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Tantra T, Singh Y, Patekar R, Kulkarni S, Kumar P, Thareja S. Phosphate Prodrugs: An Approach to Improve the Bioavailability of Clinically Approved Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:336-357. [PMID: 36757029 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230209094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The phosphate prodrug approach has emerged as a viable option for increasing the bioavailability of a drug candidate with low hydrophilicity and poor cell membrane permeability. When a phosphoric acid moiety is attached to the parent drug, it results in a several-fold elevation in aqueous solubility which helps to achieve desired bioavailability of the pharmaceutically active parental molecule. The neutral phosphate prodrugs have rapid diffusion ability through the plasma membrane as compared to their charged counterpart. The presence of phosphate mono ester breaking alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme throughout the whole human body, is the main consideration behind the development of phosphate prodrug strategy. The popularity of this phosphate prodrug strategy is increasing nowadays due to the fulfillment of different desired pharmacokinetic characteristics required to get pharmaceutical and therapeutic responses without showing any serious adverse drug reactions (ADR). This review article mainly focuses on various phosphate prodrugs synthesized within the last decade to get an improved pharmacological response of the parent moiety along with various preclinical and clinical challenges associated with this approach. Emphasis is also given to the chemical mechanism to release the parent moiety from the prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Tantra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Rohan Patekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
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2
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Ogurtsov VA, Rakitin OA. New Cycloadditon Reaction of 2-Chloroprop-2-enethioamides with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates: Synthesis of Dialkyl 2-[4,5-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-(aryl{alkyl}imino)-3(2 H)-thienylidene]-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarboxylates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27206887. [PMID: 36296480 PMCID: PMC9610143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones with alkynes to form 1,3-dithioles is one of the most studied reactions in this class of polysulfur-containing heterocycles. Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in dimethyl 2-(1,2-dichloro-2-thioxoethylidene)-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarboxylate, which was obtained by addition one molecules of DMAD to 4,5-dichloro-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, led to a series of 2-chloro-2-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)ethanethioamides. Cycloaddition reaction of 2-chloro-2-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)ethanethioamides with activated alkynes led to the unexpected formation of 2-(thiophen-3(2H)-ylidene)-1,3-dithioles via new intermediate, 1-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-N-phenylethan-1-yliumimidothioate. Structure of dimethyl 2-(4,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-2-(phenylimino)thiophen-3(2H)-ylidene)-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarboxylate was finally proven by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. Optimized reaction conditions and a mechanistic rationale for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of novel intermediate are presented.
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3
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Sánchez-García JJ, Flores-Alamo M, Nuñez-Gordillo A, Klimova EI. 4,5-Diferrocenyl-1,2-di-thiole-3-thione. IUCRDATA 2022; 7:x221011. [PMID: 36405852 PMCID: PMC9638058 DOI: 10.1107/s2414314622010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of 4,5-diferrocenyl-1,2-di-thiole-3-thione, [Fe2(C5H5)2(C13H8S3)] or C23H18Fe2S3, at 130 K has monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry. The molecule has two ferrocenyl units attached to a 1,2-di-thiole-3-thione moiety. It is of inter-est with respect to the question if the introduction of ferrocenyl substituents into biologically active mol-ecules offers the potential to obtain more efficacious therapeutic drugs. The crystal structure displays inter-molecular contacts of the C-H⋯S and S-π(C-C) types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Sánchez-García
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Amairany Nuñez-Gordillo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Elena I. Klimova
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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4
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Nursamsiar, Nur S, Febrina E, Asnawi A, Syafiie S. Synthesis and Inhibitory Activity of Curculigoside A Derivatives as Potential Anti-Diabetic Agents with β-Cell Apoptosis. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Liu H, Zhang P, Ge X, Wu Q, Han C, Zhang L, Hua Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Shi Y, Wang B, Wang X, Wang W, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Deng C, Xie Y, Liu Y, He S. Optimization of clofibrate with O-desmethyl anetholtrithione lead to a novel hypolipidemia compound with hepatoprotective effect. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 72:128844. [PMID: 35697180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation were considered to be the major mechanisms in liver damage caused by clofibrate (CF). In order to obtain lipid-lowering drugs with less liver damage, the structure of clofibrate was optimized by O-desmethyl anetholtrithione and got the target compound clofibrate-O-desmethyl anetholtrithione (CF-ATT). CF-ATT significantly reduced the levels of plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) in hyperlipidemia mice induced by Triton WR-1339. In addition, CF-ATT has a significantly protective effect on the liver compared with CF. The liver weight and liver coefficient were reduced. The hepatic function indexes were also decreased, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Histopathological examination of the liver revealed that inflammatory cell infiltration, nuclear degeneration, cytoplasmic loosening and hepatocyte necrosis were ameliorated by administration with CF-ATT. The hepatoprotective mechanism showed that CF-ATT significantly up-regulated Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression and down-regulated p-NF-κB P65 expression in the liver. CF-ATT has obviously antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggested that CF-ATT has significant hypolipidemia activity and exact hepatoprotective effect possibly through the Nrf2/NF-κB-mediated signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuchu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Hua
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongheng Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yundong Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Ave., Xi'an-xianyang New Ecomic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Rakitin OA. Synthesis and Reactivity of 3 H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. Molecules 2021; 26:3595. [PMID: 34208356 PMCID: PMC8231234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thiones are among the best studied classes of polysulfur-containing heterocycles due to the almost explosive recent interest in these compounds as sources of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule. This review covers the recent developments in the synthesis of these heterocycles, including both well-known procedures and important novel transformations for building the 1,2-dithiole-3-thione ring. Diverse ring transformations of 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones into various heterocyclic systems through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, replacement of one or two sulfur atoms to form carbon- and carbon-nitrogen containing moieties, and other unexpected reactions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Rakitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia; ; Tel.: +7-499-1355327
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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7
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Wu J, Gao WX, Huang XB, Zhou YB, Liu MC, Wu HY. Selective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropenone Derivatives and Elemental Chalcogens. Org Lett 2020; 22:5555-5560. [PMID: 32643378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient method is disclosed for the synthesis of 1,2-dichalcogen heterocycles via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclopropenone derivatives and elemental chalcogens. Different from other cyclopropenone derivatives, cyclopropenselenones undergo unprecedented rearrangement with elemental sulfur. The features of this protocol include mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, excellent atom economy, gram-scale ability, and good regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
| | - Wen-Xia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
| | - Yun-Bing Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
| | - Miao-Chang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
| | - Hua-Yue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. of China
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8
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Li X, Wang JW, Huang B, Peng ZX, Zhang YY, Zhao SY. Synthesis of 3,15-Disuccinate-12-Coumarin Substituted Andrographolide Derivatives and Their Antiplatelet Aggregation Activities In Vitro. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20910863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a series of novel compounds with antiplatelet aggregation activities, 3,15-disuccinate-12-coumarin substituted derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the natural product andrographolide. In vitro antiplatelet aggregation activities were evaluated by the turbidimetric method with thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), and collagen as inducers. The biological evaluation revealed that compound 11k showed significant inhibition activity for thrombin, AA, and collagen-induced platelet aggregation at the same time and exhibited a dose-dependent behavior. Compound 11c showed the highest antiplatelet aggregation activity induced by ADP. Most of the derivatives had no significant cytotoxicity. Therefore, our work proved that 3,15-disuccinate-12-coumarin substituted andrographolide derivatives had the potential to become a novel candidate structure for antiplatelet aggregation and deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Wei Wang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yun Zhao
- Drug Research Center, Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
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9
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Dali MM, Dansette PM, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Comparison of Various Aryl-Dithiolethiones and Aryl-Dithiolones As Hydrogen Sulfide Donors in the Presence of Rat Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:426-431. [PMID: 32234734 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.090274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that microsomal metabolism of ADT (5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, anetholedithiolethione, Sulfarlem) and ADO (5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-one, anetholedithiolone) led to formation of H2S mainly derived from oxidations catalyzed by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases and that ADO was a better H2S donor than ADT under these conditions. This article compares the H2S donor abilities of 18 dithiolethione and dithiolone analogs of ADT and ADO upon incubation with rat liver microsomes. It shows that, for all the studied compounds, maximal H2S formation was obtained after incubation with microsomes and NADPH and that this formation greatly decreased in the presence of N-benzylimidazole, a known inhibitor of cytochrome P450. This indicates that H2S formation from all the studied compounds requires, as previously observed in the case of ADT and ADO, oxidations catalyzed by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. Under these conditions, the studied dithiolones were almost always better H2S donors than the corresponding dithiolethiones. Interestingly, the best H2S yields (up to 75%) were observed in microsomal oxidation of ADO and its close analogs, pCl-Ph-DO and Ph-DO, in the presence of glutathione (GSH), whereas only small amounts of H2S were formed in microsomal incubations of those compounds with GSH but in the absence of NADPH. A possible mechanism for this effect of GSH is proposed on the basis of results obtained from reactions of GSH with 5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-one-1-sulfoxide, the ADO metabolite involved in H2S formation in microsomal oxidation of ADO. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A series of 18 dithiolethiones and dithiolones were compared for their ability to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in oxidations catalyzed by microsomal monooxygenases. The studied dithiolones were better H2S donors than the corresponding dithiolethiones, and the addition of glutathione to the incubations strongly increased H2S formation. A possible mechanism for this effect of GSH is proposed on the basis of results obtained from reactions of GSH with 5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-one-1-sulfoxide, a metabolite of the choleretic and sialologic drug Sulfarlem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madou-Marilyn Dali
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick M Dansette
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Huang S, Dong R, Xu G, Liu J, Gao X, Yu S, Qie P, Gou G, Hu M, Wang Y, Peng J, Guang B, Xu Y, Yang T. Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Desmethyl Anethole Trithione Phosphate Prodrug for Ameliorating Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4595-4602. [PMID: 32175506 PMCID: PMC7066653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anethol trithione (ATT) has a wide range of physiological activities, but its use is limited due to its poor water solubility. To improve the solubility of ATT, we synthesized and characterized a novel phosphate prodrug (ATXP) relying on the availability of the hydroxy group in 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole3-thione (ATX), which was transformed from ATT rapidly and extensively in vivo. Our results showed that ATXP significantly improved drug solubility. ATXP was rapidly converted to ATX and reached a maximum plasma concentration with a T max of approximately 5 min after intravenous (iv) administration. Furthermore, after the oral administration of ATXP, the C max was 3326.30 ± 566.50 ng/mL, which was approximately 5-fold greater than that of the parent drug form, indicating that ATXP has greater absorption than that of ATT. Additionally, the oral phosphate prodrug ATXP increased the ATX in the area under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC0-t = 3927.40 ± 321.50 and AUC0-∞ = 4579.0 ± 756.30), making its use in practical applications more meaningful. Finally, compared to the vehicle, ATXP was confirmed to maintain the bioactivity of the parent drug for a significant reduction in infarct volume 24 h after reperfusion. Based on these findings, the phosphate prodrug ATXP is a potentially useful water-soluble prodrug with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Renhan Dong
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu
Beinuokecheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 88, Keyuan South Road, New and High-Tech Zone, Chengdu 610094, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaojie Xu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofang Gao
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Yu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengfan Qie
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Gou
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Hu
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Guang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu
Beinuokecheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 88, Keyuan South Road, New and High-Tech Zone, Chengdu 610094, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Tai Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
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11
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Dulac M, Nagarathinam C, Dansette P, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Mechanism of H 2S Formation from the Metabolism of Anetholedithiolethione and Anetholedithiolone by Rat Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1061-1065. [PMID: 31213461 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug anetholedithiolethione (ADT) and its analogs have been extensively used as H2S donors. However, the mechanism of H2S formation from ADT under biologic conditions remains almost completely unknown. This article shows that only small amounts of H2S are formed during incubation of ADT and of its metabolite anetholedithiolone (ADO) with rat liver cytosol or with rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the absence of NADPH, indicating that H2S formation under these conditions is of hydrolytic origin only to a minor extent. By contrast, much greater amounts of H2S are formed upon incubation of ADT and ADO with RLM in the presence of NADPH and dioxygen, with a concomitant formation of H2S and para-methoxy-acetophenone (pMA). Moreover, H2S and pMA formation under those conditions are greatly inhibited in the presence of N-benzyl-imidazole indicating the involvement of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. Mechanistic studies show the intermediate formation of the ADT-derived 1,2-dithiolium cation and of the ADO sulfoxide during microsomal metabolism of ADT and ADO, respectively. This article proposes the first detailed mechanisms for the formation of H2S from microsomal metabolism of ADT and ADO in agreement with those data and with previously published data on the metabolism of compounds involving a C=S bond. Finally, this article shows for the first time that ADO is a better H2S donor than ADT under those conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Incubation of anetholedithiolethione (ADT) or its metabolite anetholedithiolone (ADO) in the presence of rat liver microsomes, NADPH, and O2 leads to H2S. This article shows for the first time that this H2S formation involves several steps catalyzed by microsomal monooxygenases and that ADO is a better H2S donor than ADT. We propose the first detailed mechanisms for the formation of H2S from the microsomal metabolism of ADT and ADO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dulac
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Citra Nagarathinam
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Dansette
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Mansuy
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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12
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Xu HH, Zhang XH, Zhang XG. Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Sulfuration/Annulation of Propargylamines with Sulfur via C-N Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7894-7900. [PMID: 31132264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative sulfuration and annulation of propargylamines with elemental sulfur is described. The tandem reaction involves C-N bond cleavage and the formation of multiple C-S bonds, affording 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones in good to excellent yields with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Hezhou University , Hezhou 542899 , China
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13
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Detaille D, Pasdois P, Sémont A, Dos Santos P, Diolez P. An old medicine as a new drug to prevent mitochondrial complex I from producing oxygen radicals. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216385. [PMID: 31048932 PMCID: PMC6497312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings Here, we demonstrate that OP2113 (5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, CAS 532-11-6), synthesized and used as a drug since 1696, does not act as an unspecific antioxidant molecule (i.e., as a radical scavenger) but unexpectedly decreases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS/H2O2) production by acting as a specific inhibitor of ROS production at the IQ site of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Studies performed on isolated rat heart mitochondria also showed that OP2113 does not affect oxidative phosphorylation driven by complex I or complex II substrates. We assessed the effect of OP2113 on an infarct model of ex vivo rat heart in which mitochondrial ROS production is highly involved and showed that OP2113 protects heart tissue as well as the recovery of heart contractile activity. Conclusion / Significance This work represents the first demonstration of a drug authorized for use in humans that can prevent mitochondria from producing ROS/H2O2. OP2113 therefore appears to be a member of the new class of mitochondrial ROS blockers (S1QELs) and could protect mitochondrial function in numerous diseases in which ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction occurs. These applications include but are not limited to aging, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's diseases, cardiac atrial fibrillation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Detaille
- IHU Liryc, L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Pasdois
- IHU Liryc, L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Sémont
- IHU Liryc, L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Dos Santos
- IHU Liryc, L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux (CHU), Pôle Cardio-thoracique, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Diolez
- IHU Liryc, L’institut de rythmologie et modélisation cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac-Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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5-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione-based fibrates as potential hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3787-3792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Dulac M, Sassi A, Nagarathinan C, Christen MO, Dansette PM, Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Metabolism of Anethole Dithiolethione by Rat and Human Liver Microsomes: Formation of Various Products Deriving from Its O-Demethylation and S-Oxidation. Involvement of Cytochromes P450 and Flavin Monooxygenases in These Pathways. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1390-1395. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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16
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Wang C, Xia G, Liu X, Zhang R, Chai Y, Zhang J, Li X, Yang Y, Wang J, Liu M. Synthesis and antitumor activity of ATB-429 derivatives containing a nitric oxide-releasing moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2355-9. [PMID: 26995527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel ATB-429 (an anti-inflammatory candidate) derivatives containing a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activity against six human cancer cell lines. Our results reveal that phenylsulfonylfuroxan-based derivatives have considerable antitumor activity, and compounds 7-9 (IC50s: 0.256-3.024 μM) against HT-29 and PANC-1, 8a,b (IC50s: 2.677-3.051 μM) against MCF-7 and 8a (IC50: 1.270 μM) against DU145 are more active than Vandetanib (IC50s: 1.925-4.107 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guimin Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yun Chai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Zhejiang Starry Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xianju 317300, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juxian Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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17
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Wang X, Wang L, Sheng X, Huang Z, Li T, Zhang M, Xu J, Ji H, Yin J, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hydrogen sulfide releasing derivatives of 3-n-butylphthalide as potential antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5995-6004. [PMID: 24988475 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a series of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing derivatives (8a–g and 9a–f) of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. The most promising compound 8e significantly inhibited the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro, superior to NBP, ticlopidine hydrochloride and aspirin. Furthermore, 8e could slowly produce moderate levels of H2S in vitro, which could be beneficial for improving cardiovascular and cerebral circulation. Most importantly, 8e protected against the collagen and adrenaline induced thrombosis in mice, and exhibited greater antithrombotic activity than NBP and aspirin in rats. Overall, 8e could warrant further investigation for the treatment of thrombosis-related ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China.
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18
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Fuertes P, García-Valverde M, Pascual R, Rodríguez T, Rojo J, García-Calvo J, Calvo P, Cuevas JV, García-Herbosa G, Torroba T. Structural Conformers of (1,3-Dithiol-2-ylidene)ethanethioamides: The Balance between Thioamide Rotation and Preservation of Classical Sulfur-Sulfur Hypervalent Bonds. J Org Chem 2014; 80:30-9. [PMID: 25414966 DOI: 10.1021/jo501473z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N-(2-phthalimidoethyl)-N-alkylisopropylamines and S2Cl2 gave 4-N-(2-phthalimidoethyl)-N-alkylamino-5-chloro-1,2-dithiol-3-thiones that quantitatively cycloadded to dimethyl or diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give stable thioacid chlorides, which in turn reacted with one equivalent of aniline or a thiole to give thioanilides or a dithioester. Several compounds of this series showed atropisomers that were studied by a combination of dynamic NMR, simulation of the signals, conformational analysis by DFT methods, and single crystal X-ray diffraction, showing a good correlation between the theoretical calculations, the experimental values of energies, and the preferred conformations in the solid state. The steric hindering of the crowded substitution at the central amine group was found to be the reason for the presence of permanent atropisomers in this series of compounds and the cause of a unique disposition of the thioxo group at close-to-right angles with respect to the plane defined by the 1,3-dithiole ring in the dithiafulvene derivatives, thus breaking the sulfur-sulfur hypervalent bond that is always found in this kind of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fuertes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - María García-Valverde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pascual
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Teresa Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Josefa Rojo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José García-Calvo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Patricia Calvo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José V Cuevas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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19
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Hasegawa U, van der Vlies AJ. Design and synthesis of polymeric hydrogen sulfide donors. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1290-300. [PMID: 24942989 DOI: 10.1021/bc500150s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that has several important biological functions in the human body. Because of the difficulties of handling H2S gas, small organic compounds that release H2S under physiological conditions have been developed. The observed bioactivities of these H2S donors have generally been directly correlated with their H2S release properties. However, apart from H2S release, these H2S donors also exert biological effects by direct interaction with intracellular components within the cytoplasm after passive diffusion across cellular membranes. Here we report polymeric H2S donors based on ADT-OH which would alter cellular trafficking of ADT-OH to minimize the unfavorable interactions with intracellular components. We designed and synthesized a poly(ethylene glycol)-ADT (PEG-ADT) conjugate having ADT linked via an ether bond. Whereas ADT-OH significantly reduced cell viability in murine macrophages, the PEG-ADT conjugate did not show obvious cytotoxicity. The PEG-ADT conjugate released H2S in murine macrophages but not in the presence of serum proteins. The PEG-ADT conjugate was taken up by the cell through the endocytic pathway and stayed inside endolysosomes, which is different from the small amphiphilic donor ADT-OH that can directly enter the cytoplasm. Furthermore, PEG-ADT was capable of potentiating LPS-induced inflammation. This polymeric H2S donor approach may help to better understand the H2S bioactivities of the H2S donor ADT-OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Tang C, Gu G, Wang B, Deng X, Zhu X, Qian H, Huang W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Andrographolide Derivatives as Potent Hepatoprotective Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:324-33. [PMID: 24118795 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science; Jiangnan University; 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Guolong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
- College of Pharmacy; Yancheng Teachers University; Yancheng 224002 China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
- R&D Center; Jiangsu Yabang Pharmaceutical Group; Changzhou 213163 China
| | - Xin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry; 1320 West Beijing Road Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Hai Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Centre of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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21
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Rapid screening and identification of metabolites of quercitrin produced by the human intestinal bacteria using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:204-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Recent Progress in 1,2-Dithiole-3-thione Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407777-5.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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23
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Zhong Y, Dai Z, Xu Y, Teng Y, Wu B. Synthesis, stability and pharmacological evaluation of a novel codrug consisting of lamivudine and ursolic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:110-5. [PMID: 22085635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel codrug (LMX) was obtained from lamivudine (LMV) and ursolic acid (UA) coupled with ethyl chloroacetate through an amide and ester linkage. The structure of LMX was confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR and HRMS. Herein, the in vitro non-enzymatic and enzymatic hydrolysis and in vivo pharmacological activities of LMX were studied. The kinetics of hydrolysis of LMX was studied in aqueous solution of pH 1-10, 80% buffered human plasma and in the presence of lipase from Porcine pancreas (EC 3.1.1.3) at 37°C. It is found that LMX hydrolysis rate was significantly faster in lipase with half-life of 1.4h compared to pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (t(1/2) 11.2h) and buffered human plasma (t(1/2) 5.4h). The decomposition rates in aqueous solution (pH 1-10) showed a U-shaped curve. LMX was comparatively stable between pH 3 and 6 (half-life >40 h). Pharmacological studies indicated that LMX had the dual action of anti-hepatitis B virus activity and hepatoprotective effects against acute liver injury. These findings suggest that LMX could be a promising candidate agent for the treatment of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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24
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Jacob C, Battaglia E, Burkholz T, Peng D, Bagrel D, Montenarh M. Control of oxidative posttranslational cysteine modifications: from intricate chemistry to widespread biological and medical applications. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:588-604. [PMID: 22106817 DOI: 10.1021/tx200342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine residues in proteins and enzymes often fulfill rather important roles, particularly in the context of cellular signaling, protein-protein interactions, substrate and metal binding, and catalysis. At the same time, some of the most active cysteine residues are also quite sensitive toward (oxidative) modification. S-Thiolation, S-nitrosation, and disulfide bond and sulfenic acid formation are processes which occur frequently inside the cell and regulate the function and activity of many proteins and enzymes. During oxidative stress, such modifications trigger, among others, antioxidant responses and cell death. The unique combination of nonredox function on the one hand and participation in redox signaling and control on the other has placed many cysteine proteins at the center of drug design and pesticide development. Research during the past decade has identified a range of chemically rather interesting, biologically very active substances that are able to modify cysteine residues in such proteins with huge efficiency, yet also considerable selectivity. These agents are often based on natural products and range from simple disulfides to complex polysulfanes, tetrahydrothienopyridines, α,β -unsaturated disulfides, thiuramdisulfides, and 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. At the same time, inhibition of enzymes responsible for posttranslational cysteine modifications (and their removal) has become an important area of innovative drug research. Such investigations into the control of the cellular thiolstat by thiol-selective agents cross many disciplines and are often far from trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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