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Flavonoids regulate tumor-associated macrophages - From structure-activity relationship to clinical potential (Review). Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106419. [PMID: 36041653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the strategy for tumor therapy has changed from focusing on the direct killing effect of different types of therapeutic agents on cancer cells to the new mainstream of multi-mode and -pathway combined interventions in the microenvironment of the developing tumor. Flavonoids, with unique tricyclic structures, have diverse and extensive immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immunosuppressive cells in the TME. The regulation of macrophages to fight cancer is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. This study covers the most comprehensive cognition of flavonoids in regulating TAMs so far. Far more than a simple list of studies, we try to dig out evidence of crosstalk at the molecular level between flavonoids and TAMs from literature, in order to discuss the most relevant chemical structure and its possible relationship with the multimodal pharmacological activity, as well as systematically build a structure-activity relationship between flavonoids and TAMs. Additionally, we point out the advantages of the macro-control of flavonoids in the TME and discuss the potential clinical implications as well as areas for future research of flavonoids in regulating TAMs. These results will provide hopeful directions for the research of antitumor drugs, while providing new ideas for the pharmaceutical industry to develop more effective forms of flavonoids.
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2
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Fuloria S, Yusri MAA, Sekar M, Gan SH, Rani NNIM, Lum PT, Ravi S, Subramaniyan V, Azad AK, Jeyabalan S, Wu YS, Meenakshi DU, Sathasivam KV, Fuloria NK. Genistein: A Potential Natural Lead Molecule for New Drug Design and Development for Treating Memory Impairment. Molecules 2022; 27:265. [PMID: 35011497 PMCID: PMC8746870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is a naturally occurring polyphenolic molecule in the isoflavones group which is well known for its neuroprotection. In this review, we summarize the efficacy of genistein in attenuating the effects of memory impairment (MI) in animals. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were used to find the relevant articles and discuss the effects of genistein in the brain, including its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, behavioral effects, and some of the potential mechanisms of action on memory in several animal models. The results of the preclinical studies highly suggested that genistein is highly effective in enhancing the cognitive performance of the MI animal models, specifically in the memory domain, including spatial, recognition, retention, and reference memories, through its ability to reduce oxidative stress and attenuate neuroinflammation. This review also highlighted challenges and opportunities to improve the drug delivery of genistein for treating MI. Along with that, the possible structural modifications and derivatives of genistein to improve its physicochemical and drug-likeness properties are also discussed. The outcomes of the review proved that genistein can enhance the cognitive performance and ameliorate MI in different preclinical studies, thus indicating its potential as a natural lead for the design and development of a novel neuroprotective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia; (S.F.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Muhamad Azrul Amir Yusri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia; (M.A.A.Y.); (M.S.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia; (M.A.A.Y.); (M.S.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia;
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia; (M.A.A.Y.); (M.S.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, India;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom Selangor, Shah Alam 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia; (S.F.); (A.K.A.)
| | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Chennai 600116, India;
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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3
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Kamariza M, Keyser SGL, Utz A, Knapp BD, Ealand C, Ahn G, Cambier CJ, Chen T, Kana B, Huang KC, Bertozzi CR. Toward Point-of-Care Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Brighter Solvatochromic Probe Detects Mycobacteria within Minutes. JACS AU 2021; 1:1368-1379. [PMID: 34604847 PMCID: PMC8479770 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for point-of-care tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic methods that are fast, inexpensive, and operationally simple. Here, we report on a bright solvatochromic dye trehalose conjugate that specifically detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in minutes. 3-Hydroxychromone (3HC) dyes, known for having high fluorescence quantum yields, exhibit shifts in fluorescence intensity in response to changes in environmental polarity. We synthesized two analogs of 3HC-trehalose conjugates (3HC-2-Tre and 3HC-3-Tre) and determined that 3HC-3-Tre has exceptionally favorable properties for Mtb detection. 3HC-3-Tre-labeled mycobacterial cells displayed a 10-fold increase in fluorescence intensity compared to our previous reports on the dye 4,4-N,N-dimethylaminonapthalimide (DMN-Tre). Excitingly, we detected fluorescent Mtb cells within 10 min of probe treatment. Thus, 3HC-3-Tre permits rapid visualization of mycobacteria that ultimately could empower improved Mtb detection at the point-of-care in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Kamariza
- Department
of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samantha G. L. Keyser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashley Utz
- Department
of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Knapp
- Biophysics
Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher Ealand
- Department
of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Green Ahn
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - C. J. Cambier
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Teresia Chen
- Department
of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bavesh Kana
- Department
of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence
for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Medical
Research Council−Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research
in South Africa (CAPRISA) HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research
Unit, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Biophysics
Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chan
Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Dimakos V, Taylor MS. Recent advances in the direct O-arylation of carbohydrates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:514-524. [PMID: 33331387 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the O-arylation of hydroxyl and hemiacetal groups in carbohydrates via C(sp2)-O bond formation are discussed. Such methods provide an alternative disconnection to the traditional approach of nucleophilic substitution between a sugar-derived electrophile and a phenol or phenoxide nucleophile. They have led to new opportunities for stereoselectivity, site-selectivity and chemoselectivity in the preparation of O-aryl glycosides and carbohydrate-derived aryl ethers, compounds that are useful for a broad range of applications in medicinal chemistry, glycobiology and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Dimakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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5
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The anti-Zika virus and anti-tumoral activity of the citrus flavanone lipophilic naringenin-based compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 331:109218. [PMID: 32916141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural products widely recognized for their plurality of applications such as antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor activities and, antioxidant properties. The flavanone naringenin is presented in citrus fruits and has been studied to combat recurrent diseases that still lack effective treatment. Research groups have been investing efforts to the development of new, safe and active candidates to combat these agents or conditions and despite good results recently reported against the Zika virus (ZIKV) and tumor cells, the use of citrus naringenin is limited due to its low bioavailability. Structural exchanges through functionalization, for example, attaching lipophilic groups instead of hydroxyl groups, can further enhance biological properties. Here, the synthesis and characterization of regioselective naringenin mono-7-O-ethers and both mono and di-fatty acid esters, structurally lipophilic ones were demonstrated. Finally, in vitro studies of anti-ZIKV action and antiproliferative activities against melanoma (B16-F10) and breast carcinoma (4T1) cells showed the ether derivatives were actives, with IC50 ranging from 6.76, 18.5 and 22.6 μM to 28.53, 45.1 and 32.3 μM referring to ZIKV, B16-F10 and 4T1 cell lines, respectively. The lipophilic ethers present the ability to inhibit selectively ZIKV-replication in human cells and inhibitions. This class of modifications in flavonoid molecules could be further explore in the future development of specific anti-ZIKV compounds.
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Machado EG, Cardoso O, Lima NM, Carvalho PE, Barbosa AD, Sobrinho GFS, Duarte JF, Coelho LR, Soares PPC, Orneles AG, Santos ACB, Santos KB, Castro SBR, de Oliveira MAL, Carli AP, Souza Alves CC. Cecropia hololeuca: A new source of compounds with potential anti-inflammatory action. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2772-2777. [PMID: 31507228 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1663512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to investigate the phytochemical components, antioxidant capacity and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory action from Cecropia hololeuca bark aqueous extract (AECh). The chemical characterization of AECh was performed through CE-UV, FTIR and NMR Spectroscopy. In vitro assays were performed with the AECh on murine macrophages J774A.1 cells in order to analyse cell viability, NO, TNF-α and IL-1β productions and the in vivo anti-inflammatory potential in acute carrageenan paw oedema in mice. The AECh showed a decrease in the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β, without altering the cell viability and reduction of the paw thickness in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour. The extract presented 72% free radical scavenging, 0.60% flavonoid content and showed the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin as major constituents. The C. hololeuca bark extract showed important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, emphasizing the industrial and pharmacological potential of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle G Machado
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Nerilson M Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paloma E Carvalho
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Alice D Barbosa
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F S Sobrinho
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Jennifer F Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Laryssa R Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Pietra P C Soares
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Ayane G Orneles
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina B Santos
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Kamila B Santos
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandra B R Castro
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra P Carli
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar Souza Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina do Mucuri, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brazil
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7
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Long X, Liao L, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Xiao F, Li C, Guo Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Genistein Amino Acid Ester Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Tumor Agents. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐kang Long
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
| | - Lan‐Qing Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
| | - Yao‐Fu Zeng
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
| | - Chong Li
- Nanhua Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and PharmacologyHunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug StudyUniversity of South China, Hengyang China
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8
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Traboni S, Bedini E, Iadonisi A. Solvent-Free Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Iodides and One-Pot Elaborations Thereof. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cinthia 4, I - 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Emiliano Bedini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cinthia 4, I - 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Alfonso Iadonisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples Federico II; Via Cinthia 4, I - 80126 Naples Italy
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9
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Freedman SN, Shahi SK, Mangalam AK. The "Gut Feeling": Breaking Down the Role of Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:109-125. [PMID: 29204955 PMCID: PMC5794701 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential factor in the development of MS, with a number of studies having shown that patients with MS exhibit gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota helps the host remain healthy by regulating various functions, including food metabolism, energy homeostasis, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, inhibition of colonization by pathogenic organisms, and shaping of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Alteration of the gut microbiota, and subsequent changes in its metabolic network that perturb this homeostasis, may lead to intestinal and systemic disorders such as MS. Here we discuss the findings of recent MS microbiome studies and potential mechanisms through which gut microbiota can predispose to, or protect against, MS. These findings highlight the need of an improved understanding of the interactions between the microbiota and host for developing therapies based on gut commensals with which to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Freedman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shailesh K Shahi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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10
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Parajuli P, Pandey RP, Huyen Nguyen TT, Shrestha B, Yamaguchi T, Sohng JK. Biosynthesis of natural and non-natural genistein glycosides. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of various genistein glycopyranoside scaffolds using versatile GTs and SOMTs. Each compound was structurally characterized and biological activity assay was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Parajuli
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Trang Thi Huyen Nguyen
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Biplav Shrestha
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tokutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering
- Sun Moon University
- Tangjeong-myeon Asan-Si
- Republic of Korea
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering
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11
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Szeja W, Grynkiewicz G, Rusin A. Isoflavones, their Glycosides and Glycoconjugates. Synthesis and Biological Activity. CURR ORG CHEM 2016; 21:218-235. [PMID: 28553156 PMCID: PMC5427819 DOI: 10.2174/1385272820666160928120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of small biologically active molecules, either of natural or synthetic origin, has a profound impact on their solubility, stability, and bioactivity, making glycoconjugates attractive compounds as therapeutic agents or nutraceuticals. A large proportion of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, occur in plants as glycosides, which adds to the molecular diversity that is much valued in medicinal chemistry studies. The subsequent growing market demand for glycosidic natural products has fueled the development of various chemical and biotechnological methods of glycosides preparation. The review gives an extensive overview of the processes of the synthesis of isoflavones and discusses recently developed major routes towards isoflavone-sugar formation processes. Special attention is given to the derivatives of genistein, the main isoflavone recognized as a useful lead in several therapeutic categories, with particular focus on anticancer drug design. The utility of chemical glycosylations as well as glycoconjugates preparation is discussed in some theoretical as well as practical aspects. Since novel approaches to chemical glycosylations and glycoconjugations are abundant and many of them proved suitable for derivatization of polyphenols a new body of evidence has emerged, indicating that sugar moiety can play a much more significant role, when attached to a pharmacophore, then being a mere “solubilizer”. In many cases, it has been demonstrated that semisynthetic glycoconjugates are much more potent cytostatic and cytotoxic agents than reference isoflavones. Moreover, the newly designed glycosides or glycoside mimics can act through different mechanisms than the parent active molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Szeja
- Silesian Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Rusin
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze AK 15, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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12
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