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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Pareek A, Jain V, Pareek A, Gupta MM, Kamal MA. Green Synthetic Strategies and Pharmaceutical Applications of Thiazine and its Derivatives: An Updated Review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1142-1166. [PMID: 37694776 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230908141543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Thiazines are a sizable class of organic heterocycles that are notable for their skeletal versatility and relative chemical simplicity, making them among the most flexible sources of biologically active compounds. The term "green synthesis" refers to implementing energy-efficient procedures for the nature-friendly production of materials and chemicals using green solvents, catalysts, and suitable reaction conditions. Considering the importance of green chemistry and the outstanding therapeutic profile of thiazines, the present work was designed to review the recent advances in green chemistry-based synthetic strategies of thiazine and its derivatives. The green synthetic approaches, including microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and various other synthetic methods for thiazine and its derivatives, were discussed and generalized. In addition, applications of thiazine and its derivatives in pharmaceutical sciences were explained with examples of marketed drugs.The discussed sustainable synthetic methods for thiazines and their derivatives could be useful in developing other medicinally important lead molecules. They could also aid in developing new synthetic schemes and apparatuses that may simplify chemical manufacturing processes and enable novel reactions with minimal by-products while questing for optimal, green solvents. This review can help anyone interested in this fascinating class of heterocycles to make decisions about selecting targets and tasks for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MLSU, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, WI
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Institutes for Systems Genetics and West China School of Nursing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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2
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González-González A, Vázquez C, Encalada R, Saavedra E, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Ortiz-Pérez E, Bolognesi ML, Rivera G. Phenothiazine-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics of new trypanothione reductase inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2300069. [PMID: 37490403 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives can unselectively inhibit the trypanothione-dependent antioxidant system enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR). A virtual screening of 2163 phenothiazine derivatives from the ZINC15 and PubChem databases docked on the active site of T. cruzi TR showed that 285 compounds have higher affinity than the natural ligand trypanothione disulfide. 244 compounds showed higher affinity toward the parasite's enzyme than to its human homolog glutathione reductase. Protein-ligand interaction profiling predicted that the main interactions for the top scored compounds were with residues important for trypanothione disulfide binding: Phe396, Pro398, Leu399, His461, Glu466, and Glu467, particularly His461, which participates in catalysis. Two compounds with the desired profiles, ZINC1033681 (Zn_C687) and ZINC10213096 (Zn_C216), decreased parasite growth by 20 % and 50 %, respectively. They behaved as mixed-type inhibitors of recombinant TR, with Ki values of 59 and 47 μM, respectively. This study provides a further understanding of the potential of phenothiazine derivatives as TR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - María Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Szmielew M, Morak-Młodawska B, Herman K, Giercuszkiewicz K, Kasprzycka A, Skonieczna M. 14-Substituted Diquinothiazines as a New Group of Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073248. [PMID: 37050010 PMCID: PMC10096123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel double-angularly condensed diquinothiazines with aminoalkyl, amidoalkyl, sulfonamidoalkyl, and substituted phenyl groups was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity against four selected human tumor cell lines (HTC116, SH-SY5Y, A549, and H1299). The cytotoxicity of the novel diquinothiazines was investigated against BEAS-2B cells. The activities of the compounds were compared to etoposide. Among them, compounds with aminoalkyl and phenyl groups showed excellent broad-spectrum anticancer activity. The most active 14-(methylthiophenyl)diquinothiazine, 3c, showed low cytotoxicity against BEAS-2B cells and high activity against tumor cell lines HTC116, SH-SY5Y, A549, and H1299, with IC50 values of 2.3 µM, 2.7 µM, 17.2 µM, and 2.7 µM, respectively (etopiside 8.6 µM, 3.9 µM, 44.8 µM, and 0.6, respectively). Live long-term microscopic observations of cell survival using the starting molecule M0 were also performed. Flow cytometry showed the proapoptotic effects of the studied diquinothiazines. Inhibition of the cell cycle in the S phase was observed, which is associated with damage to nucleic acids and connected to DNA replication arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szmielew
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Kinga Herman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego Street 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Klaudia Giercuszkiewicz
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka Street 16, 44–100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprzycka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego Street 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre of Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego Street 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka Street 16, 44–100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre of Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego Street 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Liu X, Wang Y, Wu S, Jiang W, Zeng R, Cao H. Four-Component Cyclization of Naphthol/Thionaphthol/Naphthylamine, Formaldehyde, and DBU in Water. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13819-13827. [PMID: 36223276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical and environmentally benign cascade multicomponent condensation of naphthol/thionaphthol/naphthylamine, formaldehyde, and DBU in water without any catalysts has been achieved. A wide variety of dihydrooxazine, dihydrothiazine, and tetrahydrobenzoquinazoline derivatives N-substituted with a tether bearing a caprolactam unit were afforded in moderate to good yields. The advantages of being cost-effective, metal-free, and easily handled and the use of water as medium made this protocol conform with the principle of green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
| | - Songxin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
| | - Ruyi Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, P. R. China
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5
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Sun Q, Bao X. Facile preparation of dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine derivatives via oxidative ring-expansion of 2-aminobenzothiazoles with olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2216-2219. [PMID: 35072669 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06756g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise and efficient approach to prepare dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine derivatives is described via oxidative ring-expansion of 2-aminobenzothiazoles with olefins under metal-free conditions. This protocol is applicable for a wide range of readily accessible 2-aminobenzothiazoles and olefins with moderate-to-good yields. The [4+2] heteroannulation between the intermediacy of oxidative ring-opening of 2-aminobenzothiazoles and olefins is suggested to rationalize the formation of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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6
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Empel A, Bak A, Kozik V, Latocha M, Cizek A, Jampilek J, Suwinska K, Sochanik A, Zieba A. Towards Property Profiling: SYNTHESIS and SAR Probing of New Tetracyclic Diazaphenothiazine Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312826. [PMID: 34884631 PMCID: PMC8658022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new tertiary phenothiazine derivatives containing a quinoline and a pyridine fragment was synthesized by the reaction of 1-methyl-3-benzoylthio-4-butylthioquinolinium chloride with 3-aminopyridine derivatives bearing various substituents on the pyridine ring. The direction and mechanism of the cyclization reaction of intermediates with the structure of 1-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)aminoquinolinium-3-thiolate was related to the substituents in the 2- and 4-pyridine position. The structures of the compounds were analyzed using 1H, 13C NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC) and X-ray analysis, respectively. Moreover, the antiproliferative activity against tumor cells (A549, T47D, SNB-19) and a normal cell line (NHDF) was tested. The antibacterial screening of all the compounds was conducted against the reference and quality control strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, three clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In silico computation of the intermolecular similarity was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) on the pool of structure/property-related descriptors calculated for the novel tetracyclic diazaphenothiazine derivatives. The distance-oriented property evaluation was correlated with the experimental anticancer activities and empirical lipophilicity as well. The quantitative shape-based comparison was conducted using the CoMSA method in order to indicate the potentially valid steric, electronic and lipophilic properties. Finally, the numerical sampling of similarity-related activity landscape (SALI) provided a subtle picture of the SAR trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Empel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Bak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Latocha
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 9, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Alois Cizek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kinga Suwinska
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, K. Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Aleksander Sochanik
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże AK 15, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Zieba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.Z.)
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7
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Laxmikeshav K, Kumari P, Shankaraiah N. Expedition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives as cytotoxic agents in medicinal chemistry: A decade update. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:513-575. [PMID: 34453452 DOI: 10.1002/med.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article proposes a comprehensive report of the design strategies engaged in the development of various sulfur-bearing cytotoxic agents. The outcomes of various studies depict that the sulfur heterocyclic framework is a fundamental structure in diverse synthetic analogs representing a myriad scope of therapeutic activities. A number of five-, six- and seven-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiazolidinediones, thiophenes, thiopyrans, benzothiazoles, benzothiophenes, thienopyrimidines, simple and modified phenothiazines, and thiazepines have been discussed. The subsequent studies of the derivatives unveiled their cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms (viz. inhibition of tyrosine kinases, topoisomerase I and II, tubulin, COX, DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways), and several others. Thus, our concise illustration explains the design strategy and anticancer potential of these five- and six-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules along with a brief outline on seven-membered sulfur heterocycles. The thorough assessment of antiproliferative activities with the reference drug allows a proficient assessment of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the diversely synthesized molecules of the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Jończyk J, Godyń J, Stawarska E, Morak-Młodawska B, Jeleń M, Pluta K, Malawska B. Dual Action of Dipyridothiazine and Quinobenzothiazine Derivatives-Anticancer and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112604. [PMID: 32503288 PMCID: PMC7321178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse correlation observed between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer has prompted us to look for cholinesterase-inhibiting activity in phenothiazine derivatives that possess anticancer properties. With the use of in silico and in vitro screening methods, our study found a new biological activity in anticancer polycyclic, tricyclic, and tetracyclic compounds. The virtual screening of a library of 120 ligands, which are the derivatives of azaphenothiazine, led to the identification of 25 compounds that can act as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Biological assays revealed the presence of selective inhibitors of eeAChE (electric eel AChE) or eqBuChE (equine serum BuChE) and nonselective inhibitors of both enzymes among the tested compounds. Their potencies against eeAChE were in a submicromolar-to-micromolar range with IC50 values from 0.78 to 19.32 μM, while their IC50 values against eqBuChE ranged from 0.46 to 10.38 μM. The most potent among the compounds tested was the tetracyclic derivative, 6-(4-diethylaminobut-2-ynyl)-9-methylthioquinobenzothiazine 24, which was capable of inhibiting both enzymes. 9-Fluoro-6-(1-piperidylethyl)quinobenzothiazine 23 was found to act as a selective inhibitor of eqBuChE with an IC50 value of 0.46 μM. Compounds with such a dual antitumor and cholinesterase-inhibitory activity can be considered as a valuable combination for the treatment of both cancer and AD prevention. The results presented in this study might open new directions of research on the group of tricyclic phenothiazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewelina Stawarska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, The Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (B.M.-M.); (M.J.); (K.P.)
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.J.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-62-05-464
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El-Kady DS, Ali NA, Sayed AH, Abdelhaliem MM, Elmegeed GA, Ahmed HH. Assessment of the Antitumor Potentiality of Newly Designed Steroid Derivatives: Pre-Clinical Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3057-3070. [PMID: 31653155 PMCID: PMC6982653 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.10.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is recognized as one of the most prevalent contributors to mortality in several nations and it remains one of the common health issues globally. In particular, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a public health problem along with the increase of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) virus infections. Based on this fact, our study goaled to synthesize newly hybrid drugs containing heterocyclic rings incorporated to steroid moiety and to examine the potential antitumor activity of the newly designed heterosteroid derivatives against HCC induced in animal model. Several heterocyclic steroids were synthesized 2-7 and confirmed via the analytical and spectral data (IR, 1H NMR13C NMR and Mass spectroscopy). Compounds 3, 4, and 5 were chosen to be investigated as anticancer agents in HCC rat model by means of validated biomarkers (alfa –fetoprotein, endoglin, lipocali-2 and heat shock protein-70). Following administration of compounds 3, 4 or 5, availability of the active tumor marker molecules was significantly dropped and a substantial decrease of the angiogenic and inflammatory mediators was also evident. These findings were supported by the histological examination of liver tissue. Taken together, this study indicates the potential anticancer activity of the newly synthesized heterosteroid derivatives against HCC in vivo. The antitumor activity of these compounds was likely attributable to modulating some signal transduction pathways involved in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S El-Kady
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A Ali
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa H Sayed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community College in Al-Qurayyat, Al-Jouf University, KSA
| | - Mervat M Abdelhaliem
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Elmegeed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Department of Hormones, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Morak-Młodawska B. Lipophilicity estimation of anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory 6-substituted 9-fluoroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazines. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1636389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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11
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Latocha M, Morak-Młodawska B, Suwińska K, Kuśmierz D. Evaluation of angularly condensed diquinothiazines as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:810-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Mor S, Sindhu S. Convenient and efficient synthesis of novel 11 H-benzo[5,6][1,4]thiazino[3,4- a]isoindol-11-ones derived from 2-bromo-(2/3-substitutedphenyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2 H)-diones. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12784-12792. [PMID: 35557558 PMCID: PMC9092632 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented formation of 11H-benzo[5,6][1,4]thiazino[3,4-a]isoindol-11-ones through a one-step reaction of differently substituted 2-aminobenzenethiols and 2-bromo-(2/3-substitutedphenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones in freshly dried ethanol under reflux conditions has been investigated. This unique transformation probably occurs through an initial nucleophilic substitution followed by ring opening and subsequent intramolecular cyclization. The structures of all the synthesized benzo[1,4]thiazino isoindolinones were established by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. This approach was found to be simple and convenient and provides several advantages such as substantial atom economy, short reaction time and operational simplicity. A metal-free and convenient approach to the synthesis of novel 11H-benzo[5,6][1,4]thiazino[3,4-a]isoindol-11-ones (5) is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Mor
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar-125001 Haryana India +91-1662-276240 +91-1662-263397
| | - Suchita Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar-125001 Haryana India +91-1662-276240 +91-1662-263397
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13
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Kochanowska I, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Strządała L, Zioło E, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Prolongation of skin graft survival in mice by an azaphenothiazine derivative. Immunol Lett 2019; 208:1-7. [PMID: 30825456 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines are predominantly immunosuppressive compounds. We evaluated the efficacy of an azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine (DQT) in prolongation of survival of skin allografts between BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. The mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μg of DQT on alternate days, on days 1-13 of the experiment (7 doses). The effect of DQT on a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the human model, as well as its effect on production of TNF α and IL-10 in a whole blood cell culture, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were evaluated. In addition, DQT effects were investigated regarding the proportion of T cell subsets in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) by flow cytometry. Lastly, the effect of DQT on expression of signaling molecules involved in pro apoptotic pathways was determined by RT PCR. The results showed that DQT significantly extended skin graft survival. The compound also strongly suppressed two-way MLR in the human model at a concentration range of 2.5-5.0 μM. In addition, DQT inhibited LPS-inducible TNF α, but not IL-10 production. The compound preferentially caused a loss of the CD3-CD8+CD11b + PBMC cell subset, and transformed CD3+CD8+high into CD3+CD8+low cells. Lastly, we demonstrated significant increases in expression of caspases (in particular caspase 8) and of p53 in a culture of Jurkat T cells. We conclude that the immunosuppressive actions of the compound in allograft rejection may be predominantly associated with induction of cell apoptosis and inhibition of TNF α production. The apoptosis could be predominantly selective for the CD3-CD8+CD11b + cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zioło
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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14
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Saroha M, Khanna G, Khurana JM. Green Synthesis of Novel Naphtho[1,2-e]/ benzo[e][1,3]thiazine Derivatives via One-Pot Three-Component Reaction Using Tetra n-Butyl Ammonium Bromide. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Saroha
- Department of chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi- 110007
| | - Garima Khanna
- Department of chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi- 110007
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15
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Matysiak J, Skrzypek A, Głaszcz U, Matwijczuk A, Senczyna B, Wietrzyk J, Krajewska-Kułak E, Niewiadomy A. Synthesis and biological activity of novel benzoazoles, benzoazines and other analogs functionalized by 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl moiety. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Strzadala L, Fiedorowicz A, Wysokinska E, Ziolo E, Grudzień M, Jelen M, Pluta K, Morak-Mlodawska B, Zimecki M, Kalas W. An Anti-Inflammatory Azaphenothiazine Inhibits Interferon β Expression and CXCL10 Production in KERTr Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102443. [PMID: 30250011 PMCID: PMC6222831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2′,3′-e][1,4]thiazine (DQT), has recently been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activities in mouse models. It also inhibited the expression of CXCL10 at the protein level, at non-toxic concentrations, in the culture of KERTr cells treated with double-stranded RNA, poly(I:C). In this report, we demonstrated that DQT inhibits the transcription of the CXCL10 gene. Although CXCL10 is an IFNγ-inducible protein, we found that the CXCL10 protein was induced without the detectable release of IFNγ or IκB degradation. Hence, we concluded that IFNγ or NFκB was not involved in the regulation of the CXCL10 gene in KERTr cells transfected with poly(I:C), nor in the inhibitory activity of DQT. On the other hand, we found that IFNβ was induced under the same conditions and that its expression was inhibited by DQT. Kinetic analysis showed that an increase in IFNβ concentrations occurred 4–8 h after poly(I:C) treatment, while the concentration of CXCL10 was undetectable at that time and started to increase later, when IFNβ reached high levels. Therefore, DQT may be regarded as a new promising inhibitor of IFNβ expression and IFNβ-dependent downstream genes and proteins, e.g., CXCL10 chemokine, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Strzadala
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Wysokinska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ziolo
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grudzień
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Jelen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Beata Morak-Mlodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kalas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Guo S, Zhen Y, Guo M, Zhang L, Zhou G. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of novel sulfanilamide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:1147-1157. [PMID: 30019099 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule as an important target in the cancer therapy was used to design novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Sulfanilamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids were designed by a molecular hybridization strategy and their antiproliferative activity against three selected cancer cell lines (BGC-823, MGC-803 and SGC-7901) were evaluated. All sulfanilamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids displayed potent inhibitory activity against all cell lines. In particular, compound 10b showed the most excellent inhibitory effect against MGC-803 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.4 μM. Cellular mechanism studies elucidated that 10b induced apoptosis by decreasing the expression level of Bcl-2 and Parp and increasing the expression level of BAX. 10b inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process by up-regulating E-cadherin and down-regulating N-cadherin. Furthermore, the tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity in vitro of 10b was 2.4 μM. In vivo anticancer assay, 10b effectively inhibited MGC-803 xenograft tumor growth without causing significant loss of body weight. These sulfanilamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors might be used as promising candidates for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewei Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Yingwei Zhen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Mengguo Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Longzhou Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Guosheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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18
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Antiproliferative Phenothiazine Hybrids as Novel Apoptosis Inducers against MCF-7 Breast Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061288. [PMID: 29843370 PMCID: PMC6100384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed a series of novel phenothiazine-1,2,3-triazole hybrids by the molecular hybridization strategy and evaluated their antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7). For the structure-activity relationships, the importance of 1,2,3-triazole and substituents on phenyl ring was explored. Among these phenothiazine-1,2,3-triazole hybrids, compound 9f showed the most potent inhibitory effect against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM. Importantly, compound 9f could induce apoptosis against MCF-7 cells by regulating apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Parp, and DR5). These potent phenothiazine-1,2,3-triazole hybrids as novel apoptosis inducers might be used as antitumor agents in the future.
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19
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Kochanowska I, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Fiedorowicz A, Pawlak A, Strządała L, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Madej JP, Kuropka P, Kuryszko J. Topically applied azaphenothiazines inhibit experimental psoriasis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:276-286. [PMID: 29674255 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of topically applied azaphenothiazine derivatives: 9-chloro-6-acetylaminobutylquinobenzo[3,2-b][1,4]thiazine (compound 4) and 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2';3'-e][1,4]thiazine (compound 5) in the amelioration of inflammatory symptoms of imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice was investigated. Clobederm®, containing clobetasol propioniate, served as a reference drug. The application of the compounds led to thinning of the epidermis and reduction of the cell layers. The suppressive actions of the compounds were even stronger with regard to pathological changes of the dermis. The compounds also exerted generalized, anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the number of circulating leukocytes, lowering subiliac lymph node weight and partially normalizing an altered blood cell composition. The changes in the composition of main cell types in the epidermis and dermis were less affected by the compounds. In addition, both compounds inhibited to a similar degree production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) in human whole blood cell culture. Whereas compound 5 strongly inhibited IL-8 and CXCL10 chemokines in human keratinocytes - KERTr cell line, transfected with poly(I:C), the suppressive action of compound 4 in this model was weak. In addition, compound 5, but not compound 4, exhibited at low doses proapoptotic properties with regard to colonic cell lines. In summary, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of two selected azaphenotiazines in the amelioration of the skin pathology elicited in a mouse experimental model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Pawlak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Jan P Madej
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Kuryszko
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Pluta K, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Zimecki M, Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E. Azaphenothiazines - promising phenothiazine derivatives. An insight into nomenclature, synthesis, structure elucidation and biological properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:774-806. [PMID: 28734245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades, classical phenothiazines have attracted attention of researchers, as the hitherto investigations have revealed many significant biological activities within this class of compounds, other than originally discovered neuroleptic ones. Important, new pharmaceutical results on phenothiazines, as 10-substituted dibenzothiazines, were recently highlighted in several reviews. Azaphenothiazines are structurally modified phenothiazines by substitution of one or both benzene rings in the phenothiazine ring system with the azine rings, such as: pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,4-triazine, quinoline, quinoxaline, benzoxazine and benzothiazine. They form over 50 different heterocyclic systems, of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexacyclic structures, and contain from one to even four azine nitrogen atoms. This review summarizes the methodical knowledge on azaphenothiazines, referring to their nomenclature, synthesis, structure analysis and above all significant varied biological activities, examined in vitro and in vivo. It describes, in addition, current trends in the synthesis of azaphenothiazines. The influence of the azaphenothiazine ring system, the nature of the substituents, predominantly at the thiazine nitrogen atom, as well as at the azine nitrogen atom and carbon atom, on the biological activities, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Therapy, R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Fodor KJ, Hegedüs K, Csomós P, Fodor L, Gubán D, Sohár P, Csámpai A. Synthesis, Structural Elucidation, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Theoretical Modelling of 2‐Ferrocenyl‐4
H
‐benzo[
e
][1,3]thiazines and 2‐Aryl‐4
H
‐ferroceno[
e
][1,3]thiazines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Judit Fodor
- Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University POB 32 1518 Budapest Hungary
| | - Kristóf Hegedüs
- Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University POB 32 1518 Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Csomós
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences Eötvös u. 6. 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Lajos Fodor
- Stereochemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences Eötvös u. 6. 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Dorottya Gubán
- Research Centre of Natural Sciences Hungarian Academy of Sciences Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Pál Sohár
- Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University POB 32 1518 Budapest Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University POB 32 1518 Budapest Hungary
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22
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Pluta K, Szmielew M, Suwińska K, Latocha M. Synthesis, spectroscopic structure identification, X-ray study and anticancer activities of new angularly fused quinobenzothiazines. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Selected azaphenothiazines inhibit delayed type hypersensitivity and carrageenan reaction in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:265-268. [PMID: 27632704 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several, previously selected azaphenothiazines, as strongly antiproliferative agents in in vitro models, were subjected to evaluation for their potential immunosuppressive effects in the model of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ovalbumin (OVA) in BALB/c mice and in foot pad inflammation induced by carrageenan in CBA mice. In the DTH model the compounds were given to mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) in 50μg or 250μg doses, 1h before the elicitation of the response. In the carrageenan-induced foot pad inflammation the compounds were given i.p. in 50μg or 250μg doses, 24h and 2h before administration of carrageenan. Among the compounds, the significantly suppressive activities in both models were exhibited only by compound 5 (6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine) and compound 4 (6-acetylaminobutyl-9-chloroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazine). Structure-activity relationship, plausible mechanism of action and potential application in therapy of the compounds are discussed.
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Bioactive Thiazine and Benzothiazine Derivatives: Green Synthesis Methods and Their Medicinal Importance. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081054. [PMID: 27537865 PMCID: PMC6273871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazines are a group of heterocyclic organic compounds that are still largely unexplored for their pharmacological activities. There are different available methods for the synthesis of thiazine derivatives in the literature. In this review, we discuss available methods of thiazine preparation through green synthesis methods. Beside their synthesis, many thiazine derivatives are biologically active and play an important role in the treatment of various diseases and show promising results of varying degrees, where they act as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antimalarial, antineoplastic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer agents and thus they represent an interesting class of heterocyclic medicinal compounds worthy of further exploration.
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25
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Jeleń M, Pluta K, Zimecki M, Morak-Młodawska B, Artym J, Kocięba M, Kochanowska I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel propargylquinobenzothiazines and their derivatives as potential antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:83-88. [PMID: 27404955 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1205046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines containing the quinoline ring, 8-10-substituted 6H-quinobenzothiazines and 6H-diquinothiazine were transformed into new 6-propargyl and 6-dialkylaminobutynyl derivatives containing the triple bond. Most of them displayed strong antiproliferative actions against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin A (PHA), strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α production by whole blood human cell cultures, and exhibited low cytotoxicity. Three propargylquinobenzothiazines with the bromine, trifluoromethyl, and methylthio groups at position 9 and propargyldiquinothiazine exhibited comparable actions to cisplatin against the L-1210 and SW-948 tumor lines. 6-Propargyl-9-trifluoromethylquinobenzothiazine was shown to block caspase 3 expression and inhibit expression of caspase 8 and 9 in Jurkat cells indicating its possible mechanism of action. These derivatives could be promising, potential therapeutics for treatment of neoplastic diseases and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Krystian Pluta
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Michał Zimecki
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia , Sosnowiec , Katowice , Poland and
| | - Jolanta Artym
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- b Department of Experimental Therapy , Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
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Kushwaha K, Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Chand M, Kaushik R, Choi EH, Jain SC. Novel aminoalkylated azaphenothiazines as potential inhibitors of T98G, H460 and SNU80 cancer cell lines in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2237-44. [PMID: 27017112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A set of twenty-one novel aminoalkylated azaphenothiazines is synthesized using a two-step methodology starting from azaphenothiazines. The key step was the selective monoalkylation at position 10 of azaphenothiazines. In all, twenty-five molecules, including intermediates, were investigated for their in vitro anticancer activity, of which fourteen azaphenothiazines (2b, 3a, 3c, 3d, 3e-h, 3j, 3n, 3o, 3p, 3s, and 3u) were found to decrease the metabolic viability and growth of the T98G, H460 and SNU80 cancer cells effectively in a dose-dependent manner. In silico, pharmacokinetic studies suggest that these molecules have good bioavailability, water solubility and other drug-like parameters. Compounds 3a, 3c and 3g were identified as the leading molecules for future investigation due to their (a) high activity against T98G brain, H460 lung and SNU80 thyroid cancer cells; (b) low cytotoxicity with regard to non-malignant HEK293 and MRC5 cells; (c) low toxic risk levels based on in vitro and in silico evaluations; (d) good theoretical oral bioavailability according to Lipinski 'rule of five' pharmacokinetic parameters; and (e) better drug-likeness and drug-score values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139701, Republic of Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Chand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Reena Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139701, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhash C Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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