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Morán-Serradilla C, Plano D, Sharma AK, Sanmartín C. Following the Trace of Cyclodextrins on the Selenium and Tellurium Odyssey. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7799. [PMID: 39063040 PMCID: PMC11277100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective modalities for the treatment of numerous pathologies due to the increasing rates of drug resistance, undesired side effects, poor clinical outcomes, etc. Over the past decades, cyclodextrins (CDs) have gathered great attention as potential drug carriers due to their ability to enhance their bioactivities and properties. Likewise, selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) have been extensively studied during the last decades due to their possible therapeutical applications. Although there is limited research on the relationship between Se and Te and CDs, herein, we highlight different representative examples of the advances related to this topic as well as give our view on the future directions of this emerging area of research. This review encompasses three different aspects of this relationship: (1) modification of the structure of the different CDs; (2) formation of host-guest interaction complexes of naïve CDs with Se and Te derivatives in order to overcome specific limitations of the latter; and (3) the use of CDs as catalysts to achieve novel Se and Te compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morán-Serradilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (C.M.-S.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (C.M.-S.); (D.P.)
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 400 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (C.M.-S.); (D.P.)
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2
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Huang D, Li W, Zhao Y, Xie C, Luo X, Wu F, Xu Z, Sun Q, Liu G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116443. [PMID: 38691887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for the production of uric acid in the human body. XO inhibitors (XOIs) are clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, as they can effectively inhibit the production of uric acid. Previous studies indicated that both indole and isoxazole derivatives have good inhibitory effects against XO. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids according to bioisosteric replacement and hybridization strategies. Among the obtained target compounds, compound 6c showed the best inhibitory activity against XO with an IC50 value of 0.13 μM, which was 22-fold higher than that of the classical antigout drug allopurinol (IC50 = 2.93 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the hydrophobic group on the nitrogen atom of the indole ring is essential for the inhibitory potencies of target compounds against XO. Enzyme kinetic studies proved that compound 6c acted as a mixed-type XOI. Molecular docking studies showed that the target compound 6c could not only retain the key interactions similar to febuxostat at the XO binding site but also generate some new interactions, such as two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of the isoxazole ring and the amino acid residues Ser876 and Thr1010. These results indicated that 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid might be an efficacious scaffold for designing novel XOIs and compound 6c has the potential to be used as a lead for further the development of novel anti-gout candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Wenye Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yilan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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3
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Ruseva N, Atanasova M, Sbirkova-Dimitrova H, Marković A, Šmelcerović Ž, Šmelcerović A, Cherneva E, Bakalova A. Chloro-substituted pyridine squaramates as new DNase I inhibitors: Synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking studies. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110772. [PMID: 37898285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Having continued our recent study on the synthesis and DNase I inhibition of several monosquaramides, two new chloro-substituted pyridine squaramates were synthesized and their structure was identified by X-ray. Their inhibitory properties towards deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were evaluated in vitro. 3-(((6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)amino)-4-ethoxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione (compound 3a) inhibited DNase I with an IC50 value of 43.82 ± 6.51 μM, thus standing out as one of the most potent small organic DNase I inhibitors tested to date. No cytotoxicity to human tumor cell lines (HL-60, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) was observed for the tested compounds. In order to investigate the drug-likeness of the squaramates, the ADME profile and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated. Molecular docking was performed to reveal the binding mode of the studied compounds on DNase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ruseva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariyana Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hristina Sbirkova-Dimitrova
- Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography "Akad. Ivan Kostov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Bl. 107, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ana Marković
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Zorana Ðindića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Žaklina Šmelcerović
- Center for Biomedicinal Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Zorana Ðindića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Andrija Šmelcerović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Zorana Ðindića 81, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Emiliya Cherneva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Build. 9, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adriana Bakalova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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4
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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2155-2191. [PMID: 37974965 PMCID: PMC10650961 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, a molybdo-flavoenzyme, and an isoform of xanthine dehydrogenase both exist as xanthine oxidoreductase and are responsible for purine catabolism. Xanthine oxidase is more involved in pathological conditions when extensively modulated. Elevation of xanthine oxidase is not only the prime cause of gout but is also responsible for various hyperuricemia associated pathological conditions like diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Currently available xanthine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice (allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat) suffer from fatal side effects that pose a serious problem to the healthcare system, raising global emergency to develop novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review will provide key and systematic information about: a. design strategies (inspired from both marketed drugs in clinical practice and natural products), structural insights and pharmacological output (xanthine oxidase inhibition and associated activities) of various pre-clinical candidates reported by various research groups across the globe in the past two decades; b. patented xanthine oxidase inhibitors published in the last three decades and c. clinical trials and their outcomes on approved drug candidates. Information generated in this review has suggested fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and molecular hybridization techniques to be most suitable for development of desired xanthine oxidase inhibitors as one provides high selectivity toward the enzyme and the other imparts multifunctional properties to the structure and both may possess capabilities to surpass the limitations of currently available clinical drugs. All in combination will exclusively update researchers working on xanthine oxidase inhibitors and allied areas and potentially help in designing rational, novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors that can effectively tackle xanthine oxidase related disease conditions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
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5
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Wu Y, Li M, Shen J, Pu X, Guo Y. A consensual machine-learning-assisted QSAR model for effective bioactivity prediction of xanthine oxidase inhibitors using molecular fingerprints. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10649-z. [PMID: 37043162 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) have been widely studied due to the promising potential as safe and effective therapeutics in hyperuricemia and gout. Currently, available XOI molecules have been developed from different experiments but they are with the wide structure diversity and significant varying bioactivities. So it is of great practical significance to present a consensual QSAR model for effective bioactivity prediction of XOIs based on a systematic compiling of these XOIs across different experiments. In this work, 249 XOIs belonging to 16 scaffolds were collected and were integrated into a consensual dataset by introducing the concept of IC50 values relative to allopurinol (RIC50). Here, extended connectivity fingerprints (ECFPs) were employed to represent XOI molecules. By performing effective feature selection by machine-learning method, 54 crucial fingerprints were indicated to be valuable for predicting the inhibitory potency (IP) of XOIs. The optimal predictor yields the promising performance by different cross-validation tests. Besides, an external validation of 43 XOIs and a case study on febuxostat also provide satisfactory results, indicating the powerful generalization of our predictor. Here, the predictor was interpreted by shapely additive explanation (SHAP) method which revealed several important substructures by mapping the featured fingerprints to molecular structures. Then, 15 new molecules were designed and predicted by our predictor to show superior IP than febuxostat. Finally, molecular docking simulation was performed to gain a deep insight into molecular binding mode with xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, showing that molecules with selenazole moiety, cyano group and isopropyl group tended to yield higher IP. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) prediction results further enhanced the potential of these novel XOIs as drug candidates. Overall, this work presents a QSAR model for accurate prediction of IP of XOIs, and is expected to provide new insights for further structure-guided design of novel XOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jinru Shen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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6
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Hu SS, Zhang TJ, Wang ZR, Xu EY, Wang QY, Zhang X, Guo S, Ge GH, Wang J, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-phenyl aromatic amide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106403. [PMID: 36801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that N-phenyl aromatic amides are a class of promising xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor chemotypes. In this effort, several series of N-phenyl aromatic amide derivatives (4a-h, 5-9, 12i-w, 13n, 13o, 13r, 13s, 13t and 13u) were designed and synthesized to carry out an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR). The investigation provided some valuable SAR information and identified N-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-4-((2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (12r, IC50 = 0.028 µM) as the most potent XO inhibitor with close in vitro potency to that of topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.017 µM). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation rationalized the binding affinity through a series of strong interactions with the residues Glu1261, Asn768, Thr1010, Arg880, Glu802, etc. In vivo hypouricemic studies also suggested that the uric acid lowering effect of compound 12r was improved compared with the lead g25 (30.61 % vs 22.4 % reduction in uric acid levels at 1 h; 25.91 % vs 21.7 % reduction in AUC of uric acid) . Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that compound 12r presented a short t1/2 of 0.25 h after oral administration. In addition, 12r has non-cytotoxicity against normal cell HK-2. This work may provide some insights for further development of novel amide-based XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Sen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - En-Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiu-Yin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Gong-Hui Ge
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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7
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Peng W, Liu F, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li J. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of tricyclic compounds containing phenyl-tetrazole as XOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114947. [PMID: 36462435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on analyses of the interaction between febuxostat and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), tetrazole was used to replace the carboxyl-thiazole fragment of febuxostat using a bioelectronic isosteric strategy. Three series of compounds were designed. The inhibitory activity against XOR of all compounds was evaluated and their structure-activity relationships determined. The inhibitory activity against XOR of compounds I was weak, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value > 10 μmol, whereas the inhibitory activity of compounds II and III was increased significantly, among which compounds IIIa (IC50 = 26.3 ± 1.21 nM) and IIIc (IC50 = 29.3 ± 0.88 nM) were the best. Molecular docking showed that tetrazole could enter the active cavity instead of a carboxyl group and retain most of the interaction between febuxostat and XOR. For compounds III, the hydrogen bonds with Asn768 and Thr1010 of XOR were absent, but some new interactions were introduced to improve potency. A potassium oxazinate/hypoxanthine-induced model of acute hyperuricemia in mice also showed a significant hypouricemia effect of compounds IIIa, IIIc, and IIIe (P < 0.01), which was consistent with the results of inhibition in vitro. In conclusion, we identified a promising XOR inhibitor and provided new ideas for the design of XOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fuyao Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research & Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Ten Years Milestones in Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Discovery: Febuxostat-Based Inhibitors Trends, Bifunctional Derivatives, and Automatized Screening Assays. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in the oxidative process of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid (UA). This process also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Both UA and ROS are dangerous for human health, and some health conditions trigger upregulation of XO activity, which results in many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, gout, and others) given the worsened scenario of ROS and UA overproduction. So, XO became an attractive target to produce and discover novel selective drugs based on febuxostat, the most recent XO inhibitor out of only two approved by FDA. Under this context, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been successfully applied to rapidly and easily screen for bioactive compounds, isolated or in complex natural matrixes, that act as enzyme inhibitors through the use of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). This article’s goal is to present advances comprising febuxostat-based XO inhibitors as a new trend, bifunctional moieties capable of inhibiting XO and modulating ROS activity, and in-flow techniques employing an IMER in HPLC and CE to screen for synthetic and natural compounds that act as XO inhibitors.
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9
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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10
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Zhao J, Mao Q, Lin F, Zhang B, Sun M, Zhang T, Wang S. Intramolecular hydrogen bond interruption and scaffold hopping of TMC-5 led to 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones as potent pyrimidine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114086. [PMID: 34992040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many pyrimidine-based xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors with diverse chemotypes have been reported recently. Our previous study revealed that 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives exhibited remarkable XO inhibitory potency. Notably, an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) formed between amino and carboxylic groups could be observed. With the hope to expand the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and obtain potential pyrimidine-based XO inhibitors, IMHB interruption and scaffold hopping were carried out on these compounds to design 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)pyrimidine-4/5-carboxylic acids (11a-11n and 15a-15j) and 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones (19a-19j). Among them, compound 19a (IC50 = 0.039 μM) was identified as the most promising compound with substantially higher in vitro inhibitory potency than allopurinol (IC50 = 7.590 μM) and comparable to febuxostat (IC50 = 0.028 μM). The SAR analysis revealed that interrupting the IMHB through the removal of the amino group could damage the XO inhibitory potency; pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid moiety was more beneficial for the XO inhibitory potency than the pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid moiety. Additionally, enzyme kinetics studies suggested that compounds 11a, 15a and 19a acted as mixed-type inhibitors for XO and the removal of 6-position amino group resulted in a weakened affinity to the free enzyme, but an enhanced binding to the enzyme-substrate complex. Molecular modeling provided a reasonable explanation for the SARs observed in this study. Furthermore, in vivo hypouricemic effects demonstrated that compounds 15a and 19a could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, with 19a demonstrating a stronger effect than 15a. Therefore, our study proved that 6-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3-ones were potent pyrimidine-based XO inhibitors and compound 19a required further structural optimization as a potential and efficacious agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingjian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zhai N, Chen Y, Wang C, Wu F, Luo X, Ju X, Liu H, Liu G. A multiscale screening strategy for the identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors based on the pharmacological features of febuxostat analogues. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two compounds as potential XOI hits were identified by a novel screening strategy based on the pharmacophores of well-known scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
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12
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Zhai N, Wang C, Wu F, Xiong L, Luo X, Ju X, Liu G. Exploration of Novel Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Based on 1,6-Dihydropyrimidine-5-Carboxylic Acids by an Integrated in Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8122. [PMID: 34360886 PMCID: PMC8348919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important target for the effective treatment of hyperuricemia-associated diseases. A series of novel 2-substituted 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (ODCs) as XO inhibitors (XOIs) with remarkable activities have been reported recently. To better understand the key pharmacological characteristics of these XOIs and explore more hit compounds, in the present study, the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, and molecular dynamics (MD) studies were performed on 46 ODCs. The constructed 3D-QSAR models exhibited reliable predictability with satisfactory validation parameters, including q2 = 0.897, R2 = 0.983, rpred2 = 0.948 in a CoMFA model, and q2 = 0.922, R2 = 0.990, rpred2 = 0.840 in a CoMSIA model. Docking and MD simulations further gave insights into the binding modes of these ODCs with the XO protein. The results indicated that key residues Glu802, Arg880, Asn768, Thr1010, Phe914, and Phe1009 could interact with ODCs by hydrogen bonds, π-π stackings, or hydrophobic interactions, which might be significant for the activity of these XOIs. Four potential hits were virtually screened out using the constructed pharmacophore model in combination with molecular dockings and ADME predictions. The four hits were also found to be relatively stable in the binding pocket by MD simulations. The results in this study might provide effective information for the design and development of novel XOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Liwei Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; (N.Z.); (C.W.); (F.W.); (X.L.); (X.J.)
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13
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Martorell M, Lucas X, Alarcón-Zapata P, Capó X, Quetglas-Llabrés MM, Tejada S, Sureda A. Targeting Xanthine Oxidase by Natural Products as a Therapeutic Approach for Mental Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:367-382. [PMID: 32564744 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200621165839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders comprise diverse human pathologies, including depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia that affect millions of people around the world. The causes of mental disorders are unclear, but growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the purine/adenosine system play a key role in their development and progression. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein enzyme essential for the catalysis of the oxidative hydroxylation of purines -hypoxanthine and xanthine- to generate uric acid. As a consequence of the oxidative reaction of XO, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced and, further, contribute to the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Altered XO activity has been associated with free radical-mediated neurotoxicity inducing cell damage and inflammation. Diverse studies reported a direct association between an increased activity of XO and diverse mental diseases including depression or schizophrenia. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as the well-known allopurinol, and dietary flavonoids, can modulate the XO activity and subsequent ROS production. In the present work, we review the available literature on XO inhibition by small molecules and their potential therapeutic application in mental disorders. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and molecular mechanism of XO inhibitors, as well as the use of structure-based and computational methods to design specific inhibitors with the capability of modulating XO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, 4070386 Concepcion, Chile
| | - Xavier Lucas
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Alarcón-Zapata
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, 4070386 Concepcion, Chile
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands & Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands & Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands & Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands & Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), E-07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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14
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenylpyrimidine derivatives with 4-amino or 4-hydroxy as a pharmacophore element binding with xanthine oxidase active site. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 38:116117. [PMID: 33838610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme critical for the synthesis of uric acid, and therefore xanthine oxidase inhibitors are considered as one of the promising therapies for hyperuricemia and gout. In our previous study, series of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids were synthesized that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency. Interestingly, molecular docking studies revealed that the interaction behavior of these compounds with xanthine oxidase was changed after the conversion from a hydroxy group to amine group. To further investigate the structure-activity relationships of these pyrimidine-containing xanthine oxidase inhibitors and explore the contribution of amino or hydroxy group on xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency, several 2-phenylpyrimidine derivatives with amino or hydroxy functional group were designed and synthesized. Thereafter, the structure-activity research and molecular modeling study proved that hydroxy and amino groups could be used as pharmacophore elements for the design of 2-phenylpyrimidines xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Particularly, the optimized compound, 2-(3-cyano-4-isopentoxy)phenylpyrimidine-4-ol, emerged the strongest xanthine oxidase inhibitor potency, with an IC50 value of 0.046 µM, which was approximately 120-fold more potent than that of allopurinol (IC50 = 5.462 µM). Additionally, Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that the optimized compound acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. Furthermore, the in vivo hypouricemic effect of the optimized compound was investigated in a hyperuricemia rat model induced by potassium oxonate, and the results showed that the optimized compound could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 30 mg/kg.
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15
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Abdizadeh R, Heidarian E, Hadizadeh F, Abdizadeh T. Investigation of pyrimidine analogues as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to treat of hyperuricemia and gout through combined QSAR techniques, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, Dai X, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Liu HW, Fang Y, Wang SY, Ji SJ. Base-Promoted Multicomponent Reactions: A Synthesis of 2-Amino-1,3-selenazole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3508-3516. [PMID: 31958013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New practical synthesis of 2-amino-1,3-selenazole with transition metal-free multicomponent reaction is reported here. A series of 2-amino-1,3-selenazole derivatives were afforded by the nucleophilic addition of amines to isoselenocyanate formed in situ, followed by Michael addition reaction and aromatization. The products were isolated from moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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18
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Chen Y, Gao Y, Wu F, Luo X, Ju X, Liu G. Computationally exploring novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors using docking-based 3D-QSAR, molecular dynamics, and virtual screening. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Computationally exploring novel potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors using a systematic modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
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19
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Zhou H, Li X, Li Y, Zhu X, Zhang L, Li J. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Ruberte AC, Sanmartin C, Aydillo C, Sharma AK, Plano D. Development and Therapeutic Potential of Selenazo Compounds. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1473-1489. [PMID: 31638805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of selenium (Se) atom into small molecules can substantially enhance their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumoral or chemopreventive, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and neuroprotective effects. Specifically, selenazo compounds have received great attention owing to their chemical properties, pharmaceutical applications, and low toxicity. In this Perspective, we compile extensive literature evidence with the description and discussion of the most recent advances in different selenazo and selenadiazo motifs as potential pharmacological candidates. We also provide some perspectives on the challenges and future directions in the advancement of these selenazo compounds, each of which could generate drug candidates for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartin
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Carlos Aydillo
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72 , Penn State College of Medicine , 500 University Drive , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Departamento de Tecnología y Química Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición , Universidad de Navarra , Irunlarrea 1 , E-31008 Pamplona , Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72 , Penn State College of Medicine , 500 University Drive , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Tu S, Wu YH, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111717. [PMID: 31557611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of N-phenylisonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors and identified N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (compound 1) as the most potent one with an IC50 value of 0.312 μM. To further optimize the structure and improve the potency, a structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy was performed to construct the missing H-bond between the small molecule and the Asn768 residue of XO. We introduced a tetrazole moiety at the 3'-position of the phenyl to serve as an H-bond acceptor and obtained a series of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives (2a-t and 6-8). Besides, to investigate the influence of the amide-reversal, some N-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)benzamide derivatives (3c, 3e, 3i, 3k and 3u) were also synthesized and evaluated. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that the 3'-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) moiety was an excellent fragment for the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold; a substituted benzyloxy, especially, an m-cyanobenzyloxy (e.g., 2s), linking at the 4'-position was welcome for the potency; and the amide-reversal could damage the potency, so maintenance of the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold was essential. In summary, starting from compound 1, the SBDD effort successfully identified a promising XO inhibitor 2s (IC50 = 0.031 μM), with a 10-fold gain in potency. Its potency was very close to the positive control topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.021 μM). A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that compound 2s acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the tetrazole moiety could occupy the Asn768-sub-pocket with N-4 atom accepting an H-bond from the Asn768 residue, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Yang TH, Yan DX, Huang XY, Hou B, Ma YB, Peng H, Zhang XM, Chen JJ, Geng CA. Termipaniculatones A-F, chalcone-flavonone heterodimers from Terminthia paniculata, and their protective effects on hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:228-235. [PMID: 31181354 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terminthia paniculata (Sanyeqi) is widely used for treating inflammation and rheumatic arthritis in the folk areas of Yunnan province, China. Its total extract was first revealed with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity in vitro and anti-hyperuricemic effect in vivo. Bioassay-guided separation on Fr. A5 yielded six chalcone-flavonone heterodimers, termipaniculatones A-F. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses involving HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR and [α]D, and the absolute configuration of termipaniculatone F was verified by ECD calculation. Termipaniculatones A and E showed obvious XO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 55.6 and 89.5 μM, respectively, which took effects via a mix-type mode. A molecular modeling study revealed that termipaniculatone A was well located into the active site of XO by interacting with Glu802, Arg880, Thr1010 and Val1011 residues. Termipaniculatone A showed anti-hyperuricemic effects by decreasing serum uric acid levels and inhibiting XO activity in both serum and liver on potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemia mice, and anti-inflammatory activity through alleviating paw swelling on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced mice, at the concentration of 20 mg/kg. This is the first time to reveal the anti-hyperuricemic and anti-acute gouty arthritis potency of T. paniculata and the characteristic biflavonoids as active constituents, which provides valuable information for searching new XO inhibitors from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - De-Xiu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Bo Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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Zhang B, Dai X, Bao Z, Mao Q, Duan Y, Yang Y, Wang S. Targeting the subpocket in xanthine oxidase: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111559. [PMID: 31376568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase is an important target for the treatment of hyperuricemia, gout and other related diseases. Analysis of the high-resolution structure of xanthine oxidase with febuxostat identified the existence of a subpocket formed by the residues Leu648, Asn768, Lys771, Leu1014 and Pro1076. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of 2-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (8a-8z) with a tetrazole group targeting this subpocket of the xanthine oxidase active site, and they were further evaluated for their inhibitory potency against xanthine oxidase in vitro. The results showed that all the tested compounds (8a-8z) exhibited an apparent xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency, with IC50 values ranging from 0.0288 μM to 0.629 μM. Among them, compound 8u emerged as the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 0.0288 μM, which was comparable to febuxostat (IC50 = 0.0236 μM). The structure-activity relationship results revealed that the hydrophobic group at the 4'-position was indispensable for the inhibitory potency in vitro against xanthine oxidase. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that the representative compound 8u acted as a mixed-type inhibitor for xanthine oxidase. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies were performed to gain insights into the binding mode of 8u with xanthine oxidase and suggested that the tetrazole group of the phenyl unit was accommodated in the subpocket, as expected. Moreover, a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia model in rats was chosen to further confirm the hypouricemic effect of compound 8u, and the result demonstrated that compound 8u could effectively reduce serum uric acid levels at an oral dose of 5 mg/kg. In addition, acute oral toxicity study in mice indicated that compound 8u was nontoxic and tolerated at a dose up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, compound 8u could be a potential and efficacious agent in treatment of hyperuricemia with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yulin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Mao Q, Dai X, Xu G, Su Y, Zhang B, Liu D, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111558. [PMID: 31369933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory potency. To further investigate the structure-activity relationships of these compounds, the imidazole ring was transformed to a pyrimidine ring to design 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (8a-8j), 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-4-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (9c, 9e, 9j, 9l) and 2-(4-alkoxy-3-cyano)phenyl-6-imino-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids (10c, 10e, 10j, 10l). These compounds exhibited remarkable in vitro XO inhibitory potency with IC50 values ranging from 0.0181 μM to 0.5677 μM. Specifically, compounds 10c and 10e, with IC50 values of 0.0240 μM and 0.0181 μM, respectively, emerged as the most potent XO inhibitors, and their potencies were comparable to that of febuxostat. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the methyl group at 4-position of pyrimidine ring could damage the potency, and the XO inhibitory potency was maintained when carbonyl group was changed to an imino group. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that the representative compound 10c acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. A potassium oxonate induced hyperuricemia model in rats was chosen to further confirm the hypouricemic effect of compound 10c, and the results showed that compound 10c (5 mg/kg) was able to significantly lower the serum uric acid level. Furthermore, in acute oral toxicity study, no sign of toxicity was observed when the mice were administered with a single 2000 mg/kg oral dose of compound 10c. These results suggested that compound 10c was a potent and promising uric acid-lowing agent for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gaoyang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Tang H, Zhao D. Studies of febuxostat analogues as xanthine oxidase inhibitors through 3D-QSAR, Topomer CoMFA and molecular modeling. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tang H, Zhao D. Investigation of the interaction between salvianolic acid C and xanthine oxidase: Insights from experimental studies merging with molecular docking methods. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102981. [PMID: 31085372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) has emerged as an important target for gout. In our previous study, salvianolic acid C (SAC) was found to show potent XO inhibitory activity, whereas the interaction mechanism was still not clear. Herein, an integrated approach consisting of enzyme kinetics, multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular docking was employed to investigate the interaction between SAC and XO. Consequently, SAC exhibited a rapid and mixed-type inhibition of XO with IC50 of 5.84 ± 0.18 μM. The fluorescence data confirmed that SAC presented a strong fluorescence quenching effect through a static quenching procedure. The values of enthalpy change, entropy change and Gibbs free energy change indicated that their binding was spontaneous and driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Analysis of synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism and fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrated that SAC induced conformational changes of the enzyme. Besides, further molecular docking revealed that SAC occupied the catalytic center resulting in the inhibition of XO activity. This study provides a comprehensive understanding on the interaction mechanism of SAC on XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Tang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
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Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 3-oxo-6-aryl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1818-1823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Li X, Zhou H, Mo X, Zhang L, Li J. In silico study of febuxostat analogs as inhibitors of xanthine oxidoreductase: A combined 3D-QSAR and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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Shi A, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang S, Yang M, Guan Q, Bao K, Zhang W. Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-mercapto-6-phenylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:590-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Qiao J, Liu Y, Du Y. Method to build 2,4-substituted selenazole from β-azido diselenide and carboxylic acid: A formal synthesis of selenazofurin. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Peng J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Zuo Z. Pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies on natural products database to discover novel skeleton as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:246-255. [PMID: 29843539 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1476544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Peng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Yaping Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Yeheng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Xingyong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Zhang T, Lv Y, Lei Y, Liu D, Feng Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Meng F, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-pyridyl-1H-imidazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:668-677. [PMID: 29407989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives that presented excellent in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory potency. As a continuation study, a series of 1-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives containing a pyridine moiety (4a-g and 5a-g) at the 4-position was designed and synthesized. Evaluation of in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition demonstrated that the 4a-g series was more potent than the 5a-g series. Compound 4f was the most promising derivative in the series with an IC50 value of 0.64 μM. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that compound 4f acted as a mixed-type xanthine oxidase inhibitor. An iso-pentyloxy group at the 4'-position improved the inhibitory potency. More interestingly, structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the pyridine para-N atom played a crucial role in the inhibition. Molecular modeling provided a reasonable explanation for the structure-activity relationships observed in this study. In addition, a three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships model which possessed reasonable statistics (q2 = 0.885 and r2 = 0.993) was conducted to further understand the structural basis of these compounds as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These compounds, especially compound 4f, have good potential for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaolei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanhao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Yuan WY, Zhang Y, Meng FH. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies of N
-(9,10-anthraquinone-2-carbonyl)amino acid derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:893-901. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Song-Ye Li
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Wei-Yan Yuan
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Wang L, Sun Q, Wu QX, Zhang Y, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(4-alkoxy-3-cyanophenyl)isonicotinamide/nicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:362-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li J, Wu F, Liu X, Zou Y, Chen H, Li Z, Zhang L. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 1-phenyl-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Zhang Y, Wu QX, Meng FH. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H
-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:526-533. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Song-ye Li
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Qing-xia Wu
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Fan-hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Synthesis and evaluation of 1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3812-3816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kumar R, Joshi G, Kler H, Kalra S, Kaur M, Arya R. Toward an Understanding of Structural Insights of Xanthine and Aldehyde Oxidases: An Overview of their Inhibitors and Role in Various Diseases. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1073-1125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Ramandeep Arya
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
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Muzychka OV, Kobzar OL, Popova AV, Frasinyuk MS, Vovk AI. Carboxylated aurone derivatives as potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3606-3613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Banerjee B, Koketsu M. Recent developments in the synthesis of biologically relevant selenium-containing scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:491-516. [PMID: 28478180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a versatile metalloflavoprotein enzyme, catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid in purine catabolism while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species. Both lead to the gout-causing hyperuricemia and oxidative damage of the tissues where overactivity of XO is present. Over the past years, significant progress and efforts towards the discovery and development of new XO inhibitors have been made and we believe that not only experts in the field, but also general readership would benefit from a review that addresses this topic. Accordingly, the aim of this article was to overview and select the most potent recently reported XO inhibitors and to compare their structures, mechanisms of action, potency and effectiveness of their inhibitory activity, in silico calculated physico-chemical properties as well as predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Although being structurally similar to febuxostat, these optimized inhibitors bear some structural freshness and could be adopted as hits for hit-to-lead development and further evaluation by in vivo studies towards novel drug candidates, and represent valuable model structures for design of novel XO inhibitors.
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Zhang TJ, Li SY, Yuan WY, Wu QX, Wang L, Yang S, Sun Q, Meng FH. Discovery and biological evaluation of some (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxybenzaldehyde derivatives containing an anthraquinone moiety as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:729-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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45
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Ali W, Sharma M, Bawa S. 2-Benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28133790 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The new chemical entities febuxostat and topiroxostat have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, opening new avenues for exploiting different heterocycles other than purines as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. A different series of substituted 2-benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (5a-r) was synthesized and characterized by the collective use of IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and mass spectroscopy, for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. In vitro studies of the synthesized derivatives revealed that the presence of a fluoro group at the para position in 5b (IC50 = 0.57 μm) and a chloro group in 5c (IC50 = 0.91 μm) signifies excellent XO inhibitory activity among the series, along with their DPPH free radial scavenging activity. In vivo serum uric acid inhibition studies established that 5b and 5c displayed 62 and 53% uric acid inhibition, respectively. Studies on enzyme kinetics indicated that 5b acts as a mixed type inhibitor. In silico prediction by various softwares also helped in the recognition of potent XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Wazid Ali
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Šmelcerović Ž, Tomović K, Yancheva D, Cherneva E, Kocić G, Petronijević Ž. XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY PROPERTIES AND IN SILICO STUDY OF THREE N-(α-BROMOACYL)-α-AMINO ESTERS. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2016. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2016.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ojha R, Singh J, Ojha A, Singh H, Sharma S, Nepali K. An updated patent review: xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:311-345. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1261111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ojha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Jagjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Rayat-Bahara group of Institutes, Hoshiarpur, India
| | - Anu Ojha
- Department of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Kunal Nepali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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Molecular modelling studies of 3,5-dipyridyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, Topomer CoMFA, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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50
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Shi A, Wang D, Wang H, Wu Y, Tian H, Guan Q, Bao K, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-5-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid/carbohydrazide derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-phenyl-5-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acids/carbohydrazides as analogues of febuxostat were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Defa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - He Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Haiqiu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Qi Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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