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Liu ES, Wu YT, Liang WM, Kuo FY. Association of scrub typhus with the risk of venous thromboembolism and long-term mortality: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:905-914. [PMID: 38472518 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existing literature lacks studies examining the epidemiological link between scrub typhus and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), and the long-term outcomes. The objective of this study is to explore the potential association between scrub typhus and the subsequent risk of venous thromboembolism, and long-term mortality. METHOD This nationwide cohort study identified 10,121 patients who were newly diagnosed with scrub typhus. Patients with a prior DVT or PE diagnosis before the scrub typhus infection were excluded. A comparison cohort of 101,210 patients was established from the general population using a propensity score matching technique. The cumulative survival HRs for the two cohorts were calculated by the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULT After adjusting for sex, age, and comorbidities, the scrub typhus group had an adjusted HR (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.80-1.30) for DVT, 1.11 (0.63-1.93) for PE, and 1.16 (1.08-1.25) for mortality compared to the control group. The post hoc subgroup analysis revealed that individuals younger than 55 years with a prior scrub typhus infection had a significantly higher risk of DVT (HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.12-2.25) and long-term mortality (HR: 1.75; 95% CI, 1.54-1.99). CONCLUSION The scrub typhus patients showed a 16% higher risk of long-term mortality. For those in scrub typhus cohort below 55 years of age, the risk of developing DVT was 1.59 times higher, and the risk of mortality was 1.75 times higher. Age acted as an effect modifier influencing the relationship between scrub typhus and risk of new-onset DVT and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Shao Liu
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Kuo
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Rd., Zuoying Dist, Kaohsiung City, 813, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Shapiro M, Hamulyák EN, Leader A, Landau R, Middeldorp S, Gurevich-Shapiro A. Venous thromboembolism among physically active young adult females. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102236. [PMID: 38193067 PMCID: PMC10772887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Young adult females are at risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to various acquired and transient factors. In recent years, a growing number of females have engaged in strenuous physical activity, but its role as a risk factor for VTE is uncertain. Objectives To determine the incidence of VTE in young adult females engaged in strenuous physical activity. Methods A large national cohort of female individuals enlisted in the Israeli Defense Forces between 2012 and 2019 was analyzed. The study group consisted of participants undergoing strenuous physical training during their military service, while the control group maintained regular activity levels. We compared the incidence of VTE between the groups and adjusted for potential risk factors using a multivariate Cox analysis. Results The cohort included 160,718 female individuals aged 18 to 21years, of whom 11,745 engaged in strenuous physical activity and 148,973 served as controls. During a mean follow-up of 1.7 years, VTE occurred in 5 individuals (0.04%) in the strenuous activity group and 47 individuals (0.03%) in the control group. The incidence per 10,000 person-years was 2.41 (95% CI, 0.78-5.62) for the strenuous activity group and 1.82 (95% CI, 1.34-2.42) for the controls. Strenuous activity did not increase the risk for VTE in univariate or multivariate regression, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.27 (95% CI, 0.49-4.22). Use of oral contraceptives was the only significant risk factor, demonstrating dose effect; HR 1.95 (95% CI, 1.06-3.57) for low dose and HR 3.62 (95% CI, 1.40-9.37) for medium estrogen dose contraceptives. Conclusion Strenuous physical activity did not increase the risk for VTE among a large cohort of young adult female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shapiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eva N. Hamulyák
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Avi Leader
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Regev Landau
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Endocrine Department, Shamir Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tzrifin, Israel
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gurevich-Shapiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Hematology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Cohen O, Barg AA, Nowak-Göttl U, Amado-Fernández C, Mazzolai L, Tiberio G, Schellong S, Skride A, Morales MDV, Monreal M, Kenet G. Venous thromboembolism characteristics, treatment and outcomes in young adults: findings from the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica registry. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2811-2823. [PMID: 37406932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is rare in patients aged <21 years. Young adults aged 18 to 21 years are frequently included in adult VTE studies, whereas pediatric VTE studies include patients aged up to either 18 or 21 years. The clinical characteristics of young adult patients with VTE have not been well defined. OBJECTIVES We aimed to highlight any unique characteristics or treatment considerations that may apply to young adult patients with VTE. METHODS Data from the prospective, international Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica registry were used. Patients were stratified into subcohorts according to age. The clinical characteristics, risk factors, management, and outcomes of young adult patients with VTE were compared with those of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years and adults aged >21 years. RESULTS Of 104 253 Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica patients enrolled until August 2022, 234 were adolescents and 884 were young adults. Less cases of pulmonary embolism were reported in adolescents (P < .001). Estrogen use was a common risk factor, more prevalent in adolescents and young adults (P < .001), whereas active cancer and immobilization were uncommon in both. Most patients were initially treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. VTE recurrence, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality rates were comparably low among adolescents and young adults. None of the patients aged <21 years died from VTE recurrence. CONCLUSION Young adults have some distinctive VTE risk factors. While VTE presentation may be similar among young adults and older patients, the outcomes of patients aged <21 years are more favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Cohen
- National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Assaf A Barg
- National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ulrike Nowak-Göttl
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Treatment Centre, University Hospital, Kiel-Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Department of Angiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio Tiberio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Sebastian Schellong
- Department of Medical Clinic, Municipal Hospital of Dresden Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andris Skride
- Department of Cardiology, Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Manuel Monreal
- Chair for the Study of Thromboembolic Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), El Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gili Kenet
- National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Computational Analysis of the Related Factors of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Formation in Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1127095. [PMID: 35668774 PMCID: PMC9166936 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1127095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on 51 patients undergoing hip fracture surgery to investigate the factors associated with the formation of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The independent sample t-test and correlation analysis were used to sort out and analyze the data. The findings are as follows. (1) Different gender samples showed significant differences in the Caprini score and thrombus location. Most DVTs in females are located in the posterior tibial vein and intermuscular veins. The Caprini score of females was significantly higher than that of males. (2) Age displays a positive correlation with DVT, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and different surgical types, respectively. (3) There is a correlation between age and operation duration. (4) Hyperlipidemia and cerebrovascular disease show a positive correlation with DVT. (5) There was a significant negative correlation between the Caprini score and the quantification of D-dimer. This indicates that in this sample, the higher the patients' Caprini score is, the lower the quantitation of D-dimer will be. (6) Hyperlipidemia and cardiac insufficiency show a positive correlation with cerebrovascular disease. Patients with hyperlipidemia and cardiac insufficiency may also suffer from cerebrovascular diseases.
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Vasiltseva OY, Vitt KN, Cherniavsky AM. [Features of pulmonary thromboembolism in women]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2021; 61:89-97. [PMID: 34882082 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.11.n1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery embolism (PAE) is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. Verification of a more common pathology takes time, which may become critical for treatment of pulmonary embolism and saving the patient's life. Since PAE is an acute disease, the time window for medical care largely determines the prognosis. Therefore, the differential diagnostic process should include thromboembolism already at the first visit. It is important to determine risk factors for PAE taking into account the patient's personality and gender. Obtained data may help the physician to determine quickly the expedience of visualizing studies, such as ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, angiopulmonography, computed tomographic angiopulmonography. For women, it is important to collect specific information, such as the presence of large uterine fibroids, use of combined oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy; to ask how long ago the patient had pregnancy and delivery, whether she has thrombophilia or oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ya Vasiltseva
- National Medical Research Center named after acad. E.N. Meshalkin, Novosibirsk
| | - K N Vitt
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk
| | - A M Cherniavsky
- National Medical Research Center named after acad. E.N. Meshalkin, Novosibirsk
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Liu H, Yuan H, Wang Y, Huang W, Xue H, Zhang X. Prediction of venous thromboembolism with machine learning techniques in young-middle-aged inpatients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12868. [PMID: 34145330 PMCID: PMC8213829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating studies appear to suggest that the risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) among young-middle-aged inpatients are different from those among elderly people. Therefore, the current prediction models for VTE are not applicable to young-middle-aged inpatients. The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate a new prediction model for young-middle-aged people using machine learning methods. The clinical data sets linked with 167 inpatients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) and 406 patients without DVT or PE were compared and analysed with machine learning techniques. Five algorithms, including logistic regression, decision tree, feed-forward neural network, support vector machine, and random forest, were used for training and preparing the models. The support vector machine model had the best performance, with AUC values of 0.806-0.944 for 95% CI, 59% sensitivity and 99% specificity, and an accuracy of 87%. Although different top predictors of adverse outcomes appeared in the different models, life-threatening illness, fibrinogen, RBCs, and PT appeared to be more consistently featured by the different models as top predictors of adverse outcomes. Clinical data sets of young and middle-aged inpatients can be used to accurately predict the risk of VTE with a support vector machine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yuan
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Rajpurkar M, Zia A, Weyand AC, Thomas R, O'Brien SH, Srivaths L, Kouides P. Management of anticoagulation associated reproductive tract bleeding in adolescent and young adult females - Results of a multinational survey. Thromb Res 2021; 203:61-68. [PMID: 33957308 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reproductive tract bleeding (RTB) is an important outcome in menstruating females on anticoagulant therapy (AC). The diagnosis and management of AC-RTB in adolescent and young adult (AYA) females is unknown. AIMS The aim of this study was to survey the contemporary patterns of diagnosis and management of AC-RTB in AYA females. METHODS SurveyMonkey® questions were sent to members of 1) Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis Hemostasis Subcommittee and Women's Health Subcommittee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis and 2) Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society. Results are reported using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Response rate was 33% (251 out of 753). AC-RTB was infrequently reported. Menstrual history was not routinely reviewed prior to initiation of AC. Respondents indicated a differential risk of AC-RTB, most frequently with Rivaroxaban. Respondents continued hormonal therapy (HT) if an AYA female was on it at the start of AC. When AC-RTB occurred, management strategies were variable with initiation of HT or antifibrinolytic therapy being the most frequent. The timing of AC-RTB after the thrombotic event influenced the respondents' choice of therapy. Differences were seen in the management strategies between US and non-US participants, with more US respondents initiating HT while more non-US respondents modifying the AC regimen. Respondents uniformly reported complications with AC-RTB and with its treatment. CONCLUSION This survey highlights the need to review menstrual history at the start of and during AC and for future research into choosing the optimal AC in AYA females. The results can inform the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhvi Rajpurkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ayesha Zia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angela C Weyand
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ronald Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sarah H O'Brien
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lakshmi Srivaths
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Kouides
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and the Mary M. Gooley Hemophilia Center, USA
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Real world data on clinical profile, management and outcomes of venous thromboembolism from a tertiary care centre in India. Indian Heart J 2021; 73:336-341. [PMID: 34154752 PMCID: PMC8322750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study describes a real-world scenario of VTE presenting to a tertiary care hospital in India. METHODS All patients presenting with acute VTE or associated complications from January 2017 to January 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS A total of 330 patient admissions related to VTE were included over 3 years, of which 303 had an acute episode of VTE. The median age was 50 years (IQR 38-64); 30% of patients were younger than 40 years of age. Only 24% of patients had provoked VTE with recent surgery (56%) and malignancy (16%) being the commonest risk factors. VTE manifested as isolated DVT (56%), isolated pulmonary embolism (PE; 19.1%), combined DVT/PE (22.4%), and upper limb DVT (2.3%). Patients with PE (n = 126) were classified as low-risk (15%), intermediate-risk (55%) and high-risk (29%). Reperfusion therapy was performed for 15.7% of patients with intermediate-risk and 75.6% with high-risk PE. In-hospital mortality for the entire cohort was 8.9%; 35% for high-risk PE and 11% for intermediate-risk PE. On multivariate analysis, the presence of active malignancy (OR = 5.8; 95% CI: 1.1-30.8, p = 0.038) and high-risk PE (OR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.6-14.9, p = 0.006) were found to be independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION Our data provides real-world perspectives on the demographic sand management of patients presenting with acute VTE in a referral hospital setting. We observed relatively high mortality for intermediate-risk PE, necessitating better subclassification of this group to identify candidates for more aggressive approaches.
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Elgendy IY, Fogerty A, Blanco-Molina Á, Rosa V, Schellong S, Skride A, Portillo J, Lopez-Miguel P, Monreal M, Weinberg I. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Women Presenting with Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1454-1462. [PMID: 32717760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality, there is a paucity of real-world clinical data on clinical presentation and management of VTE during pregnancy and postpartum period. Using data from the international RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad Trombo Embólica) registry, pregnant and postpartum women with VTE were identified. Baseline characteristics, risk factors, therapies, and outcomes were compared. From March 2001 to July 2019, 596 pregnant and 523 postpartum women had symptomatic, objectively confirmed VTE. Pregnant or postpartum women were less likely to have another risk factor for VTE (i.e., immobility, cancer, recent travel) than nonpregnant women aged < 50 years. The prevalence of thrombophilia was higher among pregnant and postpartum women compared with nonpregnant women (53.2% vs. 46%). Pulmonary embolism (PE) was less commonly diagnosed in pregnant versus postpartum women (27% vs. 42%). Pregnant women with PE were commonly treated with low molecular weight heparin (73% vs. 29%), and received more inferior vena cava filters (6.0% vs. 4.2%) compared with postpartum women. By 90 days, one pregnant and one postpartum woman died after PE, and one died after a deep venous thrombosis. The incidence of recurrent VTE was low. In this largest cohort of pregnant and postpartum women with confirmed VTE, we found that pregnant and postpartum women with VTE were unlikely to present with other risk factors for VTE. Adverse outcomes in our study were uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Y Elgendy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annemarie Fogerty
- Division of Hematology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Vladimir Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Schellong
- Department of Medical Clinic, Municipal Hospital of Dresden Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andris Skride
- Department of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - José Portillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Patricia Lopez-Miguel
- Department of Pneumonology, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel Monreal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ido Weinberg
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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