2021; 26:777. [PMID: 33546161 PMCID: PMC7913128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that occurs during pregnancy. It is a complex disease with unknown pathogenesis and the leading cause of fetal and maternal mortality during pregnancy. Using all drugs currently under clinical trial for preeclampsia, we extracted all their possible targets from the DrugBank and ChEMBL databases and labeled them as "targets". The proteins labeled as "off-targets" were extracted in the same way but while taking all antihypertensive drugs which are inhibitors of ACE and/or angiotensin receptor antagonist as query molecules. Classification models were obtained for each of the 55 total proteins (45 targets and 10 off-targets) using the TPOT pipeline optimization tool. The average accuracy of the models in predicting the external dataset for targets and off-targets was 0.830 and 0.850, respectively. The combinations of models maximizing their virtual screening performance were explored by combining the desirability function and genetic algorithms. The virtual screening performance metrics for the best model were: the Boltzmann-Enhanced Discrimination of ROC (BEDROC)α=160.9 = 0.258, the Enrichment Factor (EF)1% = 31.55 and the Area Under the Accumulation Curve (AUAC) = 0.831. The most relevant targets for preeclampsia were: AR, VDR, SLC6A2, NOS3 and CHRM4, while ABCG2, ERBB2, CES1 and REN led to the most relevant off-targets. A virtual screening of the DrugBank database identified estradiol, estriol, vitamins E and D, lynestrenol, mifrepristone, simvastatin, ambroxol, and some antibiotics and antiparasitics as drugs with potential application in the treatment of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tejera
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador; (A.C.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador;
- Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Chamorro
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador; (A.C.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Alejandro Cabrera-Andrade
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador;
- Carrera de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador
| | - Maria Eugenia Sanchez
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170513, Ecuador; (A.C.); (M.E.S.)
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17
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Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF, Martinez-Avila N, Martinez-Fierro ML. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9739. [PMID: 33419373 PMCID: PMC7767220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases that have the capacity to degrade almost every component of the ECM. The degradation of the ECM is of great importance, since it is related to embryonic development and angiogenesis. It is also involved in cell repair and the remodeling of tissues. When the expression of MMPs is altered, it can generate the abnormal degradation of the ECM. This is the initial cause of the development of chronic degenerative diseases and vascular complications generated by diabetes. In addition, this process has an association with neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Within the ECM, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs. TIMPs are important regulators of ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular behavior. Therefore, TIMPs (similar to MMPs) modulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. An interruption in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several diseases. This review focuses on the participation of both MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) and TIMPs (e.g., TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) in physiological processes and on how their abnormal regulation is associated with human diseases. The inclusion of current strategies and mechanisms of MMP inhibition in the development of new therapies targeting MMPs was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
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18
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Bisogni V, Cerasari A, Pucci G, Vaudo G. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Current Insights. Integr Blood Press Control 2020; 13:157-169. [PMID: 33173330 PMCID: PMC7646380 DOI: 10.2147/ibpc.s223341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important extracellular enzymes involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Changes in the activity and concentration of specific MMPs, as well as the unbalance with their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases – TIMPs), have been described as a part of the pathogenic cascade promoted by arterial hypertension. MMPs are able to degrade various protein substrates in the extracellular matrix, to influence endothelial cells function, vascular smooth muscle cells migration, proliferation and contraction, and to stimulate cardiomyocytes changes. All these processes can be activated by chronically elevated blood pressure values. Animal and human studies demonstrated the key function of MMPs in the pathogenesis of hypertension-mediated vascular, cardiac, and renal damage, besides age and blood pressure values. Thus, the role of MMPs as biomarkers of hypertension-mediated organ damage and potential pharmacological treatment targets to prevent further cardiovascular and renal complications in hypertensive population is increasingly supported. In this review, we aimed to describe the main scientific evidence about the behavior of MMPs in the development of vascular, cardiac, and renal damage in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bisogni
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | - Alberto Cerasari
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Vaudo
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Terni University Hospital, Terni, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Valente FM, de Andrade DO, Cosenso-Martin LN, Cesarino CB, Guimarães SM, Guimarães VB, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE, Yugar-Toledo JC, Vilela-Martin JF. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are elevated in individuals with hypertensive crisis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:132. [PMID: 32164582 PMCID: PMC7066730 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) participates in the degradation of components of the extracellular matrix and it is involved in vascular remodeling and vasomotor changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of MMP-9 in acute vascular alterations due to hypertensive crisis. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in 40 normotensive (NT) and 58 controlled hypertensive subjects (CHyp) followed up in outpatient clinic. Moreover, 57 patients with hypertensive emergency (HypEmerg) and 43 in hypertensive urgency (HypUrg), seen in emergency department, were also included. Hypertensive crisis was divided into HypEmerg, which was characterized by levels of systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 180 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg complicated with target-organ damage (TOD), and HypUrg, defined by BP elevation without TOD. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the influence of independent variables on MMP-9 levels. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The mean age was 43.5 years in the NT group (11 men); 57.7 years in the CHyp group (29 men); 59.4 years in the HypUrg group (21 men) and 62.4 years in the HypEmerg group (31 men). The age was statistically different in the NT group compared to other 3 groups. The mean BP was 116.5 ± 13.9/72.4 ± 10.6 mmHg for NT, 123.2 ± 12.6/79 ± 9.2 for CHyp, 194.1 ± 24.3/121.4 ± 17.3 for HypUrg and 191.6 ± 34.3/121.7 ± 18.8 mmHg for HypEmerg, respectively (p-value< 0.0001 between groups). MMP-9 levels were statistically different between the HypEmerg (2.31 ± 0.2 ng/mL) and HypUrg groups (2.17 ± 0.3 ng/mL) compared to the NT (1.94 ± 0.3 ng/mL) (p-value < 0.01 and p-value < 0.05, respectively) and CHyp groups (1.92 ± 0.2 ng/mL) (p-value < 0.01). Uric acid was the only independent variable for predicting MMP-9 levels (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSION MMP-9 concentrations are significantly higher in the hypertensive crisis groups (urgency and emergency) compared to the control groups. Therefore, MMP-9 may be a biomarker or mediator of pathophysiologic pathways in cases of acute elevations of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mariana Valente
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Days Oliveira de Andrade
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Neves Cosenso-Martin
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Bernardi Cesarino
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Mussi Guimarães
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | | | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, R. Prof. Helio Lourenço, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 3900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ave Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 3900, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Vilela-Martin
- Internal Medicine Department, Hypertension Clinic, State Medical School at Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Ave Brig Faria Lima, 5416, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil.
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20
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Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9: A possible marker for cold-induced stroke risk in hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134399. [PMID: 31349015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cold weather is associated with an increased occurrence of acute stroke events. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated whether plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels as well as the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio could be used as predictor for cold-induced stroke risk in hypertensive rats. A total of 50 male rats were subjected to either control group or 2-kidney, 2-clip (2K - 2C) group (N = 25, each), After blood pressure was stabilized, rats were placed in an intelligent artificial climate chamber and maintained on a 12-h light (22 °C)/dark (4 °C) cycle for 3 days. Plasma levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured before and after cold exposure from 50 rats by ELISA. Pretreatment plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in 2K-2C rats than in the controls (P < 0.05), TIMP-1 levels were significantly lower in 2K-2C rats than in the controls (P < 0.05), pretreatment plasma MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in those with cold-induced stroke compared to those without (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that only plasma MMP-9 levels remained independently associated with cold-induced stroke after adjusting for potential confounders (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.32; P < 0.007). In contrast, no correlation was observed between systolic blood pressure (SBP), TIMP-1 or MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and the cold-induced stroke. Higher plasma MMP-9 levels are significantly correlated with cold-induced stroke in hypertensive rats treated with intermittent cold stress. Plasma MMP-9 may be as a promising biomarker to predict the risk of cold-induced stroke events in hypertensive rats.
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Zeng XL, Sun L, Zheng HQ, Wang GL, Du YH, Lv XF, Ma MM, Guan YY. Smooth muscle-specific TMEM16A expression protects against angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular remodeling via suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:131-143. [PMID: 31301303 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular remodeling is the leading factor for stroke and characterized by increased extracellular matrix deposition, migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and inhibition of their apoptosis. TMEM16A is an important component of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Previously, we showed that downregulation of TMEM16A in the basilar artery was negatively correlated with cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension. However, it is unclear whether TMEM16A participates in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced vascular remodeling in mice that have TMEM16A gene modification. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse that overexpresses TMEM16A specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells. We observed that vascular remodeling in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension was significantly suppressed upon vascular smooth muscle-specific overexpression of TMEM16A relative to control mice. Specifically, we observed a large reduction in the deposition of fibronectin and collagen I. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were upregulated in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension, but this was suppressed upon overexpression of TMEM16A in blood vessels. Furthermore, TMEM16A overexpression alleviated the overactivity of the canonical TGF-β1/Smad3, and non-canonical TGF-β1/ERK and JNK pathways in the basilar artery during Ang II-induced hypertension. These in vivo results were similar to the results derived in vitro with basilar artery smooth muscle cells stimulated by Ang II. Moreover, we observed that the inhibitory effect of TMEM16A on MMPs was mediated by decreasing the activation of WNK1, which is a Cl--sensitive serine/threonine kinase. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that TMEM16A protects against cerebrovascular remodeling during hypertension by suppressing extracellular matrix deposition. We also showed that TMEM16A exerts this effect by reducing the expression of MMPs via inhibiting WNK1, and decreasing the subsequent activities of TGF-β1/Smad3, ERK, and JNK. Accordingly, our results suggest that TMEM16A may serve as a novel therapeutic target for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lin Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Qing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan-Hua Du
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, De Caterina R. Oxidative stress and vascular stiffness in hypertension: A renewed interest for antioxidant therapies? Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 116:45-50. [PMID: 30946986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the first successful launch of the Veterans Administration(VA) cooperative studies in the late 1960s, the increasing access to blood pressure lowering medications has significantly contributed to improving longevity and quality of life in hypertensive patients. Since then, insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension have shown a mechanistic role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in all phases of disease progression, suggesting the potential utility of antioxidant therapies to counteract symptoms and, at the same time, treat a fundamental mechanism of the disease. Despite these progresses, hypertension still remains the main contributor to the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We here briefly review and update the role of ROS and ROS-dependent metalloproteinase activation in the maladaptive remodeling of the vascular wall in hypertension. Such understanding should provide new Potential sites of action for antioxidant therapies as an integrated therapeutic approach to hypertension and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
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Winchester LJ, Veeranki S, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Exercise mitigates the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on adverse muscle remodeling. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13637. [PMID: 29595876 PMCID: PMC5875547 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is known for causing inflammation and vascular remodeling, particularly through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. Although its effect on the skeletal muscle is unclear, HHcy can cause skeletal muscle weakness and functional impairment by induction of inflammatory mediators and macrophage mediated injury. Exercise has been shown to reduce homocysteine levels and therefore, could serve as a promising intervention for HHcy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis through induction of inflammation and determine whether exercise can mitigate these effects. C57BL/6J (WT) and CBS+/- (HHcy) mice were administered a 6 weeks treadmill exercise protocol. Hindlimb perfusion was measured via laser Doppler. Measurement of skeletal muscle protein expression was done by western blot. Levels of skeletal muscle MMP-9 mRNA were determined by qPCR. Collagen deposition in the skeletal muscle was measured using Masson's trichrome staining. In CBS+/- mice, HHcy manifested with decreased body weight and femoral artery lumen diameter, as well as a trend of lower hindlimb perfusion. These mice displayed increased wall to lumen ratio, mean arterial blood pressure, collagen deposition, and elevated myostatin protein expression. Exercise mitigated the effects above in CBS+/- mice. Skeletal muscle from CBS+/- mice had elevated markers of remodeling and hypoxia: iNOS, EMMPRIN, and MMP-9. We conclude that HHcy causes skeletal muscle fibrosis possibly through induction of EMMPRIN/MMP-9 and exercise is capable of mitigating the pathologies associated with HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Winchester
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and SportWestern Kentucky UniversityBowling GreenKentucky
| | | | | | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky
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Wang X, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:241-330. [PMID: 29310800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically, MMPs have a propeptide sequence, a catalytic metalloproteinase domain with catalytic zinc, a hinge region or linker peptide, and a hemopexin domain. MMPs are commonly classified on the basis of their substrates and the organization of their structural domains into collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type (MT)-MMPs, and other MMPs. MMPs are secreted by many cells including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and leukocytes. MMPs are regulated at the level of mRNA expression and by activation through removal of the propeptide domain from their latent zymogen form. MMPs are often secreted in an inactive proMMP form, which is cleaved to the active form by various proteinases including other MMPs. MMPs degrade various protein substrates in ECM including collagen and elastin. MMPs could also influence endothelial cell function as well as VSM cell migration, proliferation, Ca2+ signaling, and contraction. MMPs play a role in vascular tissue remodeling during various biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Alterations in specific MMPs could influence arterial remodeling and lead to various pathological disorders such as hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, as well as excessive venous dilation and lower extremity venous disease. MMPs are often regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP ratio often determines the extent of ECM protein degradation and tissue remodeling. MMPs may serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for certain vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Hopps E, Lo Presti R, Caimi G. Matrix Metalloproteases in Arterial Hypertension and their Trend after Antihypertensive Treatment. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:347-357. [DOI: 10.1159/000477785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:355-420. [PMID: 28662828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also regulate the activity of membrane receptors and postreceptor signaling mechanisms and thereby affect cell function. The MMP family includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs. Inactive proMMPs are cleaved by other MMPs or proteases into active MMPs, which interact with various protein substrates in ECM and cell surface. MMPs regulate important biological processes such as vascular remodeling and angiogenesis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. The role of MMPs is often assessed by measuring their mRNA expression, protein levels, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. MMP inhibitors are also used to assess the role of MMPs in different biological processes and pathological conditions. MMP activity is regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP balance could determine the net MMP activity, ECM turnover, and tissue remodeling. Also, several synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. Synthetic MMP inhibitors include a large number of zinc-binding globulins (ZBGs), in addition to non-ZBGs and mechanism-based inhibitors. MMP inhibitors have been proposed as potential tools in the management of osteoarthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. However, most MMP inhibitors have broad-spectrum actions on multiple MMPs and could cause undesirable musculoskeletal side effects. Currently, doxycycline is the only MMP inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. New generation biological and synthetic MMP inhibitors may show greater MMP specificity and fewer side effects and could be useful in targeting specific MMPs, reducing unrestrained tissue remodeling, and the management of MMP-related pathological disorders.
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Garcia VP, Rocha HN, Silva GM, Amaral TA, Secher NH, Nóbrega AC, Vianna LC, Rocha NG. Exogenous l-arginine reduces matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities and oxidative stress in patients with hypertension. Life Sci 2016; 157:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amin M, Pushpakumar S, Muradashvili N, Kundu S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Regulation and involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2016; 21:89-118. [PMID: 26709763 PMCID: PMC5462461 DOI: 10.2741/4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent endopeptidases whose main function is to degrade and deposit structural proteins within the extracellular matrix (ECM). A dysregulation of MMPs is linked to vascular diseases. MMPs are classified into collagenases, gelatinases, membrane-type, metalloelastase, stromelysins, matrilysins, enamelysins, and unclassified subgroups. The production of MMPs is stimulated by factors such as oxidative stress, growth factors and inflammation which lead to its up- or down-regulation with subsequent ECM remodeling. Normally, excess activation of MMPs is controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). An imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in hypertension, atherosclerotic plaque formation and instability, aortic aneurysms and varicose vein wall remodeling. Also, recent evidence suggests epigenetic regulation of some MMPs in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Over the years, pharmacological inhibitors of MMPs have been used to modify or prevent the development of the disease with some success. In this review, we discuss recent advances in MMP biology, and their involvement in the manifestation of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202,
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Angiotensin-II induced hypertension and renovascular remodelling in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 knockout mice. J Hypertens 2015; 31:2270-81; discussion 2281. [PMID: 24077247 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283649b33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained hypertension induces renovascular remodelling by altering extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are Zn-dependent enzymes that regulate ECM turnover in concert with their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been implicated in hypertensive complications; however, the contribution of individual MMPs/TIMPs in renal remodelling has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TIMP2 deficiency and thus MMP-2 on angiotensin-II (Ang-II) induced renal remodelling. METHOD C57BL/6J (wild-type) and TIMP2 knockout mice were infused with Ang-II at 250 ng/kg per min for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was measured weekly and end-point laser Doppler flowmetry was done to assess cortical blood flow. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for collagen and elastin analyses. The activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was determined by Gelatin zymography. RESULTS Ang-II induced similar elevation in mean blood pressure in TIMP2 and wild-type mice. In TIMP2 mice, Ang-II treatment was associated with a greater reduction in renal cortical blood flow and barium angiography demonstrated decreased vascular density compared with Ang-II treated wild-type mice. Peri-glomerular and vascular collagen deposition was increased and elastin content was decreased causing increased wall-to-lumen ratio in TIMP2 mice compared with wild-type mice receiving Ang-II. Ang-II increased the expression and activity of MMP-9 predominantly in TIMP2 mice than in wild-type mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TIMP2 deficiency exacerbates renovascular remodelling in agonist-induced hypertension by a mechanism that may, in part, be attributed to increased activity of MMP-9.
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Polymorphisms in the Promoters of the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 Genes Are Associated with Spontaneous Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Taiwan Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142482. [PMID: 26551785 PMCID: PMC4638341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) function in the degradation of extracellular matrix and the activities of MMPs are modulated by their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This study aimed to discuss relationship of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 to spontaneous deep ICH (SDICH) susceptibility and hematoma size. Methods Associations were tested by logistic regression and general linear models (GLM) where appropriate, adjusting with covariables of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Association analyses were performed first by stratification of genders and then by the age of 65 years old (y/o). Elder population was defined as subjects who were older than 65 y/o. Results There were 396 SDICH patients and 376 control subjects in this study. In the elder group, rs7503607 C>A variant in TIMP-2 was associated with SDICH in male and overall patients (OR = 3.49, 95% CI 1.45 to 8.40, P = 0.005 and OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.38, P = 0.003, respectively) in additive genetic model. In recessive genetic model, rs2285053 TT genotype in MMP-2 was correlated to SDICH in male patients and overall elder group (OR = 7.30, 95% CI 1.3 to 40, P = 0.02 and OR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.02 to 8.31, P = 0.046, respectively), and rs7503726 AA genotype in TIMP-2 was associated with SDICH in female patients (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.84, P = 0.02). In younger male and overall younger patients, SDICH patients who had supratentorial hemorrhage had significantly lower frequency of AA genotypes in rs7503726 than those with infratentorial hemorrhage (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.75, P = 0.006 and OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.84, P = 0.014, respectively). Hemorrhage size increased by 9.7 (95% CI 2.1 to 43, P = 0.004) cm3 per minor allele (A) of the rs7503607 variant in the elder female patients and increased by 4.3 (95% CI 1.4 to 12.9, P = 0.009) cm3 per minor allele (A) in all elder patients. In younger patients, the hemorrhage size decreased by 3.3 (95% CI 1.2 to 9.5, P = 0.03) cm3 per minor allele of the s7503726 variant in the female patients. Conclusions This study showed a significant association between the variants of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 promoters and SDICH susceptibility with significant age and gender differences. Hemorrhage location and size might be affected by TIMP-2 promoter variants in the SDICH patients.
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Winchester LJ, Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine elicits an M1 phenotype in murine macrophages through an EMMPRIN-mediated pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:577-84. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with inflammatory diseases and is known to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and to decrease endothelial nitric oxide production. However, the impact of HHcy on macrophage phenotype differentiation is not well-established. It has been documented that macrophages have 2 distinct phenotypes: the “classically activated/destructive” (M1), and the “alternatively activated/constructive” (M2) subtypes. We hypothesize that HHcy increases M1 macrophage differentiation through extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), a known inducer of matrix metalloproteinases. Methods: murine J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with 100 and 500 μmol/L Hcy, respectively, for 24 h. Samples were analyzed using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Results: Homocysteine treatment increased cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40; M1 marker) in J774A.1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages. MMP-9 was induced in both cell lines. EMMPRIN protein expression was also increased in both cell lines. Blocking EMMPRIN function by pre-treating cells with anti-EMMPRIN antibody, with or without Hcy, resulted in significantly lower expression of CD40 in both cell lines by comparison with the controls. A DCFDA assay demonstrated increased ROS production in both cell lines with Hcy treatment when compared with the controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that HHcy results in an increase of the M1 macrophage phenotype. This effect seems to be at least partially mediated by EMMPRIN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Winchester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Srikanth Givvimani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C. Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, 500 South Preston Street, HSC Building A, KY 40202, USA
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Lacerda L, Faria APD, Fontana V, Moreno H, Sandrim V. Role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in resistance to drug therapy in patients with resistant hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 105:168-75. [PMID: 26039662 PMCID: PMC4559126 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increased evidence of the important role of matrix metalloproteinases
(MMP-9 and MMP‑2) in the pathophysiology of hypertension, the profile of these
molecules in resistant hypertension (RHTN) remains unknown. Objectives To compare the plasma levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and of their tissue inhibitors
(TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, respectively), as well as their MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2
ratios, between patients with controlled RHTN (CRHTN, n=41) and uncontrolled RHTN
(UCRHTN, n=35). In addition, the association of those parameters with clinical
characteristics, office blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness (determined by
pulse wave velocity) was evaluate in those subgroups. Methods This study included 76 individuals diagnosed with RHTN and submitted to physical
examination, electrocardiogram, and laboratory tests to assess biochemical
parameters. Results Similar values of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 and MMP-2/TIMP-2
ratios were found in the UCRHTN and CRHTN subgroups (P>0.05). A significant
correlation was found between diastolic BP (DBP) and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (r=0.37;
P=0.02) and DPB and MMP-2 (r=-0.40; P=0.02) in the UCRHTN subgroup. On the other
hand, no correlation was observed in the CRHTN subgroup. Logistic regression
models demonstrated that MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and their ratios were not
associated with the lack of BP control. Conclusion These findings suggest that neither MMP-2 nor MMP-9 affect BP control in RHTN
subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lacerda
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, BR
| | | | | | - Heitor Moreno
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, BR
| | - Valéria Sandrim
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, BR
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Ciavarella C, Alviano F, Gallitto E, Ricci F, Buzzi M, Velati C, Stella A, Freyrie A, Pasquinelli G. Human Vascular Wall Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Contribute to Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathogenesis Through an Impaired Immunomodulatory Activity and Increased Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Circ J 2015; 79:1460-9. [PMID: 25854712 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main histopathological features of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are tissue proteolysis mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammation. This study aimed at verifying the presence and contribution of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to aneurysmal tissue remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS MSCs were successfully isolated from the AAA wall of 12 male patients and were found to express mesenchymal and stemness markers. MMP-2/-9 are involved in AAA progression and their mRNA levels in AAA-MSCs resulted higher than healthy MSCs (cMSCs), especially MMP-9 (400-fold increased). Moreover, MMP-9 protein and activity were pronounced in AAA-MSCs. Immunomodulation was tested in AAA-MSCs after co-culture with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and revealed a weak immunosuppressive action on PBMC proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, flow cytometry assay), together with a reduced expression of anti-inflammatory molecules (HLA-G, IL-10) by AAA-MSCs compared to cMSCs. MMP-9 expression in AAA-MSCs was shown to be negatively modulated under the influence of cMSCs and exogenous IL-10. CONCLUSIONS MSCs with stemness properties are niched in human AAA tissues and display a dysregulation of functional activities; that is, upregulation of MMP-9 and ineffective immunomodulatory capacity, which are crucial in the AAA progression; the possibility to modulate the increased MMP-9 expression by healthy MSCs and IL-10 suggests that novel therapeutic strategies are possible for slowing down AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ciavarella
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna
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Türkoğlu O, Barış N, Tervahartiala T, Şenarslan Ö, Sorsa T, Atilla G. Evaluation of Systemic Levels of Neutrophilic Enzymes in Patients With Hypertension and Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:908-16. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Winchester L, Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Tyagi SC. Exercise mitigates the adverse effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on macrophages, MMP-9, skeletal muscle, and white adipocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:575-82. [PMID: 24923386 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise is a great medicine with its benefits encompassing everything from prevention of cardiovascular risk to alleviation of different muscular myopathies. Interestingly, elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), also known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), antagonizes beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2AR), gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) receptors. HHcy also stimulates an elevation of the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in a more inflammatory profile. In this review we discuss several potential targets altered by HHcy that result in myopathy and excessive fat accumulation. Several of these HHcy mediated changes can be countered by exercise and culminate into mitigation of HHcy induced myopathy and metabolic syndrome. We suggest that exercise directly impacts levels of Hcy, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), macrophages, and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, especially Gs). While HHcy promotes the M1 macrophage phenotype, it appears that exercise may diminish the M1/M2 ratio, resulting in a less inflammatory phenotype. HHcy through its influence on GPCRs, specifically β₂AR, PPARγ and GABA receptors, promotes accumulation of white fat, whereas exercise enhances the browning of white fat and counters HHcy-mediated effects on GPCRs. Alleviation of HHcy-associated pathologies with exercise also includes reversal of excessive MMP-9 activation. Moreover, exercise, by reducing plasma Hcy levels, may prevent skeletal muscle myopathy, improve exercise capacity and rescue the obese phenotype. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathological conditions surrounding HHcy and to clarify the importance of regular exercise as a method of disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Winchester
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Yabluchanskiy A, Ma Y, Iyer RP, Hall ME, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: Many shades of function in cardiovascular disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 28:391-403. [PMID: 24186934 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, one of the most widely investigated MMPs, regulates pathological remodeling processes that involve inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. MMP-9 directly degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and activates cytokines and chemokines to regulate tissue remodeling. MMP-9 deletion or inhibition has proven overall beneficial in multiple animal models of cardiovascular disease. As such, MMP-9 expression and activity is a common end point measured. MMP-9 cell-specific overexpression, however, has also proven beneficial and highlights the fact that little information is available on the underlying mechanisms of MMP-9 function. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of MMP-9 physiology, including structure, regulation, activation, and downstream effects of increased MMP-9. We discuss MMP-9 roles during inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. By concentrating on the substrates of MMP-9 and their roles in cardiovascular disease, we explore the overall function and discuss future directions on the translational potential of MMP-9 based therapies.
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Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Solari S, García L, Lavanderos S, Valdivia C, Fuentes C, Lagos CF, Martínez-Aguayo A, Baudrand R, Aglony M, García H, Fardella CE. Polymorphisms in the RAC1 gene are associated with hypertension risk factors in a Chilean pediatric population. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:299-307. [PMID: 24487980 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GTPase Rac1 has been implicated in hypertension as a modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor activity. Our aim is to investigate the frequency of polymorphisms rs10951982 (intron 1, G>A) and rs836478 (intron 3, T>C) in the RAC1 gene and perform association studies with clinical and biochemical parameters in a Chilean pediatric cohort. METHODS Two hundred two normotensive (NT) subjects (aged 4-16 years) were divided into 2 groups: NT subjects with hypertensive parents (NH; n = 103) and NT subjects with NT parents (NN; n = 99). We measured markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor α), endothelial damage (Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 metalloproteinase-9, and metalloproteinase-2), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde). Data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS We found differences in polymorphism rs836478 (intron 3, C>T) in both genotypic (χ(2) = 15.2, 2 df; P = 0.0005) and allelic (X(2)=5.5, 1 df; P = 0.01) frequencies in NH vs. NN subjects. NH subjects with a TT genotype showed increase MMP9 expression (median = 2.3, IQR - 1.6-3.2; vs. median = 1.6, IQR = 1.6-2.3 AU; P = 0.01) and lower IL-6 expression (median = 8.8, IQR = 7.0-11.8; vs. median = 12.1, IQR = 8.2-14.7 pg/ml; P = 0.02) compared with subjects with TC/CC genotype. No difference in the allelic frequency distribution was seen in the polymorphism rs10951982 (NH vs. NN: χ(2)=0.2, 1 df; P = 0.6). For this SNP, NN subjects with GA/AA genotype showed decreased diastolic BP indexes compared with subjects with native GG genotype (median = 1.08, IQR = 1.0-1.2; vs. median = 0.99, IQR = 0.94-1.1; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We report the frequency of polymorphisms rs836478 and rs10951982 of the RAC1 gene in a Spanish-Amerindian cohort. The polymorphism rs836478 was associated with an increased expression in markers of inflammation and endothelial damage (MMP9 and IL-6) in pediatric subjects with a hypertensive genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gavina C, Falcão-Pires I, Rodrigues J, Marinho B, Gonçalves N, Lopes R, Amorim MJ, Almeida J, Pinho P, Gonçalves A, Rocha-Gonçalves F, Leite-Moreira A. Load independent impairment of reverse remodeling after valve replacement in hypertensive aortic stenosis patients. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170:324-30. [PMID: 24268509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the impact of hypertension on the left ventricular mass regression in aortic stenosis after aortic valve replacement. METHODS We prospectively studied 135 patients with severe aortic stenosis at baseline and 1 year after surgery. In 32 patients we analyzed myocardial gene expression of collagen types I and III, connective tissue growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, metalloproteinase-2 and its tissue inhibitor and compared its levels vs controls. RESULTS Seventy-six patients (56.3%) had a history of hypertension. Hypertensive patients were older, had higher Euroscore-II and NYHA class, with no differences in stenosis severity. At 1 year follow-up there was a median decrease of mass index of 14.2% (P25-75: -4.3%-30.4%; p<0.001). Mass regression was significantly higher in patients without hypertension, with a median decrease of 25.9% (P25-75: 12.0%-38.7%) vs 5.4% (P25-75: -12.5%-20.1%; p=0.001), despite similar increase in effective orifice area and no differences in valvuloarterial impedance. After 1 year, higher baseline left ventricular mass index (p=0.005) and the absence of hypertension (p=0.002) or diabetes (p=0.041) were the only independent predictors of mass regression higher than the median. Comparing with controls, aortic stenosis patients had an increased expression of collagen types I and III, but only hypertensive patients had higher relative expression of collagen type I vs III. In hypertensive patients TIMP2 expression was up-regulated and correlated with higher baseline left ventricular mass index (r=0.61; p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS In aortic stenosis, hypertension impairs mass regression one year after valve replacement, independently of total afterload. Differences in the expression of extracellular matrix remodeling genes might contribute to this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gavina
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Benjamim Marinho
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nadia Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Jorge Amorim
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinho
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
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Chang CS, Su SL, Chang CC, Lee KW, Kuo CL, Huang CS, Tseng WM, Liu CS. Cyclophilin-A: a novel biomarker for untreated male essential hypertension. Biomarkers 2013; 18:716-20. [PMID: 24164594 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.847122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cytokines, total nitrite, and cyclophilin-A (CyP-A) may be related to the pathogenesis of untreated hypertension. Forty males with normotensive and untreated essential hypertension were recruited in this cytokines survey. Body mass index (BMI), hyperlipidemia, and plasma CyP-A were increased in the hypertensive group (p < 0.05). However, only BMI (p = 0.022) and plasma CyP-A (p = 0.020) were found to be significant contributors to hypertension by multiple regression analysis. CyP-A was also positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (p = 0.029) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.047). These findings indicated that plasma CyP-A is a critical molecular biomarker in the early pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shu Chang
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
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Wang HX, Yang QD, Liu BQ, Zhang L, Ma MM, Hu ZY, Xia J, Xu HW, Du XP. TIMP-1 polymorphisms in a Chinese Han population with intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:61-7. [PMID: 23841813 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.823604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) are crucial events in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-9 and MMP-2, are the most important degrading enzymes in the ECM and BBB. These proteolytic effects are controlled predominantly by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). TIMP-1 is the main endogenous inhibitor of MMP-9. Two polymorphisms in the TIMP-1 gene (rs4898 and rs2070584) were selected through a literature review and successfully genotyped in a study sample of 410 ICH patients and 305 controls. Differences in genotype and allele frequencies of identified polymorphisms were determined. Furthermore, the serum levels of TIMP-1 were measured in a subgroup of 96 ICH patients on days 1 after ICH onset and 76 controls. Analyses showed that C allele of rs2070584 was significantly associated with the development of ICH in male subjects (p = 0.037, OR = 1.535, 95%CI 1.025-2.300). Multiple logistic regression analysis under three genetic models demonstrated both rs4898 and rs2070584 were not risk factors for ICH in female subjects. Furthermore, serum levels of TIMP-1 were significantly higher in ICH patients than those in normal controls. However, the serum levels of TIMP-1 showed a nonsignificant decrease, depending on the alleles and genotypes of rs2070584 both in male and female cases. In conclusion, this is the first association study of the TIMP-1 gene variants with ICH. Our data suggest that C allele of rs2070584 is a risk factor for ICH development in the Chinese male population. However, the precise function of this variant needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xing Wang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P. R .China
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Onal ED. The metalloproteinase system and vitamin D deficiency. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:e47. [PMID: 23466209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Huang JH, Chiu WC, Hsu MI, Chen YJ. Effects of androgen on vascular and inflammatory biomarkers in a female hypertensive population. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29:340-4. [PMID: 23327657 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.743015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen is a steroid hormone associated with high blood pressure (BP). The effect of androgen on BP in females is unknown. METHODS Androgen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were evaluated in females with menstruation disorders (n = 135, 28 ± 5 years old) and normal BP, pre-hypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension. RESULTS Normal-BP (n = 57), pre-hypertension (n = 44), stage-1-hypertension (n = 21), and stage-2-hypertension (n = 13) females had similar androgen (3.3 ± 1.5, 2.7 ± 1.2, 3.1 ± 1.4, and 3.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml, p > 0.05) and IL-6 levels (1.7 ± 2.2, 1.9 ± 2.6, 1.3 ± 1.2 and 2.4 ± 3.3 pg/ml, p > 0.05). However, normal BP females had lower MMP-9 (609 ± 307 versus 891 ± 385 ng/ml, p < 0.05) than stage-1-hypertension females. In addition, normal BP females had lower VEGF (166 ± 103 versus 255 ± 139, 272 ± 128 and 301 ± 216 pg/ml, p < 0.05) than the other three groups. In normal-androgen females, VEGF levels were similar among the four groups. However, in high-androgen females, normal BP groups had lower VEGF levels than pre-hypertension, stage-1, and stage-2 hypertension groups (166 ± 94 versus 294 ± 153, 281 ± 160 and 357 ± 253 p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Androgen can modulate growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension in young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hung Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Berry E, Bosonea AM, Wang X, Fernandez-Patron C. Insights into the Activity, Differential Expression, Mutual Regulation, and Functions of Matrix Metalloproteinases and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases in Hypertension and Cardiac Disease. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:52-68. [DOI: 10.1159/000345240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Fontana V, Silva PS, Izidoro-Toledo TC, Biagi C, Oliveira EB, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effects of Enalapril on Matrix Metalloproteinases Levels in Hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 26:511-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Powers BJ, Coeytaux RR, Dolor RJ, Hasselblad V, Patel UD, Yancy WS, Gray RN, Irvine RJ, Kendrick AS, Sanders GD. Updated report on comparative effectiveness of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors for patients with essential hypertension: much more data, little new information. J Gen Intern Med 2012; 27:716-29. [PMID: 22147122 PMCID: PMC3358398 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-011-1938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A 2007 systematic review compared angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with hypertension. Direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) have since been introduced, and significant new research has been published. We sought to update and expand the 2007 review. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (through December 2010) and selected other sources for relevant English-language trials. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS We included studies that directly compared ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and/or DRIs in at least 20 total adults with essential hypertension; had at least 12 weeks of follow-up; and reported at least one outcome of interest. Ninety-seven (97) studies (36 new since 2007) directly comparing ACE inhibitors versus ARBs and three studies directly comparing DRIs to ACE inhibitor inhibitors or ARBs were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS A standard protocol was used to extract data on study design, interventions, population characteristics, and outcomes; evaluate study quality; and summarize the evidence. RESULTS In spite of substantial new evidence, none of the conclusions from the 2007 review changed. The level of evidence remains high for equivalence between ACE inhibitors and ARBs for blood pressure lowering and use as single antihypertensive agents, as well as for superiority of ARBs for short-term adverse events (primarily cough). However, the new evidence was insufficient on long-term cardiovascular outcomes, quality of life, progression of renal disease, medication adherence or persistence, rates of angioedema, and differences in key patient subgroups. LIMITATIONS Included studies were limited by follow-up duration, protocol heterogeneity, and infrequent reporting on patient subgroups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS Evidence does not support a meaningful difference between ACE inhibitors and ARBs for any outcome except medication side effects. Few, if any, of the questions that were not answered in the 2007 report have been addressed by the 36 new studies. Future research in this area should consider areas of uncertainty and be prioritized accordingly.
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Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2012; 30:3-16. [PMID: 22134384 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32834d249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular remodeling. In the cardiovascular system, the remodeling of the extracellular matrix is controlled by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). The aim of this meta-analysis is to elucidate the behavior of plasma MMP and TIMP levels in hypertension and their relationship to cardiovascular remodeling. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched up to July 2011. Studies were considered eligible if they provided values of plasma MMPs and TIMPs in hypertensive patients. Given the high variability of the plasma biomarker values among studies, the standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated. RESULTS Ten studies provided plasma MMP-9; the SMD between 778 hypertensive patients and 669 controls was 1.95 units (P < 0.05). Thirteen studies provided plasma TIMP-1; the SMD between 851 hypertensive patients and 646 normotensive individuals was 1.92 units (P < 0.01). Three studies investigated whether plasma TIMP-1 predicted left ventricular (LV) remodeling; the SMD between 92 hypertensive patients with and 88 hypertensive patients without LV hypertrophy was 5.81 units (P < 0.05). As for diastolic heart failure (HF), five studies provided data for plasma MMP-2; the SMD between 321 hypertensive patients with and 334 hypertensive patients without HF was 2.36 units (P < 0.01). The heterogeneity among studies was high. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may have a role as biomarkers of cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension. If these results are confirmed in prospective clinical studies, they could provide new tools to stratify cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients.
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Fontana V, Silva PS, Gerlach RF, Tanus-Santos JE. Circulating matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in hypertension. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:656-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hopps E, Caimi G. Matrix metalloproteinases in metabolic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:99-104. [PMID: 22284236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is commonly accompanied by an elevated cardiovascular risk with high morbidity and mortality. The alterations of the arterial vasculature begin with endothelial dysfunction and lead to micro- and macrovascular complications. The remodeling of the endothelial basal membrane, that promotes erosion and thrombosis, has a multifactorial pathogenesis that includes leukocyte activation, increased oxidative stress and also an altered matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. MMPs are endopeptidases which degrade extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, gelatins, fibronectin and laminin. They can be secreted by several cells within the vascular wall, but macrophages are determinant in the atherosclerotic plaques. Their activity is regulated by tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) and also by other molecules, such as plasmin. MMPs could be implicated in plaque instability predisposing to vascular complications. It has been demonstrated that an impaired MMP or TIMP expression is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality. A large number of studies evaluated MMPs pattern in obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, all of which define metabolic syndrome according to several Consensus Statement (i.e. IDF, ATP III, AHA). However, few research have been carried out on subjects with metabolic syndrome. The evidences of an improvement in MMP/TIMP ratio with diet, exercise and medical therapy should encourage further investigations with the intent to contrast the atherosclerotic process and to reduce morbidity and mortality of this kind of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hopps
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nefrological Disease, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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Ma Y, Chiao YA, Zhang J, Manicone AM, Jin YF, Lindsey ML. Matrix metalloproteinase-28 deletion amplifies inflammatory and extracellular matrix responses to cardiac aging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:81-90. [PMID: 22153350 PMCID: PMC3972008 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To determine if matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-28 mediates cardiac aging, wild-type (WT) and MMP-28-/- young (7 ± 1 months, n = 9 each) and old (20 ± 2 months, n = 7 each) female mice were evaluated. MMP-28 expression in the left ventricle (LV) increased 42% in old WT mice compared to young controls (p < 0.05). By Doppler echocardiography, LV function declined at 20 ± 2 months of age for both groups. However, dobutamine stress responses were similar, indicating that cardiac reserve was maintained. Plasma proteomic profiling revealed that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 α, MIP-1β and MMP-9 plasma levels did not change in WT old mice but were significantly elevated in MMP-28-/- old mice (all p < 0.05), suggestive of a higher inflammatory status when MMP-28 is deleted. RT2-PCR gene array and immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that MIP-1α and MMP-9 gene and protein levels in the LV were also higher in MMP-28-/- old mice (all p < 0.05). Macrophage numbers in the LV increased similarly in WT and MMP-28-/- old mice, compared to respective young controls (both p < 0.05). Collagen content was not different among the WT and MMP-28-/- young and old mice. In conclusion, LV inflammation increases with age, and MMP-28 deletion further elevates inflammation and extracellular matrix responses, without altering macrophage numbers or collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Ying Ann Chiao
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Anne M. Manicone
- Center for Lung Biology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Fang Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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