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Parvatkar PT, Diagne K, Zhao Y, Manetsch R. Indoloquinoline Alkaloids as Antimalarials: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400254. [PMID: 38840271 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria infections affect almost half of the world's population, with over 200 million cases reported annually. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, a plant native to West Africa, has long been used across various regions of Africa for malaria treatment. Chemical analysis has revealed that the plant is abundant in indoloquinolines, which have been shown to possess antimalarial properties. Cryptolepine, neocryptolepine, and isocryptolepine are well-studied indoloquinoline alkaloids known for their potent antimalarial activity. However, their structural rigidity and associated cellular toxicity are major drawbacks for preclinical development. This review focuses on the potential of indoloquinoline alkaloids (cryptolepine, neocryptolepine, and isocryptolepine) as scaffolds in drug discovery. The article delves into their antimalarial effects in vitro and in vivo, as well as their proposed mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationship studies. Several studies aim to improve these leads by reducing cytotoxicity while preserving or enhancing antimalarial activity and gaining insights into their mechanisms of action. These investigations highlight the potential of indoloquinolines as a scaffold for developing new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash T Parvatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Khaly Diagne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingzhao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2
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Annang FB, Pérez-Moreno G, Bosch-Navarrete C, González-Menéndez V, Martín J, Mackenzie TA, Ramos MC, Ruiz-Pérez LM, Genilloud O, González-Pacanowska D, Vicente F, Reyes F. Antiparasitic Meroterpenoids Isolated from Memnoniella dichroa CF-080171. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020492. [PMID: 36839814 PMCID: PMC9962372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Memnoniella is a fungal genus from which a wide range of diverse biologically active compounds have been isolated. A Memnoniella dichroa CF-080171 extract was identified to exhibit potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen whole parasites in a high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign of microbial extracts from the Fundación MEDINA's collection. Bioassay-guided isolation of the active metabolites from this extract afforded eight new meroterpenoids of varying potencies, namely, memnobotrins C-E (1-3), a glycosylated isobenzofuranone (4), a tricyclic isobenzofuranone (5), a tetracyclic benzopyrane (6), a tetracyclic isobenzofuranone (7), and a pentacyclic isobenzofuranone (8). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by (+)-ESI-TOF high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited potent antiparasitic activity against P. falciparum 3D7 (EC50 0.04-0.243 μM) and T. cruzi Tulahuen (EC50 0.266-1.37 μM) parasites, as well as cytotoxic activity against HepG2 tumoral liver cells (EC50 1.20-4.84 μM). The remaining compounds (3, 5-8) showed moderate or no activity against the above-mentioned parasites and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Boye Annang
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.B.A.); (F.R.); Tel.: +34-958-993965 (F.R.)
| | - Guiomar Pérez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Avda. del Conocimiento 17, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosch-Navarrete
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Avda. del Conocimiento 17, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Victor González-Menéndez
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Martín
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas A. Mackenzie
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria C. Ramos
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis M. Ruiz-Pérez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Avda. del Conocimiento 17, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Avda. del Conocimiento 17, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.B.A.); (F.R.); Tel.: +34-958-993965 (F.R.)
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Design and cytotoxic evaluation via apoptotic and antiproliferative activity for novel 11(4-aminophenylamino)neocryptolepine on hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cells. Apoptosis 2023; 28:653-668. [PMID: 36719468 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of 11(4-Aminophenylamino)neocryptolepine (APAN), a novel derivative of neocryptolepine, on hepatocellular (HepG2) and colon (HCT-116) carcinoma cell lines as well as, the possible molecular mechanism through which it exerts its cytotoxic activity. The APAN was synthesized and characterized based on their spectral analyses. Scanning for anticancer target of APAN by Swiss software indicated that APAN had highest affinity for protein tyrosine kinase 6 enzyme. Furthermore, Super pred software indicated that APAN can be indicated in hepatic and colorectal cells with 92%. Molecular docking studies indicated that the binding affinity scores of APAN for protein PDB code: 6CZ4 of tyrosine kinase 6 recorded of - 6.6084 and RMSD value of 0.8891°A, while that for protein PDB: 7JL7 of caspase 3 was - 6.1712 and RMSD of 0.8490°A. Treatment of HepG2 and HCT-116 cells with APAN induced cytotoxicity with IC50 of 2.6 and 1.82 μg/mL respectively. In addition, it induced injury and serious morphological changes in cells including, disappearance of microvilli, membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic condensation, and shrunken nucleus with more condensed chromatin. Moreover, APAN significantly increased protein expression of annexin V (apoptotic marker). Furthermore, APAN significantly increased protein expression of caspase 3 and P53. However, it significantly reduced secretion of VEGF protein into the medium and decreased protein expression of PCNA and Ki67 in HepG2 and HCT-116 cells. This study indicated that APAN had cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and HCT-116 cells via increasing the expression of apoptotic proteins and reducing the expression of proliferative proteins.
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Li D, Yang R, Wu J, Zhong B, Li Y. Comprehensive review of α-carboline alkaloids: Natural products, updated synthesis, and biological activities. Front Chem 2022; 10:988327. [PMID: 36092663 PMCID: PMC9459053 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.988327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
α-carboline (9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole), contains a pyridine ring fused with an indole backbone, is a promising scaffold for medicinal chemistry. In recent decades, accumulating evidence shows that α-carboline natural products and their derivatives possess diverse bioactivities. However, hitherto, there is no comprehensive review to systematically summarize this important class of alkaloids. In this perspective, this paper represents the first review to provide a comprehensive description of α-carbolines including natural products, updated literature of synthesis, and their diverse biological activities. Their biological activities including antitumor, anti-microbial, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-atherosclerosis, and antioxidant activities were hilighted. And the targets and the main structure activity relationships (SARs) will be presented. Finally, challenges and future directions of this class of compounds will be discussed. This review will be helpful in understanding and encouraging further exploration for this group of alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Immunotherapeutic Drugs Developing for Childhood Leukemia, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Renze Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Immunotherapeutic Drugs Developing for Childhood Leukemia, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Li,
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Synthesis, Nanoformulations, and In Vitro Anticancer Activity of N-Substituted Side Chain Neocryptolepine Scaffolds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031024. [PMID: 35164289 PMCID: PMC8839462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring neocryptolepine (5-Methylindolo [2,3-b]quinoline) and its analogs exhibited prominent anticancer and antimalarial activity. However, the main problem of this class of compounds is their poor aqueous solubility, hampering their bioavailability and preventing their clinical development. To overcome the problem of insolubility and to improve the physicochemical and the pharmacological properties of 5-Methylindolo [2,3-b]quinoline compounds, this work was designed to encapsulate such efficient medical compounds into mesoporous silica oxide nanoemulsion (SiO2NPs). Thus, in this study, SiO2NPs was loaded with three different concentrations (0.2 g, 0.3, and 0.6 g) of 7b (denoted as NPA). The findings illustrated that the nanoparticles were formed with a spherical shape and exhibited small size (less than 500 nm) using a high concentration of the synthesized chemical compound (NPA, 0.6 g) and good stabilization against agglomeration (more than -30 mv). In addition, NPA-loaded SiO2NPs had no phase separation as observed by our naked eyes even after 30 days. The findings also revealed that the fabricated SiO2NPs could sustain the release of NPA at two different pH levels, 4.5 and 7.4. Additionally, the cell viability of the produced nanoemulsion system loaded with different concentrations of NPA was greater than SiO2NPs without loading, affirming that NPA had a positive impact on increasing the safety and cell viability of the whole nanoemulsion. Based on these obtained promising data, it can be considered that the prepared NPA-loaded SiO2NPs seem to have the potential for use as an effective anticancer drug nanosystem.
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Nuthakki VK, Mudududdla R, Bharate SB. Role of basic aminoalkyl chains in the lead optimization of Indoloquinoline alkaloids. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113938. [PMID: 34710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Indoloquinoline (IQ) is an important class of naturally occurring antimalarial alkaloids, mainly represented by cryptolepine, isocryptolepine, and neocryptolepine. The IQ structural framework consists of four isomeric ring systems differing via the linkage of indole with quinoline as [3,2-b], [3,2-c], [2,3-c], and [2,3-b]. Structurally, IQs are planar and thus they bind strongly to the DNA which largely contributes to their biological properties. The structural rigidity and associated nonspecific cellular toxicity is a key shortcoming of the IQ structural framework for preclinical development. Thus, the lead optimization efforts were aimed at improving the therapeutic window and ADME properties of IQs. The structural modifications mainly involved attaching the basic aminoalkyl chains that positively modulates the vital physicochemical and topological parameters, thereby improves biological activity. Our analysis has found that the aminoalkylation consistently improved the selectivity index and provided acceptable in-vivo antimalarial/anticancer activity. Herein, we critically review the role of aminoalkylation in deciphering the antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of IQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Nuthakki
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramesh Mudududdla
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zhang CH, Huang R, Zhang ZW, Lin J, Yan SJ. An Environmentally Benign Cascade Reaction of 1,1-Enediamines (EDAMs) for Site-Selective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,10-Dihydro-1 H-imidazo[1',2':1,6]pyrido[2,3- b]indoles and Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5744-5756. [PMID: 33775093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the synthesis of pyrido[2,3-b]indoles (α-carbolines, 3) from (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene) indolin-2-one derivatives 1 and 1,1-enediamine (EDAM) 2a via an unexpected cascade reaction in ethanol was developed. Pyrido[2,3-b]indole derivatives 4 were obtained by the same reaction, albeit by stirring the mixture for a longer period of time (about 48 h). As a result, two kinds of functionalized α-carbolines 3 and 4 were synthesized by the facile reaction of the (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives and 2-(nitromethylene)imidazolidine under basic conditions (Cs2CO3) in ethanol. In addition, a diverse array of EDAM substrates (2b-2k) were tested in this reaction to afford the expected target compounds 5. This protocol is suitable for the combinatorial and parallel syntheses of natural-like products, including highly functionalized α-carbolines and pyrroles, especially 2-oxoindolin-3-yl pyrroles. This approach features several advantages, such as being a simple and practical operation (requiring only filtration and washing without column chromatography), furnishing excellent yields (72-98%), and producing diverse libraries of target compounds with potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
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Mbaba M, Dingle LMK, Zulu AI, Laming D, Swart T, de la Mare JA, Hoppe HC, Edkins AL, Khanye SD. Coumarin-Annulated Ferrocenyl 1,3-Oxazine Derivatives Possessing In Vitro Antimalarial and Antitrypanosomal Potency. Molecules 2021; 26:1333. [PMID: 33801371 PMCID: PMC7958634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tailored series of coumarin-based ferrocenyl 1,3-oxazine hybrid compounds was synthesized and investigated for potential antiparasitic activity, drawing inspiration from the established biological efficacy of the constituent chemical motifs. The structural identity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by common spectroscopic techniques: NMR, HRMS and IR. Biological evaluation studies reveal that the compounds exhibit higher in vitro antiparasitic potency against the chemosensitive malarial strain (3D7 P. falciparum) over the investigated trypanosomiasis causal agent (T. b. brucei 427) with mostly single digit micromolar IC50 values. When read in tandem with the biological performance of previously reported structurally similar non-coumarin, phenyl derivatives (i.e., ferrocenyl 1,3-benzoxazines and α-aminocresols), structure-activity relationship analyses suggest that the presence of the coumarin nucleus is tolerated for biological activity though this may lead to reduced efficacy. Preliminary mechanistic studies with the most promising compound (11b) support hemozoin inhibition and DNA interaction as likely mechanistic modalities by which this class of compounds may act to produce plasmocidal and antitrypanosomal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
| | - Laura M. K. Dingle
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Ayanda I. Zulu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
| | - Dustin Laming
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Swart
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C. Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L. Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D. Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Openshaw R, Maepa K, Benjamin SJ, Wainwright L, Combrinck JM, Hunter R, Egan TJ. A Diverse Range of Hemozoin Inhibiting Scaffolds Act on Plasmodium falciparum as Heme Complexes. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:362-376. [PMID: 33430579 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A diverse series of hemozoin-inhibiting quinolines, benzamides, triarylimidazoles, quinazolines, benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, and benzothiazoles have been found to lead to exchangeable heme levels in cultured Plasmodium falciparum (NF54) that ranged over an order of magnitude at the IC50. Surprisingly, less active compounds often exhibited higher levels of exchangeable heme than more active ones. Quantities of intracellular inhibitor measured using the inoculum effect exhibited a linear correlation with exchangeable heme, suggesting formation of heme-inhibitor complexes in the parasite. In an effort to confirm this, the presence of a Br atom in one of the benzimidazole derivatives was exploited to image its distribution in the parasite using electron spectroscopic imaging of Br, an element not naturally abundant in cells. This showed that the compound colocalized with iron, consistent with its presence as a heme complex. Direct evidence for this complex was then obtained using confocal Raman microscopy. Exchangeable heme and inhibitor were found to increase with decreased rate of killing, suggesting that slow-acting compounds have more time to build up exchangeable heme complexes. Lastly, some but not all compounds evidently cause pro-oxidant effects because their activity could be attenuated with N-acetylcysteine and potentiated with t-butyl hydroperoxide. Collectively, these findings suggest that hemozoin inhibitors act as complexes with free heme, each with its own unique activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Openshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Stefan J. Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Lauren Wainwright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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Altwaijry N, El-Ghlban S, El Sayed IET, El-Bahnsawye M, Bayomi AI, Samaka RM, Shaban E, Elmongy EI, El-Masry TA, Ahmed HMA, Attallah NGM. In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Indolo[2,3- b] Quinolines, Natural Product Analogs from Neocryptolepine Alkaloid. Molecules 2021; 26:754. [PMID: 33535575 PMCID: PMC7867085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocryptolepine (5-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b] quinoline) analogs were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their effect versus Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). The analogs showed stronger cytotoxic activity against EAC cells than the reference drug. The in vivo evaluation of the target compounds against EAC-induced solid tumor in the female albino Swiss mice revealed a remarkable decrease in the tumor volume (TV) and hepatic lipid peroxidation. A noticeable increase of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels was reported (p < 0.001), which set-forth proof of their antioxidant effect. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the neocryptolepine analogs was screened out using the DPPH method and showed promising activities activity. The histopathological investigations affirmed that the tested analogs have a remarkable curative effect on solid tumors with minimal side-effect on the liver. The study also includes illustrated mechanism of the antitumor activity at the cell level by flow cytometry. The cell cycle analysis showed that the neocryptolepine analogs extensively increase the aggregation of tumor cells in three phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1, S and G2/M) with the emergence of a hypo-diploid DNA content peak (sub-G1) in the cell cycle experiments, which is a clear-cut for the apoptotic cell population. Furthermore, the immunological study manifested a significant elevation in splenic lymphocyte count (p < 0.001) with the elevation of the responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). These results indicate that these naturally-based neocryptolepine alkaloids exhibit marked antitumor activity in vivo and represent an important lead in the development of natural-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh P.O. Box 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (E.I.E.); (T.A.E.-M.); (N.G.M.A.)
| | - Samah El-Ghlban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Egypt; (S.E.-G.); (M.E.-B.)
| | - Ibrahim E.-T. El Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Egypt; (S.E.-G.); (M.E.-B.)
| | - Mohamed El-Bahnsawye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Egypt; (S.E.-G.); (M.E.-B.)
| | - Asmaa I. Bayomi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Egypt;
| | - Rehab M. Samaka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Egypt;
| | - Elkhabiry Shaban
- Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt;
| | - Elshaymaa I. Elmongy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh P.O. Box 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (E.I.E.); (T.A.E.-M.); (N.G.M.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo P.O. Box 11795, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh P.O. Box 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (E.I.E.); (T.A.E.-M.); (N.G.M.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta P.O. Box 31527, Egypt
| | - Hytham M. A. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koom P.O. Box 32511, Menoufia, Egypt;
| | - Nashwah G. M. Attallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh P.O. Box 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (E.I.E.); (T.A.E.-M.); (N.G.M.A.)
- National Organization of Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza P.O. Box 29 Pyramids, Egypt
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11
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Wang Y, Zheng Z, Yuan Y, Wang M, Guo Z, Jiang YY, Bai LP, Li Y. Cascade C–N bond cleavage of amides/intramolecular amination reactions: an atom economical way to α-cabolin-4-ones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted α-carbolin-4-ones through successive C–N bond cleavage and intramolecular amination reactions involving a 1,2-acyl migration has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Mengdan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zixia Guo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- and Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- Macau
| | - Yanzhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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12
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Korkor CM, Garnie LF, Amod L, Egan TJ, Chibale K. Intrinsic fluorescence properties of antimalarial pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles facilitate subcellular accumulation and mechanistic studies in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8668-8676. [PMID: 33078179 PMCID: PMC7710849 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01730b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic fluorescence properties of two related pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole antimalarial compounds suitable for the cellular imaging of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum without the need to attach extrinsic fluorophores are described. Although these compounds are structurally related, they have been shown by confocal microscopy to not only accumulate selectively within P. falciparum but to also accumulate differently in the organelles investigated. Localization to the digestive vacuole and nearby neutral lipids was observed for compound 2 which was shown to inhibit hemozoin formation using a cellular fractionation assay indicating that this is a contributing mechanism of action. By contrast, compound 1, which differs from compound 2 by the replacement of the imidazole[1,2-a:4,5-b']dipyridine core with the benzimidazole core as well as the presence of Cl substituents, shows very different localisation patterns and shows no evidence of hemozoin inhibition, suggesting a different mechanism of antimalarial action. Docking profiles of both compounds on the hemozoin surface further provided insight into their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance M Korkor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Larnelle F Garnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Leah Amod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. and South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Department of Chemistry, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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13
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Ali S, Wisal A, Tahir MN, Abdullah, Ali A, Hameed S, Ahmed MN. One-pot synthesis, crystal structure and antimicrobial activity of 6-benzyl-11-(p-tolyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Mbaba M, Dingle LMK, Swart T, Cash D, Laming D, de la Mare JA, Taylor D, Hoppe HC, Biot C, Edkins AL, Khanye SD. The in Vitro Antiplasmodial and Antiproliferative Activity of New Ferrocene-Based α-Aminocresols Targeting Hemozoin Inhibition and DNA Interaction. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2643-2658. [PMID: 32307798 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of organometallic complexes to known bioactive organic frameworks is a proven strategy revered for devising new drug molecules with novel modes of action. This approach holds great promise for the generation of potent drug leads in the quest for therapeutic chemotypes with the potential to overcome the development of clinical resistance. Herein, we present the in vitro antiplasmodial and antiproliferative investigation of ferrocenyl α-aminocresol conjugates assembled by amalgamation of the organometallic ferrocene unit and an α-aminocresol scaffold possessing antimalarial activity. The compounds pursued in the study exhibited higher toxicity towards the chemosensitive (3D7) and -resistant (Dd2) strains of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite than to the human HCC70 triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Indication of cross-resistance was absent for the compounds evaluated against the multi-resistant Dd2 strain. Structure-activity analysis revealed that the phenolic hydroxy group and rotatable σ bond between the α-carbon and NH group of the α-amino-o-cresol skeleton are crucial for the biological activity of the compounds. Spectrophotometric techniques and in silico docking simulations performed on selected derivatives suggest that the compounds show a dual mode of action involving hemozoin inhibition and DNA interaction via minor-groove binding. Lastly, compound 9 a, identified as a possible lead, exhibited preferential binding for the plasmodial DNA isolated from 3D7 P. falciparum trophozoites over the mammalian calf thymus DNA, thereby substantiating the enhanced antiplasmodial activity of the compounds. The presented research demonstrates the strategy of incorporating organometallic complexes into known biologically active organic scaffolds as a viable avenue to fashion novel multimodal compounds with potential to counter the development drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Laura M K Dingle
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Swart
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Devon Cash
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Christophe Biot
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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15
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Mekheimer RA, Al-Sheikh MA, Medrasi HY, Sadek KU. Advancements in the synthesis of fused tetracyclic quinoline derivatives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19867-19935. [PMID: 35520416 PMCID: PMC9054245 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused tetracyclic systems containing a quinoline nucleus represent an important class of heterocyclic bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals because of their significant and wide-spectrum biological properties. Several of these compounds have been obtained with diverse pharmacological and biological activities, such as antiplasmodial, antifungal, antibacterial, potent antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. This information will be beneficial for medicinal chemists in the field of drug discovery to design and synthesize new fused tetracyclic quinolines as potent therapeutical agents. This review article provides a comprehensive report regarding the methods developed for the synthesis of fused tetracyclic quinolines reported so far (till October 2019). The article includes synthesis by one-pot domino reaction, microwave synthesis using a catalyst, using ionic liquids, photocatalytic synthesis (UV radiation), Pfitzinger reaction, I2-catalyzed cyclization reaction, Wittig reaction, cascade reaction, imino Diels-Alder reaction, Friedel-Crafts reaction, CDC reaction, solvent-free reactions and using small chiral organic molecules as catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focused on the synthesis of fused tetracyclic quinolines along with mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan A Mekheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Mariam A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi Y Medrasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal U Sadek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University Minia 61519 Egypt
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16
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Veale CGL, Jayram J, Naidoo S, Laming D, Swart T, Olivier T, Akerman MP, de Villiers KA, Hoppe HC, Jeena V. Insights into structural and physicochemical properties required for β-hematin inhibition of privileged triarylimidazoles. RSC Med Chem 2019; 11:85-91. [PMID: 33479606 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00468h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a series of triarylimidazoles, in an effort to elucidate critical SAR information pertaining to their anti-plasmodial and β-hematin inhibitory activity. Our results showed that in addition to the positional effects of ring substitution, subtle changes to lipophilicity and imidazole ionisability were important factors in SAR interpretation. Finally, in silico adsorption analysis indicated that these compounds exert their effect by inhibiting β-hematin crystal growth at the fast growing 001 face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
| | - Janeeka Jayram
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
| | - Shivani Naidoo
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Tarryn Swart
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Tania Olivier
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , 7602 , South Africa . ;
| | - Matthew P Akerman
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
| | - Katherine A de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , 7602 , South Africa . ;
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa
| | - Vineet Jeena
- School of Chemistry and Physics , Pietermaritzburg Campus , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X01 , Scottsville , 3209 , South Africa
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17
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Feng LS, Xu Z, Chang L, Li C, Yan XF, Gao C, Ding C, Zhao F, Shi F, Wu X. Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:931-971. [PMID: 31692025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug-resistant (including multidrug-resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug-resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug-resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Li
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Shi
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec Co, Ltd, Wuhan, China
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18
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Haiba ME, Al-Abdullah ES, Ahmed NS, Ghabbour HA, Awad HM. Efficient and easy synthesis of new Benzo[h]chromene and Benzo[h]quinoline derivatives as a new class of cytotoxic agents. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Ni S, Li B, Xu Y, Mao F, Li X, Lan L, Zhu J, Li J. Targeting virulence factors as an antimicrobial approach: Pigment inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:293-338. [PMID: 31267561 DOI: 10.1002/med.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fascinating and dangerous colored pathogens contain unique chemically pigmented molecules, which give varied and efficient assistance as virulence factors to the crucial reproduction and growth of microbes. Therefore, multiple novel strategies and inhibitors have been developed in recent years that target virulence factor pigments. However, despite the importance and significance of this topic, it has not yet been comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, research groups around the world have made successful progress against antibacterial infections by targeting pigment production, including our serial works on the discovery of CrtN inhibitors against staphyloxanthin production in Staphylococcus aureus. On the basis of the previous achievements and recent progress of our group in this field, this article will be the first comprehensive review of pigment inhibitors against colored pathogens, especially S. aureus infections, and this article includes design strategies, representative case studies, advantages, limitations, and perspectives to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ni
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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21
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Kolle S, Barak DS, Ghosh A, Jaiswal V, Kant R, Batra S. Dehydrative Transformation of Spirooxindoles to Pyrido[2,3- b]indoles via POCl 3. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5617-5629. [PMID: 31459716 PMCID: PMC6648575 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A two-step one-pot efficient synthesis of pyrido[2,3-b]indoles via reaction between isatin, α-amino acid, and dipolarophile has been developed. The initial 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between the reactants that is performed in the presence of either CuI or methanol results in spirooxindoles that undergo POCl3-mediated intramolecular dehydrative transformation to afford the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivalinga Kolle
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dinesh S. Barak
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aritra Ghosh
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development
Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Vandana Jaiswal
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Medicinal
and Process Chemistry Division and Molecular and Structural Biology
Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension,
Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Human Resource Development
Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- E-mail: . . Tel.: +91-522-2772450 extn 4727
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22
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Zhou Y, Li Z, Ma F, Zhao C, Lu P, Wang Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 3-Haloindol-2-amines from 3-Diazoindolin-2-imines and Alkyl Halides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6655-6668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhenmin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Fanghui Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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23
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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24
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L'abbate FP, Müller R, Openshaw R, Combrinck JM, de Villiers KA, Hunter R, Egan TJ. Hemozoin inhibiting 2-phenylbenzimidazoles active against malaria parasites. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:243-254. [PMID: 30296683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2-phenylbenzimidazole scaffold has recently been discovered to inhibit β-hematin (synthetic hemozoin) formation by high throughput screening. Here, a library of 325,728 N-4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aryl)benzamides was enumerated, and Bayesian statistics used to predict β-hematin and Plasmodium falciparum growth inhibition. Filtering predicted inactives and compounds with negligible aqueous solubility reduced the library to 35,124. Further narrowing to compounds with terminal aryl ring substituents only, reduced the library to 18, 83% of which were found to inhibit β-hematin formation <100 μM and 50% parasite growth <2 μM. Four compounds showed nanomolar parasite growth inhibition activities, no cross-resistance in a chloroquine resistant strain and low cytotoxicity. QSAR analysis showed a strong association of parasite growth inhibition with inhibition of β-hematin formation and the most active compound inhibited hemozoin formation in P. falciparum, with consequent increasing exchangeable heme. Pioneering use of molecular docking for this system demonstrated predictive ability and could rationalize observed structure activity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio P L'abbate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Openshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill M Combrinck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Katherine A de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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25
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Structure, electronic, spectroscopic and reactivity investigations of pharmacologically active compound 1–acetyl–3–indolecarboxaldehyde – An experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Cadelis MM, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Dubois J, Kaiser M, Brunel JM, Barker D, Copp BR. Structure-activity relationship studies on thiaplidiaquinones A and B as novel inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and farnesyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4433-4443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Fan L, Liu M, Ye Y, Yin G. Synthesis of 6-Substituted 6H-Indolo[2,3-b]quinolines from Isoindigos. Org Lett 2016; 19:186-189. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation
Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant
Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meilin Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation
Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant
Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation
Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant
Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Yin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation
Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant
Analysis and Reuse Technology, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Gao W, Fu X, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wang D, Li Y. A new entry to synthesis of neocryptolepine related skeletons. An unexpected behavior of 3-acety-2-ethoxyindole and isatins. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Wicht KJ, Combrinck JM, Smith PJ, Hunter R, Egan TJ. Identification and SAR Evaluation of Hemozoin-Inhibiting Benzamides Active against Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6512-30. [PMID: 27299916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline antimalarials target hemozoin formation causing a cytotoxic accumulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PPIX). Well-developed SAR models exist for β-hematin inhibition, parasite activity, and cellular mechanisms for this compound class, but no comparably detailed investigations exist for other hemozoin inhibiting chemotypes. Here, benzamide analogues based on previous HTS hits have been purchased or synthesized. Only derivatives containing an electron deficient aromatic ring and capable of adopting flat conformations, optimal for π-π interactions with Fe(III)PPIX, inhibited β-hematin formation. The two most potent analogues showed nanomolar parasite activity, with little CQ cross-resistance, low cytotoxicity, and high in vitro microsomal stability. Selected analogues inhibited hemozoin formation in Plasmodium falciparum causing high levels of free heme. In contrast to quinolines, introduction of amine side chains did not lead to benzamide accumulation in the parasite. These data reveal complex relationships between heme binding, free heme levels, cellular accumulation, and in vitro activity of potential novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill M Combrinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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31
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Wicht KJ, Combrinck JM, Smith PJ, Egan TJ. Bayesian models trained with HTS data for predicting β-haematin inhibition and in vitro antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5210-7. [PMID: 25573118 PMCID: PMC4475507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A large quantity of high throughput screening (HTS) data for antimalarial activity has become available in recent years. This includes both phenotypic and target-based activity. Realising the maximum value of these data remains a challenge. In this respect, methods that allow such data to be used for virtual screening maximise efficiency and reduce costs. In this study both in vitro antimalarial activity and inhibitory data for β-haematin formation, largely obtained from publically available sources, has been used to develop Bayesian models for inhibitors of β-haematin formation and in vitro antimalarial activity. These models were used to screen two in silico compound libraries. In the first, the 1510 U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drugs available on PubChem were ranked from highest to lowest Bayesian score based on a training set of β-haematin inhibiting compounds active against Plasmodium falciparum that did not include any of the clinical antimalarials or close analogues. The six known clinical antimalarials that inhibit β-haematin formation were ranked in the top 2.1% of compounds. Furthermore, the in vitro antimalarial hit-rate for this prioritised set of compounds was found to be 81% in the case of the subset where activity data are available in PubChem. In the second, a library of about 5000 commercially available compounds (Aldrich(CPR)) was virtually screened for ability to inhibit β-haematin formation and then for in vitro antimalarial activity. A selection of 34 compounds was purchased and tested, of which 24 were predicted to be β-haematin inhibitors. The hit rate for inhibition of β-haematin formation was found to be 25% and a third of these were active against P. falciparum, corresponding to enrichments estimated at about 25- and 140-fold relative to random screening, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill M Combrinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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Ongarora DSB, Strydom N, Wicht K, Njoroge M, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Jurva U, Masimirembwa CM, Chibale K. Antimalarial benzoheterocyclic 4-aminoquinolines: Structure-activity relationship, in vivo evaluation, mechanistic and bioactivation studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5419-32. [PMID: 26264839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of benzoheterocyclic analogues of amodiaquine designed to avoid toxic reactive metabolite formation was synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against K1 (multidrug resistant) and NF54 (sensitive) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly promising analogues, the most potent of which had IC50s in the nanomolar range against both strains. The compounds further demonstrated good in vitro microsomal metabolic stability while those subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies had desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo antimalarial efficacy in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated for four compounds, all of which showed good activity following oral administration. In particular, compound 19 completely cured treated mice at a low multiple dose of 4×10mg/kg. Mechanistic and bioactivation studies suggest hemozoin formation inhibition and a low likelihood of forming quinone-imine reactive metabolites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S B Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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33
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N10,N11-di-alkylamine indolo[3,2-b]quinolines as hemozoin inhibitors: Design, synthesis and antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1530-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Emam SM, El Sayed IET, Nassar N. Transition metal complexes of neocryptolepine analogues. Part I: synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and invitro anticancer activity of copper(II) complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 138:942-953. [PMID: 24867072 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
New generation of copper(II) complexes with aminoalkylaminoneocryptolepine as bidentate ligands has been synthesized and it is characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moment, spectra (IR, UV-Vis, (1)H NMR and ESR) and thermal studies. The IR data suggest the coordination modes for ligands which behave as a bidentate with copper(II) ion. Based on the elemental analysis, magnetic studies, electronic and ESR data, binuclear square planar geometry was proposed for complexes 7a, 7b, square pyramidal for 9a, 9b and octahedral for 8a, 8b, 10a, 10b. The molar conductance in DMF solution indicates that all complexes are electrolyte except 7a and 7b. The ESR spectra of solid copper(II) complexes in powder form showed an axial symmetry with (2)B1g as a ground state and hyperfine structure. The thermal stability and degradation of the ligands and their metal complexes were studied employing DTA and TG methods. The metal-free ligands and their copper(II) complexes were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against human colon carcinoma (HT-29). The results showed that the synthesized copper(II) complexes exhibited higher anticancer activity than their free ligands. Of all the studied copper(II) complexes, the bromo-substituted complex 9b exhibited high anticancer activity at low micromolar inhibitory concentrations (IC50=0.58μM), compared to the other complexes and the free ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Moustafa Emam
- El-Menoufia University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Shebin El koom, Egypt
| | | | - Nagla Nassar
- El-Menoufia University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Shebin El koom, Egypt
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35
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Identification and deconvolution of cross-resistance signals from antimalarial compounds using multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1110-8. [PMID: 25487796 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03265-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly agent of malaria, displays a wide variety of resistance mechanisms in the field. The ability of antimalarial compounds in development to overcome these must therefore be carefully evaluated to ensure uncompromised activity against real-life parasites. We report here on the selection and phenotypic as well as genotypic characterization of a panel of sensitive and multidrug-resistant P. falciparum strains that can be used to optimally identify and deconvolute the cross-resistance signals from an extended panel of investigational antimalarials. As a case study, the effectiveness of the selected panel of strains was demonstrated using the 1,2,4-oxadiazole series, a newly identified antimalarial series of compounds with in vitro activity against P. falciparum at nanomolar concentrations. This series of compounds was to be found inactive against several multidrug-resistant strains, and the deconvolution of this signal implicated pfcrt, the genetic determinant of chloroquine resistance. Targeted mode-of-action studies further suggested that this new chemical series might act as falcipain 2 inhibitors, substantiating the suggestion that these compounds have a site of action similar to that of chloroquine but a distinct mode of action. New antimalarials must overcome existing resistance and, ideally, prevent its de novo appearance. The panel of strains reported here, which includes recently collected as well as standard laboratory-adapted field isolates, is able to efficiently detect and precisely characterize cross-resistance and, as such, can contribute to the faster development of new, effective antimalarial drugs.
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36
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Bracca ABJ, Heredia DA, Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. Neocryptolepine (Cryprotackieine), A Unique Bioactive Natural Product: Isolation, Synthesis, and Profile of Its Biological Activity. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Wang N, Wicht KJ, Wang L, Lu WJ, Misumi R, Wang MQ, El Gokha AAA, Kaiser M, El Sayed IET, Egan TJ, Inokuchi T. Synthesis and in vitro testing of antimalarial activity of non-natural-type neocryptolepines: structure–activity relationship study of 2,11- and 9,11-disubstituted 6-methylindolo[2,3-b]quinolines. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 61:1282-90. [PMID: 24436959 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis and in vitro anti-malarial evaluations of certain C2 or C8 and C11-disubstituted 6-methyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline (neocryptolepine congener) derivatives. To attain higher activities, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were conducted by varying the kind of alkylamino or ω-aminoalkylamino stubstituents at C11 and with Cl at the C2 position, or CO2Me at the C9 position. The anti-malarial activities of the tested compounds were significantly increased compared to the 11-non(alkylamino) derivatives. The 3-aminopropylamino group at C11 was further modified to urea and thiourea, which improved the cytotoxicity against normal cells. The best results were achieved with compounds 8 and 9d against the NF54 strain with the IC(50)/SI values as of 86 nM/20 and 317 nM/370, respectively. Furthermore, the compounds were tested for β-haematin inhibition. Twelve were found to have IC(50) values below 100 µM and a linear correlation between the β-haematin inhibition and cell growth inhibition in the NF54 strain was found for those derivatives with basic amino side chains. A second correlation was identified between the NF54 activity and physico-chemical factors related to solvation and polarity.
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38
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Rasouli MA, Mahdavi M, Firoozpour L, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A. Synthesis of novel indolo[2,3-c]quinolinones via Ugi-4CR/palladium-catalyzed arylation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Wang N, Świtalska M, Wu MY, Imai K, Ngoc TA, Pang CQ, Wang L, Wietrzyk J, Inokuchi T. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic effect of 6-amino-substituted 11H- and 11Me-indolo[3,2-c]quinolines. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Synthesis, β-haematin inhibition, and in vitro antimalarial testing of isocryptolepine analogues: SAR study of indolo[3,2-c]quinolines with various substituents at C2, C6, and N11. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2629-42. [PMID: 24721829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of indolo[3,2-c]quinolines were synthesized by modifying the side chains of the ω-aminoalkylamines at the C6 position and introducing substituents at the C2 position, such as F, Cl, Br, Me, MeO and NO2, and a methyl group at the N11 position for an SAR study. The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the derivative agents against two different strains (CQS: NF54 and CQR: K1) and the cytotoxic activity against normal L6 cells were evaluated. The test results showed that compounds 6k and 6l containing the branched methyl groups of 3-aminopropylamino at C6 with a Cl atom at C2 exhibited a very low cytotoxicity with IC50 values above 4000 nM, high antimalarial activities with IC50 values of about 11 nM for CQS (NF54), IC50 values of about 17 nM for CQR (K1), and RI resistance indices of 1.6. Furthermore, the compounds were tested for β-haematic inhibition, and QSAR revealed an interesting linear correlation between the biological activity of CQS (NF54) and three contributing factors, namely solubility, hydrophilic surface area, and β-haematin inhibition for this series. In vivo testing of 6l showed a reduction in parasitaemia on day 4 with an activity of 38%.
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41
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Vandekerckhove S, Desmet T, Tran HG, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, D’hooghe M. Synthesis of halogenated 4-quinolones and evaluation of their antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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New formal (3+3) cycloaddition of enaminones for forming tetracyclic indolo[2,3-b]quinolines under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Inokuchi T, J. Egan T, Shaban E, J. Wicht K, Wang N, Mei ZW, Abdel Aleem El Gokha A, Kaiser M, El Tantawy El Sayed I, Hayashi I. Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Some Neocryptolepine Analogues Carrying a Multifunctional Linear and Branched Carbon-Side Chains. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Wang N, Wicht KJ, Shaban E, Ngoc TA, Wang MQ, Hayashi I, Hossain MI, Takemasa Y, Kaiser M, El Tantawy El Sayed I, Egan TJ, Inokuchi T. Synthesis and evaluation of artesunate–indoloquinoline hybrids as antimalarial drug candidates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids of artesunate–indoloquinoline were synthesized and antiplasmodial activity was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Kathryn J. Wicht
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Elkhabiry Shaban
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Tran Anh Ngoc
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Ming-Qi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Ikuya Hayashi
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Md. Imran Hossain
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Takemasa
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
- CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University Basel
- CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
- Chemistry Departments
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Tsutomu Inokuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Kita-ku, Japan
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45
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In vitro antimalarial activity, β-haematin inhibition and structure–activity relationships in a series of quinoline triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Hossain MI, Świtalska M, Peng W, Takashima M, Wang N, Kaiser M, Wietrzyk J, Dan S, Yamori T, Inokuchi T. Design, synthesis, and in vitro cancer cell growth inhibition evaluation and antimalarial testing of trioxanes installed in cyclic 2-enoate substructures. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:294-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Wang N, Imai K, Pang CQ, Wang MQ, Yonezawa M, Zhang Y, Nokami J, Inokuchi T. Regioselective N-Methylation of 6-Chloroindolo[3,2-c]quinolines and Their Amination Reactivity at the C-6 Position. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Kento Imai
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Cui-Qing Pang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Ming-qi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Mizuho Yonezawa
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Junzo Nokami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science
| | - Tsutomu Inokuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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